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Macrosomia risk remains high in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) complicated pregnancies. A linear relationship between macrosomia risk and glycated hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ) was described; however, low range of HbA 1c has not been studied. We aimed to identify risk factors and examine the impact of HbA 1c on the occurrence of macrosomia in newborns of T1DM women from a cohort with good glycemic control. In this observational retrospective one-center study we analyzed records of 510 consecutive T1DM pregnancies (1998-2012). The analyzed group consisted of 375 term singleton pregnancies. We used multiple regression models to examine the impact of HbA 1c and self-monitored glucose in each trimester on the risk of macrosomia and birth weight. The median age of T1DM women was 28 years, median T1DM duration-11 years, median pregestational BMI-23.3 kg/m 2 . Median birth weight reached 3520 g (1st and 3rd quartiles 3150 and 3960, respectively) at median 39 weeks of gestation. There were 85 (22.7 %) macrosomic (>4000 g) newborns. Median HbA 1c levels in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester were 6.4, 5.7, and 5.6 %. Third trimester HbA 1c , mean fasting self-monitored glucose and maternal age were independent predictors of birth weight and macrosomia. There was a linear relationship between 3rd trimester HbA 1c and macrosomia risk in HbA 1c range from 4.5 to 7.0 %. Macrosomia in children of T1DM mothers was common despite excellent metabolic control. Glycemia during the 3rd trimester was predominantly responsible for this condition., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests Ethical approval The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and an independent ethics committee.

Hypoglycemic syndromes associated with immune reactions against insulin are rare phenomena described predominantly in Asians. Steroid therapy, immunosuppression or plasmapheresis is often required., Case Report: A 73-year-old White woman with a 20-year history of type 2 diabetes was admitted to hospital due to recurrent incidents of hypoglycemia that started several months after insulin initiation (lispro 75/25) and increased in severity over the next 5 years. They were accompanied by postprandial hyperglycemia up to 25 mmol/l. The patient’s glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 70 mmol/ mol (8.6%). During hypoglycemic episodes recorded serum C-peptide was 0.57-0.73 nmol/l (1.7-2.2 ng/ml), while insulin concentration exceeded 7000 pmol/l (1000 mIU/l). Surreptitious insulin administration was ruled out as was, based on diagnostic imaging, the presence of an insulin secreting tumor. Anti-insulin antibody (AIA) level measured by 125I-insulin binding method was 92.5% (normal < 8.2%). Hypoglycemic episodes occurred for four days after discontinuation of insulin therapy and then resolved completely. Good glycemic control was maintained with metformin, acarbose and dapagliflozin. Three months later dapagliflozin was replaced with vildagliptine due to poor tolerance of a SGLT-2 inhibitor. Patient’s HbA1c was 54 mmol/mol (7.1%), total fasting insulin level 2577 pmol/l and AIA binding 85.9%. Over the next year the patient has not experienced hypoglycemia and maintained good glycemic control, as HbA1c level was 53 mmol/l (7.0%) and AIA binding 39.5%., Conclusions: In this rare case of a patient with diabetes and hypoglycemic syndrome related to AIA, we achieved a rapid and stable remission of hypoglycemia without immunosuppression. Good glycemic control, despite 20-year history of diabetes was achieved with oral hypoglycemic agents.

INTRODUCTION    Pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with higher risk of complications. Strict glycemic control before conception reduces the risk of unfavorable outcomes. OBJECTIVES    The aim of the study was to assess changes in clinical characteristics, preconception treatment, and glycemic control of women with T1DM at the first antinatal visit. PATIENTS AND METHODS    We analyzed the records from the first antenatal visit of 524 women with T1DM in the years 1998-2012. The follow‑up period was divided into 3 5‑year periods. RESULTS    Differences in the age of patients between the 3 follow‑up periods were observed (28.2 ±5.7 years for 1998-2002; 27.3 ±4.5 years for 2003-2007; and 29.4 ±4.8 years for 2008-2012; P <0.0001). The number of women planning pregnancy did not change and reached 32.1% in the first, 44.4% in the second, and 40.4% in the third period (P = 0.2). The use of rapid‑acting insulin analogues increased from 2.6% to 46.5% and then to 95.6% (P <0.001). The rate of therapy with personal insulin pumps before pregnancy increased from 4.6% in the first, through 23.5% in the second, to 33.3% in the third period (P <0.001). Over the subsequent periods, we observed a decrease in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels at the first antenatal visit (from 7.4% ±1.6%, through 6.9% ±1.4%, to 7.0% ±1.4%; P = 0.06), as well as a decrease in HbA1c levels between the subgroups of women planning pregnancy (6.8% ±1.4%, 6.6% ±1.2%, and 6.1% ±0.8%, P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS    In the years 1998-2012, an increase in the use of insulin analogues and personal insulin pumps by women with T1DM before conception was observed, and these changes were accompanied by a slight improvement in glycemic control, particularly among women planning pregnancy. The percentage of women planning pregnancy did not change during the follow‑up.