Search

Abstract The cleaner operation system is a necessity of the current industrial scenario, and it depends on the operational performances and conditions. The recent advancement in decision-making approaches shows interest in a digitized perspective for monitoring operations planning and energy scheduling. However, the manufacturers are approaching a sustainable decision-making approach with hybrid energy systems for achieving operational excellence. A sustainable decision-making approach helps industry personnel in deploying the correct action planning for controlling operations efficiently and the hybrid energy system provides alternative power sources for operation without interruption. This paper discusses the sustainable decision-making approach used for achieving operational excellence considering energy sources. The present study shows concise details on the approaches used for improving operational excellence in different industrial sectors. The present study showed that the manufacturers succeed in operations outcomes by maximizing resources and energy utilization through innovative technologies.

This study examines the impact of both constant and pulsed current on the tensile characteristics, micro-hardness of weld surface, and metallurgical properties of the Inconel 718 and SS316L weldments. The Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process utilized two distinct arc modes to combine incompatible metals. The pulse frequency was systematically adjusted within the range of 2 Hz–6 Hz in order to investigate its impact on the welding parameters. A tensile test was performed using a universal testing equipment under various temperature conditions, including room temperature and an elevated temperature of 350 °C. When the samples were welded at a frequency of 4 Hz, both the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and Yield Strength (YS) were greater compared to when the samples were welded at 2 Hz, 6 Hz, or a continuous arc mode. Furthermore, it was noted that the YS-to-UTS ratio was higher for the weldments produced at 4 Hz pulse frequency. The UTS of current and pulsed (4 Hz) modes at a temperature of 350 °C were determined to be 505 and 524 MPa, respectively. Pulse welding demonstrated a higher hardness number compared to steady welding due to the regulated rate of heat. The TIG weldments of Inconel 718 and SS316L demonstrated superior mechanical and metallurgical qualities when exposed to elevated temperatures. The practical implications of these findings are relevant to the fabrication of turbine discs and shafts.

In the current work, the strength and elastic properties of MXene/CNT reinforced epoxy/glass fibre based nanocomposites were investigated using experimental and analytical approach. To achieve this, the Halpin-Tsai model and Chamis model was employed to evaluate the mechanical properties of two -phase (MXene-CNT)/Epoxy composite and three-phase (MXene-CNT)/Epoxy/Glass fibre composite. The accuracy of the analytical model was verified by comparing the results with the experimental data. To study the strength properties of the composites in detail, experimental tensile and flexural tests were carried out. Finally, a parametric study was performed to investigate the influence of weight fractions and aspect ratios on the elastic properties of MXene/CNT reinforced composites. It was observed that the MXene/CNT reinforced glass/epoxy based composite exhibited higher load bearing capacity as compared to neat glass/epoxy composite for all the performed mechanical tests. The tensile, shear and flexural modulus of MXene/CNT reinforced laminated composite were found to be 17.2%, 15.6%, and 16.2%, higher in comparison to the neat glass/epoxy laminated composite. The addition of nano-fillers exerted positive impact on the elastic properties of both the two-phase and three-phase nanocomposites and the properties kept on improving with weight fraction of the nano-fillers. Regarding the impact of aspect ratio on elastic modulus, however, conflicting findings were noted. Increase in the aspect ratio, on one hand, resulted in an increase in the longitudinal elastic modulus; on the other hand, it resulted in a monotonous reduction in the shear modulus.

In this study, the mechanical properties of advanced composites fabricated by the hand lay-up process were investigated. The mechanical properties evaluated in this study included tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength. Tensile tests were performed to measure the resistance of the composites to pulling forces, while flexural tests assessed their resistance to bending. Impact tests, on the other hand, determine the material's ability to absorb sudden forces or shocks. Results showed that all the composite materials exhibited high tensile strength, with the Carbon fiber epoxy composite displaying the highest value due to the exceptional strength of carbon fibers. In terms of flexural strength, the Glass-Fiber Polymer Matrix composite demonstrated the highest resistance to bending, while the Kevlar-Epoxy composite exhibited the highest impact strength, owing to the unique properties of Kevlar fibers, which offer excellent energy absorption capabilities. In the hardness test, the Kevlar composite to epoxy matrix showed hardness from HRB 105 to HRB 125 an increase of 19.04 %, while fiberglass increased hardness by 14.2 % and carbon fiber by 16.3 %. The Impact test shows that the Kevlar composite to epoxy matrix showed hardness from HRB 105 to HRB 125 an increase of 19.04 %, while fiberglass increased hardness by 14.2 % and carbon fiber by 16.3 %. Kevlar reinforcing composite produced the highest flexural strength, compared to neat epoxy by 91.7 %. Carbon fibre composites were 52.5 % higher, whereas glass fibre composites were 15.6 % higher. SEM imaging results from the cross-sections show that the best bonding between the base material and the fibers was observed for Kevlar reinforced with epoxy. All mechanical test showed that Kevlar (Aramid fiber) provides excellent mechanical properties when compared to carbon fibre and glass fibre. Hence, Kevlar (aramid fiber) can be an option for preparing light weight helmets, automobiles, aeronautics, safety equipments etc.

This paper investigates the effects of silica fume (SF) and metakaolin (MK) as cement substitutes on the mechanical properties, shrinkage, and toughness performances of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC). Initially, a reference concrete mix with a water-to-binder ratio of 0.4 is blended with different volume fractions of steel fibers with varying geometries (crimped steel and straight steel), both individually and in combination, to examine their mechanical properties. Also, the possible influence of pozzolans on the variation of drying shrinkage and flexural toughness of hybrid steel fiber reinforced concrete (Hy-SFRC) was evaluated. An increase in workability was observed as a result of hybridization of steel fibers. Pozzolanic steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) exhibited a more significant enhancement in compressive strength and flexural strength compared to non-pozzolanic SFRC. The hybrid combination of CS 1.5 % and SS 0.5 % was found to be the best in terms of mechanical properties. The addition of SF and MK reduced the shrinkage strain by up to 50 % compared to the reference mix. The flexural toughness values for both binary and ternary pozzolanic Hy-SFRC were notably higher than those for non-pozzolanic Hy-SFRC, indicating a stronger bond between the fibers and the matrix. Hy-SFRC containing a ternary pozzolanic mix of SF 10 % and MK 10 % gave the best results in flexural toughness. The results were consistent with morphology analysis, which revealed an increase in hydration products at the interface between the aggregate and concrete matrix, as well as between the steel fiber and concrete matrix, due to the ternary blending of SF and MK.

In the present work, the Inconel 625 material is utilized for processing on a wire electrical discharge machine. The zinc-coated brass wire is used as a tool electrode. The Taguchi mixed orthogonal L27 experimental design is developed to perform the experiments. The parameter was induced on normal and cryogenic material such as pulse on time (Ton), pulse off time (Toff), discharge current (Ip), wire feed (Wf), and wire tension (WT). The characteristics responses i.e., material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (Ra), and overcut (OC) were analyzed. The genetic algorithm (GA) was applied for the evaluation and measuring of fact, which determined its performance, and predicted facts were considered for particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique multiple objective problems. After the comparison, the facts predicted were analyzed for the response, which revealed the surface integrity and accuracy on the machined surface. The solution implied that applied PSO gives highly significant results on optimal setting parameters of WEDM machining. The 0.419 μm surface roughness has been obtained by a cryogenic process as compared to normal (0.880 μm). The material removal rate for the cryogenic process was found to have decreased in PSO by 21.18 % and in GA by 2.78 % in comparison to the normal process. The obtained results give the utmost measure for the suitability of time reduction and cost-cutting in productivity rate.

Abstract Environmental contamination by hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and antibiotic drug residues pose significant challenges to public health and ecosystems. This study investigates the application of CoTiO3/BiVO4@MIL-Fe(53) (CT/BV@Fe-MOF) for the reduction of Cr(VI) and degradation of tetracycline (TCL) under visible light. After grafting an iron-based metal–organic framework MIL-Fe(53) on a modified CoTiO3/BiVO4 composite, the photogenerated electrons could easily be transferred from CoTiO3 to BiVO4/Fe-MOF species via interfacial charge transfer. UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed that charge carriers were formed in response to visible light absorption. The effect of different operating parameters, including catalyst load, pH, initial Cr(VI), and TCL concentration, was systematically evaluated during the photocatalytic process. The CT/BV@Fe-MOF composite exhibited 98.7% reduction efficiency in Cr(VI) (50 ppm) and 97.5% degradation efficiency towards TCL (30 ppm) within 90 min, resulting in a greater efficiency than the pristine CoTiO3, BiVO4, and Fe-MOF materials. The CT/BV@Fe-MOF composite displayed excellent stability over six cycles, highlighting its potential for practical applications. In addition, the plausible degradation pathway of TCL was evaluated using LC-ESI/MS analysis, while the TEST program was utilized to investigate the toxicity of the products generated during the degradation process.

The present experimental work is carried out on SAE 420 steel to optimize process parameters of low-power laser hardening to improve surface micro-hardness and wear resistance for dry sliding for bio-medical applications. Laser power is the most significant factor for micro-hardening and wear resistance. Rank two for scanning speed and three for standoff distance, respectively. The experiments show that the surface micro-hardness of treated samples varies from 711 to 833 Vickers Pyramid Number by optimized process parameters such as laser beam power of 300 W, laser scan speed of 1.0 mm/s, and standoff distance of 225 mm. In comparison, the base material micro-hardness is 208 Vickers Pyramid Number as the predictive equation generated for finding micro-hardness value for the above three laser hardening process parameters. The dry sliding wear test is conducted on all laser-treated samples and a comparison is made with the untreated sample. A significant improvement in wear resistance was observed for treated as compared to untreated samples. The wear of laser hardened sample of SAE 420 steel was 3.67 x10-9 g/cm compared to untreated base metal wear rate of 139.00 x 10-9 g/cm at an applied load of 30 N and sliding speed of 300 revolutions per minute. The scanning electron microscopy analysis of wear samples (untreated, treated maximum, and minimum hardness) is observed for investigating material removal patterns.

The Journal retracts the article, “Dynamics of MHD Convection of Walters B Viscoelastic Fluid through an Accelerating Permeable Surface Using the Soret–Dufour Mechanism” [...]

Understanding 6xxx AA (Al–Mg–Si alloys) relies heavily on structural analysis at the atomic level. Because the nanoscale precipitates that form during artificial ageing essentially strengthen the alloys, it is crucial to lessen the negative effects of Natural Ageing (NA) and enhance the age hardening of Al–Mg–Si alloys. Numerous studies have shown that when different elements are added to 6xxx AA, NA is suppressed. This work includes a thorough and numerical description of the various elements that are added to 6xxx AA. This article gives information on the additional elements Li, Cu, Zn, and Ag that will form new phases and occupy a preferred site in 6xxx AA at different weight percentages. However, between metastable phases, 6xxx AA exhibit different element segregation, which improved the mechanical properties like hardness reported in this review work. Additionally, research on the addition of various other elements, such as Ni, Co, Au, and Cd to 6xxx AA is reported in this review paper to summarise the influence of these elements on the evolution of microstructural features and their correlation with mechanical properties. This area has received very little research and may be used in the future to enhance the mechanical properties of 6xxx AA. By encouraging precipitate nucleation, morphology, and mechanical properties through the addition of foreign elements, the results of this review paper reveal a novel pathway for precipitation hardening.

The role of MgAl2O4 particles in Al matrix composites has been very crucial. They have evolved from acting as a product at the matrix-reinforcement interface of some ex-situ aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) to a separate reinforcement in the in-situ AMCs. In recent times, they have also been used as a nucleating agent in the form of Al–MgAl2O4 master alloy to propagate the grain refinement process in commercial Al alloys for microstructural changes. In this context, this work reviews the recent developments of MgAl2O4 formation in Al–Mg–Al2O3 and Al–Mg–SiC composites. It summarizes the influence of MgAl2O4 on surface morphology and mechanical characteristics during their formation at the matrix-reinforcement interface. Furthermore, a thorough study on the impact of MgAl2O4 as a reinforcement formed via the in-situ reactive synthesis in AMCs using Al–Mg matrix and different oxide sources namely SiO2, TiO2, and H3BO3 has been carried out. Various results on the grain refinement process obtained using MgAl2O4 as a heterogeneous nucleating agent in Al alloys have been also deliberated in this review.

Nickel–Titanium based shape memory alloys (SMAs) are a unique category of smart materials that possess remarkable properties like super-elasticity, shape memory effect, high wear and corrosion resistance, thereby rendering them appropriate for uses such as composite structures, aerospace, and biomedical uses etc. These distinctive features make these alloys ‘difficult in machining’ using the traditional approach of machining process. In the present investigation, machinability aspects of Ni55.65Ti-SMAs using non-traditional electric discharge machining process has been studied. The effect of input process parameters i.e., pulse time ON, duty factor, peak current on the surface roughness and material removal rate has been investigated. The output responses viz. Minimum surface roughness along with maximum material removal rate having values of 6.828 μm and 4.552 mm3/sec respectively were achieved. Furthermore, empirical modelling and ANOVA study have been executed based on the full factorial design analysis. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm IIalgorithm IIalg2 commonly known as NSGA II, used crowding distance approach for multi-objective process optimization. The results obtained with NSGA-II were again ranked using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) approach to give a more thorough understanding of the solution space and opt for the best possible solution.

Individual applications of coir and hemp as reinforcement in composites have been exhaustively studied; however, their hybridization must also be investigated. In this context, this research investigates the utilization of coir and hemp fibers as reinforcements in a polyester-based hybrid composite system. The primary objective is to find out how these reinforcements affect the hybrid composites' mechanical (tensile, flexural, and impact) and thermo-gravimetric properties. To accomplish this, composite samples with varying weight proportions of coir and hemp fibers were fabricated, and extensive mechanical testing was performed. The findings from the tensile, flexural, and impact tests revealed an enhancement in the mechanical characteristics of the fabricated composites as the proportion of coir fiber grew and the proportion of hemp fiber reduced. The hybrid composite, containing 15% coir and 5% hemp fibers, had superior mechanical properties to the binary composite system. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis was performed to determine the thermal stability of the hybrid composites. Within a temperature range of 30 °C–800 °C, weight loss was observed, confirming the overall thermal resistance of the materials. Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the composite's chemical composition, revealing the presence of functional groups that contribute to the composite's performance. Utilizing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the surface morphology of hybrid composites was investigated, yielding valuable insights into the fiber-matrix interaction and composite structure. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of the coir/hemp/polyester hybrid composite as a lightweight material in a variety of industries.

This study incorporated Multi-walled carbon nanotube particles (MWCNTs) and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2) into a metal matrix composite in Ni–P coated substrate using an Electroless technique. This study significantly improves the tribological properties, enhances corrosion resistance, increases durability and extends the service life of coated rebar. Coated rebar helps make infrastructure more sustainable by extending the life of buildings and lowering their material consumption, trash output, and ecological footprint. The tribological behaviour of steel rebar has been studied by using a variety of characterization techniques, like X-ray diffraction, Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) including the corrosion test and the hardness test. The topographical roughness of the bare specimen, Ni–P coated specimen, CNT coated specimen and TiO2 coated specimen are 67.4 nm, 112 nm, 201 nm, and 162 nm respectively. The microhardness of the bare substrate, Ni–P coated, CNT doped coated, and TiO2 dopped coated specimens was done using Vicker's Hardness tester and the mean values were 455 HV, 580 HV, 810 HV, and 680 HV respectively. Resistance to corrosion of TMT steel rebar of Fe500 was examined using the polarisation method and Electrochemical-Impedance-Spectroscope (EIS) method. These techniques were examined in 3.5 wt% aqueous medium of NaCl and analysed the Ecorr (corrosion potential) and Icorr (Corrosion current density) of the bare substrate, Ni–P coated, Ni–P/CNT and Ni–P/TiO2 substrate. The corrosion inhabitation efficiency of the Ni–P-CNT doped was 22.5% more than the Bare substrate, and the TiO2 doped coated specimen was 10.63% more than the bare substrate. Resistance to corrosion of the CNT-coated substrate is better than Ni–P/TiO2 and Ni–P-coated specimens.

This paper explores theories of motivation, including instinct theory, arousal theory, incentive theory, intrinsic theory, extrinsic theory, the ARCS model, self-determination theory, expectancy-value theory, and goal-orientation theory. Each theory is described in detail, along with its key concepts, assumptions, and implications for behavior. Intrinsic theory suggests that individuals are motivated by internal factors like enjoyment and satisfaction, while extrinsic theory suggests that external factors like rewards and social pressure drive behavior. Arousal theory says that to feel motivated, people try to keep an optimal level of activation or excitement. Incentive theory suggests that behavior is driven by the promise of rewards or the threat of punishment. The ARCS model, designed to motivate learners, incorporates elements of attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction. Self-determination theory proposes that individuals are motivated by their needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The expectation-value theory suggests that behavior is influenced by individuals' beliefs about their ability to succeed and the value they place on the task. The goal-orientation theory suggests that individuals have different goals for engaging in a behavior. By understanding these different theories of motivation, educators, coaches, managers, and individuals may analyze what drives behavior and how to harness it to achieve their goals. In essence, a nuanced comprehension of these diverse motivation theories equips individuals across varied domains with a strategic toolkit to navigate the complex landscape of human behavior, fostering a more profound understanding of what propels actions and how to channel these insights toward the attainment of overarching goals.

This paper provides a synergistic review of the current scenario and future prospects of aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs). AMMCs are advanced materials that have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their unique characteristics, including high strength, low density, and excellent wear resistance. This review covers various aspects of AMMCs, including processing techniques, mechanical and physical properties, microstructural features, and applications. The review begins with an overview of different processing techniques for AMMCs, including stir casting, powder metallurgy, and infiltration methods. It then discusses the mechanical and physical properties of AMMCs, such as tensile strength, hardness, and thermal conductivity, and how these properties are influenced by various factors such as reinforcement type, size, and volume fraction. Furthermore, the microstructural features of AMMCs, including the distribution of reinforcements, are discussed in detail. The review also highlights the potential applications of AMMCs in various industries such as aerospace, automotive, and electronics. Finally, the review concludes by discussing the current scenario and future prospects of AMMCs. It highlights the challenges that need to be addressed to enhance the performance of AMMCs and the potential areas of research that could lead to the development of advanced AMMCs with superior properties. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the current status and future prospects of AMMCs and highlights the importance of continued research and development in this field.

In the present work, the microstructure, tensile and texture properties of Zircalloy-2 (Zr-2) processed by the room temperature wire rolling (RTWR) have been investigated. The detail microstructural investigation was performed with the help of optical microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD). Dislocation density was calculated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) through modified Williamson Hall technique. The dislocation density increased as the true strain increased from 0.69 to 1.32, but at the same time when true strain increased from 1.32 to 2.77, dislocations density start decreasing. It was occurred due to the formation of large volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization grains (DRX) after inducing true strain of 2.77. The maximum yield strength of 750 MPa was achieved after true strain of 1.32, but as the induced true strain increased to 2.77, the yield strength decreased to 620 MPa. It was due to the formation of high volume fraction of DRX grain and grain coarsening led by the dislocations annihilation mechanism. The highest ductility was achieved after true strain of 2.77 is attributed to domination of dislocations annihilation assisted mechanism. The EBSD and tensile test investigation further confirmed the presence of Extension twinning ({101¯2}) after inducing a true strain of 1.32 and more, which signify the severe deformation through the RTWR. Further, deformation mechanism of Zr-2 alloy has been proposed through processing by RTWR with the help of experimental investigation.

Dry machining of Titanium alloy Grade 5 (Ti–6Al–4V) with cryogenic treated, double-tempered KC5010 cutting inserts was examined. The impact of cryogenic treatment followed by tempering of the carbide inserts was investigated using microstructure analyses. The effects of constant depth of cut, cutting speed, and feed rate on machining variables (torque, force, surface roughness, temperature, and tool wear) were investigated. According to the experimental results, the cutting speed is the most important parameter that has a direct influence on the machining characteristics. Increased cutting speed and feed rate generate larger tangential pressures, allowing for a reduction in chip contact length; a shorter contact length results in reduced surface roughness and flank wear rate, respectively. The effects of cutting speed and feed rate on chip thickness were studied. Image analysis of the segmented chip was used to investigate the form and size of the saw-tooth profile of serrated chips. It was discovered that raising the cutting speed from 73 m/min to 160 m/min enhanced the free surface lamella of the chips and improved the visibility of the saw tooth segment. As cutting speed increases, all response parameters (torque, temperature, force, tool wear, and surface roughness) increase at the same time, by nearly 300%. Deep cryogenic treatment enhanced micro-hardness, resistance to wear, and toughness. As a result, there was reduced flank wear with tiny abrasion lines. Lower cutting speeds and feed rates resulted in less rake surface wear. Finally, the current study's convergence with earlier research was presented, indicating strong agreement between the two examinations.

In the present study, collagen powder in the form of Cr has been extracted from chrome-containing leather waste. Extracted collagen powder along with alumina has been used as reinforcement with AA6061 matrix material. The composite material was fabricated by the stir casting technique. Comparative behavior of composite material with and without heat treatment was observed. The microstructure image of the Al/5% Al2O3/5% collagen composite has shown the uniform distribution of reinforcement particles. Proper wettability between the collagen powder, alumina, and matrix material was observed after the solidification for Al/5% Al2O3/5% collagen composite material. Tensile strength, hardness, ductility, and impact strength of composite material were significantly improved after the heat treatment process. However, results showed that ball-milled reinforced composite has a higher Young's modulus as compared to heat-treated composite. The percent porosity of aluminum alloy was found to be 0.18%. However, the porosity of Al/5% Al2O3/5% collagen powder ball milled composite material was found to be 1%. The XRD of the heat-treated Al/5% Al2O3/5% collagen powder composite showed the presence of Al, Al2O3, Cr, and Cr2O3 phases. Thermal expansion and corrosion behavior of the composite were also observed to identify the heat treatment effect on Al/Al2O3/collagen powder composite material.

In this study, a hybrid surface composite of AA5083/SiC-Gr was produced by Friction Stir Processing (FSP). Reinforcement material each in 50:50 proportion was filled in the base matrix using holes method. Three different hybrid reinforcement volumes of 301.6 mm 3, 452.4 mm 3, and 603.2 mm 3 were prepared for surface composite. Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to check the quality of the prepared surface composite and homogeneous distribution of reinforcement was observed in the images. It was observed that due to better uniform distribution of reinforcement particles during 3 pass FSP, specimens with 301.6 mm 3/ reinforcement volume showed enhanced microhardness and wear properties in comparison with the other specimens. Keywords: Surface Composites; Multi-pass; Friction Stir Processing; Reinforcement; Hybrid Composite

Polymers and fibers are the main components of cementitious composite materials to reinforce concrete. The synthetic fibers used in concrete composites typically weigh and also, and they are easily subjected to thermal degradation. To tackle the above issues, researchers developed various natural fiber-based composites. In the paper, the mechanical characteristics of hybrid composites were examined. The hybrid composites were developed using Madar, Gongura, and Hibiscus cannabinus fibers. The polyester resin was the matrix. The fibers were treated chemically using a 5% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The fibers were then carefully cleaned with distilled water twice and baked for 70 min at 60 °C. For the evaluation of the tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the hybrid composites, specimens were made in accordance with ASTM standards. The treated composite sample (S3) specimen exhibits a tensile strength (TS) of approximately 34.720 N/mm2, flexural strength (FS) of 77.957 MPa, and flexural modulus (FM) of 1548.588 GPa. The average water absorption of the sample is only 2.45%. The hardness and impact strength (IS) of the samples are also superior to those of several other composites studied in the literature. Hence, the proposed hybrid composites could be a potential material for reinforcing the concrete composites to provide a higher service rate and greater durability to the structures.

Uniform filler dispersion and fillers, such as nanomaterials, with distinct but superior qualities compared to the typical matrix component can be used to create high performance composites. The current study used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of graphene reinforcement on the mechanical properties of Kevlar/Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol-A (DGEBA). Diethyl toluene diamine (DETDA) serves as the curing agent for DGEBA, and graphene is randomly reinforced at 1, 1.5, and 2 weight percent in the DGEBA/DETDA epoxy matrix. A layered (epoxy-Kevlar-epoxy, EKE) is constructed by maintaining Kevlar fibre in horizontal position in between the graphene-reinforced DGEBA/DETDA as illustrated in the figure. Energy minimization, geometry optimization, and dynamics are used to further stabilise the constructed structure. The method of constant strain is used to determine mechanical parameters. The MD simulation revealed that mechanical properties increased with increasing graphene content, with 21.42%, 36.47%, and 42.49% for 1, 1.5, and 2 weight percentages of graphene, respectively, when compared to pure EKE. The increasing trends in elastic moduli corroborate the experimental findings. The ultimate strength increases as graphene content increases.

Machining of titanium alloy grade V (Ti6Al4V) is very difficult by conventional metal cutting process due to low thermal conductivity, ability to retain strength at elevated temperature, tendency to work harden. This may result in high heat at the cutting zone and the generation of thermal stresses. Therefore, in the present research die-sinking electrical discharge machining is used to machine Ti6Al4v alloy. A non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA II) coupled with rotary central composite design (RCCD) based on response surface methodology (RSM) is employed to optimize machining parameters in die-sinking electrical discharge (EDM) machining of Ti6Al4V. A quadratic mathematical model has been developed for material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra) in terms of peak current (I), pulse on time (Ton) and pulse off time (Toff) as independent input parameters. Die-sinking EDM experiments are planned using RCCD based on response surface methodology. Results revealed that peak current is the most influencing EDM parameter on both MRR and Ra with PC of 35.86% and 57.10% respectively. MRR continuously increases with peak current. MRR firstly decreases and then increases with an increase in Ton. Ra continuously increases with peak current and starts decreasing after a coded value of 1.5. The Optimization result obtained by NSGA II is validated through confirmation experiments which are in good agreement with the experimental value with an absolute error of 6% and 4.8% in MRR and Ra respectively.

This research work explore the weldability, structural integrity, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of dissimilar welds of Inconel 718 and AISI 430 developed by using constant and pulse arccurrent modes in TIG welding process. The welded structures defects for inspected by employing X-ray radiography images as well as macrostructures. Metallurgical changes were observed using optical & scanning electron microscope techniques. Mechanical properties of the joined structures were evaluated by performing tensile test on UTM and hardness measurements on weld surfaces using Vickers hardness tester. The resistance against the corrosion especially at the weld area of both welded structures was measured. The joined structures were free from flaws and also seen the uniformity of the filler distribution towards the base metals. The grain coursing with well-defined grain structures were identified in CC-TIG weldmentswhereas fine grains with clear distribution of filler alloying elements were seen in PC-TIG weldments. PC-TIG weldments exhibited with better mechanical and corrosion resistance properties than the CC-TIG weldments vowing to pulse arc mode during welding process. The aerospace and nuclear industries will benefit from the study's findings especially turbine disc and shaft assembly.

Aluminium composites were synthesized through an ultrasonically assisted stir casting method by reinforcing 0.5 wt%SiC, 1.0 wt%SiC, 1.5 wt%SiC and 2.0 wt%SiC nanoparticles. Ultrasonication was carried out to the composite melt to refine the grain size and to achieve uniform nano-SiC dispersion in the aluminium matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the uniform dispersion of nano-SiC particles in the 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt% and 1.5 wt% SiC reinforced compose. However, the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) peaks confirm the Al2Cu intermetallic phases in the Al- 2.0 wt% SiC composite. The mechanical properties of the synthesized composites were significantly enhanced with the incorporation of SiC reinforcements and the maximum hardness and ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S) of 163 BHN and 431 MPa was attained for 1.5 wt% SiC reinforced composite. Nevertheless, the generated brittle agglomeration at 2.0 wt% SiC reinforcements decreases the mechanical properties of the composite due to the variation of thermal expansion coefficients between the matrix and the agglomerations. The yield strength of the fabricated Al– SiC composites was analyzed through different strengthening mechanisms. Results concluded that the yield strength contribution due to thermal mismatch is more influenced followed by the Orowan strengthening and grain refinement strengthening mechanism. In addition to this, the contribution of the strengthening mechanisms was found to be increased with the addition of SiC nanoparticles. Fractography investigation for the fractured tensile specimens reveals the ductile fracture for unreinforced aluminium and brittle fracture for the SiC-reinforced composites due to the presence of cleavage texture of the fractured surfaces of Al–SiC nanocomposites.

A pragmatic shift has been ongoing for the metal development of industrialization for the last several decades. In various engineering and industrial applications, there is a high demand for materials with high tensile strength and ductility. This demand can be met by instilling carbide-free bainitic in high silicon steel. The proposed steel type is enriched with desired properties and can be fabricated in a cost-effective approach. In this research, the wear rate of the proposed material has been thoroughly evaluated in numerous applications by highlighting the recent research progress and influence of carbide-free bainitic, retained austenite on wear resistance in high silicon steel and the working parameters. Different compositions of the material, microstructural analysis, and results of the experiments have been comprehensively analyzed with different effective mechanisms involved. The whole effort sets the prominent outcomes of the existing research and proposes the application for different areas of research where more emphasis required for the optimum results.

Surface finish is an essential factor in determining product sustainability and functionality. Most methods have been developed that can be utilized to manufacture optical, mechanical, and electrical devices with a micrometer or submicrometric precision, nanoscale surface roughness, and practically no surface flaws. Finishing technologies are classified into two types: those that use magnetic force and those that do not. These techniques provide flexible finishing tools that may be used efficiently for complicated freeform components. Due to limitations in finishing tool movement over the complex freeform geometry of the components, traditional finishing methods perform relatively badly when finishing sophisticated freeform surfaces. The life and function of the implant are determined by the surface conditions of biomedical components, such as heart valves, dental crowns, knee, elbow, and hip joints. Implants are often made of polymers, metals, ceramics, skin, bone, other human tissues, and other materials. Non-traditional finishing methods using loose abrasives offer greater finishing accuracy, uniformity, performance, and cost-effectiveness. Using abrasive-based finishing technologies like abrasive flow machining, magnetic abrasive finishing, magnetorheological fluid-based finishing, elastic emission machining, heat treatment, surface coating, and laser surface processing, etc., this article critically reviews the published research on fine finishing of freeform surfaces, i.e., biomedical implants, to improve their functionality and surface quality.

Nano-scale Multi-layered Composite Coatings (Nano scale MLCC) offer potential benefits for cutting tool performance. Such coatings can be designed to improve tool durability and cutting efficiency by providing additional wear protection and improved heat dissipation. The Nano coatings can also be tailored to reduce friction, which can enhance productivity and reduce tool wear. The unique Nano-scale topography of MLCC helps to reduce the contact area between the cutting tool and the workpiece, thus reducing friction and heat. The coatings also include specific additive components that enhance the properties of the coating, such as corrosion resistance, lubricant retention, and improved thermal stability.This critical review explores the potential of Nano-scale multi-layered-composite coatings for improving the performance of cutting tools. The literature in this field is reviewed and discussed with respect to the performance benefits and challenges associated with the implementation of these nanotechnology coatings. The latest progress in nanofabrication, nanomaterials, and other technologies are discussed in relation to their ability to provide new and improved cutting tool applications. The review summarizes the current state of the art on Nano-scale multi-layered-composite coatings and their influence on cutting tool performance, with particular focus on machining productivity, tool life, cutting forces and wear rates. Recommendations are provided on which Nano-scale coatings may best fit the demands of particular machining operations, and on future research directions in this field. The review also discusses the challenges and future advancements of Nano-scale coatings and other methods for improving cutting tool performance. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive insight into the future potential of MLCC for cutting tool performance enhancement.

Aluminium metal matrix composites are highly dominated composites for various applications such as military, marine, aircraft, aerospace and automobile because of their corrosion resistance, tribological and mechanical properties. In this research, aluminium alloy 5032 composite reinforced with SiCnp (4, 8, 12 and 16 wt.%) was manufactured using stir casting method and subjected to various mechanical, metallurgical and wear tests. The novelty of this research lies in the fabrication and characterization of Al5032/SiCnp composites, which has been not done before. The Energy Dispersive X ray analysis (EDAX) was used to examine the presence of SiC in Al5032 matrix and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was employed to examine the microstructure of the composite. Further micro hardness, wear resistance, tensile and impact tests were carried out. The aforesaid properties increases upto 12 wt.% addition of silicon carbide in Al5032 alloy and thereafter reduces. The nanocomposite Al5032/12wt.%SiC exhibits 98 HV, 256 MPa tensile strength, 19 MPa impact strength and 5 mg wear loss.

The sliding wear behavior of stir cast silicon nitride (Si3N4) and graphite (Gr) reinforced Al–Zn–Cu–Mg (Al alloy) matrix composites were investigated under dry conditions. Al alloy/1 wt.% Si3N4 composite, Al alloy/1 wt.% Si3N4–xGr hybrid composites (x = 1.5 and 3% Gr by weight) were separately developed to examine their wear behavior. Microstructure and EDS characterization were used to identify the reinforcement (Si3N4 and Gr) in casted composites. Experimental design with L–27 orthogonal matrix array was chosen to perform the wear experiments to examine the effect of various applied normal loads (15 N, 30 N, and 45 N) and sliding velocities (0.523, 1.047, and 1.57 m/s) at a constant sliding distance of 1000 m. Results reveal that the wear rate significantly decreased after adding 1.5 and 3 wt.% Gr in Al– Si3N4 composite and obtained a minimum wear rate for hybrid composites containing 3 wt.% Gr particles. ANOVA results revealed that load is the most dominating factor in wear rate, followed by sliding velocity and Gr content. The worn surface study observed lesser micro-cracks and pits in the hybrid composite containing 3 wt.% Gr compared to Al– Si3N4 composites. The uniform distribution of reinforcing particles in the Al alloy matrix was examined through SEM characterization of casted samples.

Different semiconductor materials have been used for the fabrication of PIN diodes such as Si, Ge, GaAs, SiC-3C, SiC-4H, and InAs. These different semiconductor materials show different characteristics and advantages such as SiC-4H is ultrafast switch. But, when flexible polymers composites like Si-nanomembranes, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and biodegradable polymer composite like carbon nanotubes (CNT) are used for fabrication, the device has the capability to switch from rigid electronic devices to flexible and wearable electronic devices. These polymer composites’ outstanding characteristics like conductivity, charge selectivity, flexibility, and lightweight make them eligible for their selection in fabrication process for wearable electronics devices. In this article, the performance of PIN diodes (BAR64-02) as an RF switch is investigated from 1 to 10 GHz. PIN diodes can control large amounts of RF power at very low DC voltage, implying their suitability for RF applications. In this paper, the benefit of using plastic polymer composites for the fabrication of PIN diodes, capacitors, and antennas is thoroughly described. Along with this, individual characterization, fabrication, and testing of all biasing components are also done to analyze the individual effect of each biasing component on the performance of PIN diodes. The complete biasing circuitry for the PIN diode is modeled in the HFSS software. When a PIN diode is inserted in between 50 Ω microstrip line, it introduces 1 dB insertion loss and 20 dB isolation loss from 1 to 7 GHz. Finally, a PIN diode is integrated in a reconfigurable antenna to study the actual effect. The transmission loss in the RF signal is nearly 1 dB from 1 to 7 GHz in the presence of biasing components.

This article focuses on the viscoelastic behaviour of the anamide composites using a dynamic mechanical study developed by hot compression moulding technology at higher temperatures. The frequency range for this analysis is 1 Hz. In the nitrogen atmosphere, thermogravimetry analysis differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the thermal stability of composite laminates with various fiber orientations. The findings showed that a glass transition temperature close to 100°C can be achieved at 1 Hz to increase the fiber orientation of the basalt fiber-enhanced anamide compounds. Through the thermo-gravimetric analysis experiments, the excellent thermal stability of composite laminates at temperatures above 600°C was conspicuous. Analysis using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy envisioned the surface chemical properties of anamide films at various fiber orientations, and the interaction properties between fiber and matrix were determined. Scanning electron microscopy on composite laminate surfaces proclaimed that the interface relationship between the basalt fiber and the anamide material is superior with FTIR findings being assisted. The findings demonstrate that composite laminates may be a good replacement for high-performance and high-temperature applications since they are thermally extremely robust with great rigidity.

The development in the use of polyaniline (PANI) in advanced studies makes us draw attention to the presented research and combine it into one study like this one. The unique composition of PANI qualifies it for use in electrochemical applications in addition to many other applications whose use depends on its mechanical properties. Based on this, it is necessary to limit the reactions that produce PANI and the cheapest cost, and then limit the current uses in the formation of nanocomposites with metals, their oxides, and/or carbon nanocomposites in order to determine what is missing from them and work on it again to expand its chemistry. The development in the use of PANI in advanced studies makes us draw attention to the research presented on PANI and combine it into one study. One of the very important things that made PANI possess a very huge research revolution are preparation in a variety of ways, easy and inexpensive, from which a daily product can be obtained with very high purity, as well as its distinctive properties that made it the focus of researchers in various scientific departments. The unique structure of PANI, which is easy to prepare in its pure form or with various chemical compounds including metals, metal oxides, and carbon nanomaterials (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide), qualifies it for use in electrochemical applications. The various studies reviewed showed that PANI gave good results in the applications of super capacitors. In some of the studies mentioned later, it gave a specific capacitance of 503 F/g, cycle stability 85% at 10,000 cycles, energy density 8.88 kW/kg, and power density 96 W h/kg. It was also noted that these values improved significantly when using PANI with its nanocomposites. Because of its good electrical conductivity and the possibility of preparing it with a high surface area with nanostructures in the form of nanowires, nanofibers, and nanotubes, PANI was used as a gas sensor. We have noticed, through the studies conducted in this field, that the properties of PANI as a basic material in gas sensors are greatly improved when it is prepared in the form of PANI nanocomposites, as explained in detail later. From this review, we tried with great effort to shed light on this attractive polymer in terms of its different preparation methods, its distinctive properties, its nanocomposites, and the type of polymerization used for each nanocomposites, as well as its applications in its pure form or with its nanocomposites in the supercapacitor and gas sensor applications.

Metallic glass (MG) is a promising coating material developed to enhance the surface hardness of metallic substrates, with laser cladding having become popular to develop such coatings. MGs properties are affected by the laser cladding variables (laser power, scanning speed, spot size). Meanwhile, the substrate surface roughness significantly affects the geometry and hardness of the laser-cladded MG. In this research, Fe-based MG was laser-cladded on substrates with different surface roughness. For this purpose, the surfaces of the substrate were prepared for cladding using two methods: sandpaper polishing (SP) and sandblasting (SB), with two levels of grit size used for each method (SP150, SP240, SB40, SB100). The experiment showed that substrate surface roughness affected the geometry and hardness of laser-cladded Fe-based MG. To predict and optimize the geometry and hardness of laser-cladded Fe-based MG single tracks at different substrate surface roughness, a fuzzy logic control system (FLCS) was developed. The FLCS results indicate that it is an efficient tool to select the proper preparation technique of the substrate surface for higher clad hardness and maximum geometry to minimize the number of cladding tracks for full surface cladding.

The MHD convective Walters-B memory liquid flow past a permeable accelerating surface with the mechanism of Soret-Dufour is considered. The flow equation constitutes a set of partial differential equations (PDEs) to elucidate the real flow of a non-Newtonian liquid. The radiation thermo-physical parameters were employed based on the use of Roseland approximation. This implies the fluid employed in this exploration is optically thick. Utilizing suitable similarity terms, the flow equation PDEs were simplified to become total differential equations. The spectral homotopy analysis method (SHAM) was utilized to provide outcomes to the model. The SHAM involves the addition of the Chebyshev pseudospectral approach (CPM) alongside the homotopy analysis approach (HAM). The outcomes were depicted utilizing graphs and tables for the quantities of engineering concern. The mechanisms of Soret and Dufour were separately examined. The imposed magnetism was found to lessen the velocity plot while the thermal radiation term elevates the temperature plot because of the warm particles of the fluid.

The strongest among the all-aluminum alloy series is 7xxx due to its unique composition of alloying elements, making it perfect for automotive and aerospace applications. The present research included manufacturing of Si3N4 reinforced aluminum alloy (AA) 7068 nanocomposites via stir casting combined with ultrasonication, followed by a bottom pouring technique. The Si3N4 reinforcement has been conducted in different fractions (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%) by weight. The microstructure characterization of prepared composites was conducted using FESEM, EDS, and elemental mapping. The microstructure of the AA7068 matrix was significantly refined after incorporating Si3N4 nanoparticles. The hardness of alloy increased with reinforcement addition and maximized at 1.5 wt.% due to the combined effect of hard Si3N4, difference in thermal co-efficient, Hall-Petch, and Orowan strengthening mechanism. The wear resistance significantly increased after incorporating (Si3N4)np in the alloy by increased load-bearing capacity and hardness of nanocomposites. The wear of alloy and nanocomposites is mainly due to the adhesion, two-body, and three-body abrasion mechanism. Optimization of wear parameters was completed using the Taguchi approach. The L-25 orthogonal array was selected to perform the wear test, and, later, the ANOVA tool was used to understand the percentage contribution of each factor. The load has the maximum contribution of 65.67%, followed by reinforcement wt.% and sliding distance. Minimum wear loss was noticed when the wear test was conducted on optimum wear parameters (1.5 wt.% reinforcement, 10 N load, and 400 m sliding distance). Hardness and wear behavior were oppositely influenced by the clustering of particles found at 2 wt.% nanocomposites.

Recent advances in technology and refinement of available computational resources paved the way for the extensive use of computers to model and simulate complex real-world problems difficult to solve analytically. The appeal of simulations lies in the ability to predict the significance of a change to the system under study. The simulated results can be of great benefit in predicting various behaviors, such as the wind pattern in a particular region, the ability of a material to withstand a dynamic load, or even the behavior of a workpiece under a particular type of machining. This paper deals with the mathematical modeling and simulation techniques used in abrasive-based machining processes such as abrasive flow machining (AFM), magnetic-based finishing processes, i.e., magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process, magnetorheological finishing (MRF) process, and ball-end type magnetorheological finishing process (BEMRF). The paper also aims to highlight the advances and obstacles associated with these techniques and their applications in flow machining. This study contributes the better understanding by examining the available modeling and simulation techniques such as Molecular Dynamic Simulation (MDS), Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Finite Element Method (FEM), Discrete Element Method (DEM), Multivariable Regression Analysis (MVRA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Response Surface Analysis (RSA), Stochastic Modeling and Simulation by Data Dependent System (DDS). Among these methods, CFD and FEM can be performed with the available commercial software, while DEM and MDS performed using the computer programming-based platform, i.e., “LAMMPS Molecular Dynamics Simulator,” or C, C++, or Python programming, and these methods seem more promising techniques for modeling and simulation of loose abrasive-based machining processes. The other four methods (MVRA, ANN, RSA, and DDS) are experimental and based on statistical approaches that can be used for mathematical modeling of loose abrasive-based machining processes. Additionally, it suggests areas for further investigation and offers a priceless bibliography of earlier studies on the modeling and simulation techniques for abrasive-based machining processes. Researchers studying mathematical modeling of various micro- and nanofinishing techniques for different applications may find this review article to be of great help.

Brackets are the load-bearing components in a satellite. The current age of satellites comprises specific brackets that set out as a link between the bodies of the satellite, reflector parts, and feeder facilities mounted at its upper end. Brackets are used to carry loads of the satellite body frame, supporting elements, batteries, and electronic goods. The article explicates the various brackets used in satellites and aircrafts. The strength of the bracket is of utmost importance since it is an important load supporting member in several assemblies of aircraft and satellites. In addition to the mechanical strength, the weight of the bracket is a major concern as it adds to the total weight of the aircraft and satellite. Thus, weight savings of brackets can be of paramount importance and Additive Manufacturing (AM) is found as an overall solution to achieve the same. Hence, in addition to various brackets used in satellites, the article presents an exhaustive review of the processing of various advanced functional materials using various AM techniques to make high strength-to-weight ratio satellite brackets. The use of DFAM by various satellite manufacturers globally for optimizing the structure of the brackets resulting in a significant weight saving of the brackets is also presented in the article.

Properties such as superior specific strength, being imponderous, and the ability to reprocess are the key features that have drawn attention to magnesium. In the last few years, applications such as automotive, aerospace, and medical applications have been seeking light-weight equipment, and light-weight materials are required for making them. These demands were matched by developing metal matrix composites with magnesium as a base and reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), grapheme nanoplatelets (GNPs), or ceramic nanoparticles. CNTs have been adopted for developing high-strength metal matrix composites (MMCs) because of their delicately superior thermal conductivity, surface-to-volume ratio, and tensile strength, but lower density. In developing high-performance light-weight magnesium-based MMCs, a small number of CNTs result in refined properties. However, making Mg-based MMCs has specific challenges, such as achieving uniform reinforcement distribution, which directly relates to the processing parameters. The composition of CNT, CNT sizes, their uniform distribution, Mg-CNT interfacial bonding, and their in-between alignment are the characteristic deciding factors of Mg-CNT MMCs. The current review article studies the modern methods to develop Mg-CNT MMCs, specifications of the developed MMCs, and their vital applications in various fields. This review focuses on sifting and summarizing the most relevant studies carried out on the methods to develop Mg-CNT metal matrix composites. The article consists of the approach to subdue the tangled situations in highlighting the Mg-CNT composites as imminent fabrication material that is applicable in aerospace, medical, and automotive fields.

This paper targets estimating and evaluating the Indian Cities on the natural execution rules across an expansive scope of classifications and supporting markers. Metropolitan urban areas have different Environmental issues like never-ending suburbia, Deprive of green and characteristic gaps, insufficient H2O supply, sewage water, solid refuse, contamination of air and soil. To combat such issues, the urban communities are being modified by presenting shrewd feasible procedures. There are various advantages straightforwardly joined to the manageability estimating apparatus such as to limit the natural impression of city, oblige populace development, and protect personal satisfaction of metropolitan occupants today and in future. It additionally assists financial backers with settling on a decision of their area, helps urban communities by being a directing soul to enroll different qualities and shortcomings of the urban communities and in this way helping them in progress by chipping away at their shortcomings and in characterizing and arranging their objectives and to plan pointed toward supporting their involved position and to foster arrangement for what’s to come.

In this paper, behaviour of Al2O3 in aluminium matrix composites is reviewed for its properties and applications. In addition, many metal matrix composite fabrication processes are also elaborated. In the present days the aluminium metal matrix composite is in high demand because of its superior properties. Its demand is still on rise because of its widespread use in automotive industries, aerospace industries and marine industries. The method of the fabrication of aluminium matrix-based composite is also a deciding factor for its resultant properties. Desired composite-properties are achievable by proper selection of reinforcing materials as well as the physical conditions. Various sections of current information compile the details about the behaviour of alumina particles in aluminium-based matrix for formation of metal matrix composites.