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To study the association of MRCP+ parameters with biochemical scoring systems and MR elastography (MRE) in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). To evaluate the incremental value of combining MRCP+ with morphological scores in associating with biochemical scores. MRI images, liver stiffness measurements by MRE, and biochemical testing of 65 patients with PSC that were retrospectively enrolled between January 2014 and December 2015 were obtained. MRCP+ was used to post-process MRCP images to obtain quantitative measurements of the bile ducts and biliary tree. Linear regression analysis was used to test the associations. Bootstrapping was used as a validation method. The total number of segmental strictures had the strongest association with Mayo Risk Score (R2 = 0.14), minimum stricture diameter had the highest association with Amsterdam Oxford Prognostic Index (R2 = 0.12), and the percentage of duct nodes with width 0–3 mm had the strongest association with PSC Risk Estimate Tool (R2 = 0.09). The presence of Ducts with medians > 9 mm had the highest association with MRE (R2= 0.21). The strength of association of MRCP+ to Mayo Risk Score was similar to ANALI2 and weaker than MRE (R2 = 0.23, 0.24, 0.38 respectively). MRCP+ enhanced the association of ANALI 2 and MRE with the Mayo Risk Score. MRCP+ demonstrated a significant association with biochemical scores and MRE. The association of MRCP+ with the biochemical scores was generally comparable to ANALI scores. MRCP+ enhanced the association of ANALI2 and MRE with the Mayo Risk Score. • MRCP+ has the potential to act as a risk stratfier in PSC. • MRE outperformed MRCP+ for risk stratifcation. • Combination of MRCP+ with MRE and ANALI scores improved overall performace as risk stratifiers.

To investigate accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to characterize indeterminate small solid renal masses (sSRMs), excluding lipid-rich AMLs, and cystic renal masses (CRMs) according to the proposed Bosniak Classification 2019 CEUS of pathology-proven CRMs and sSRMs (without definite enhancement or macroscopic fat on CT/MRI), and CRMs with ≥18 months follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Two radiologists blindly categorized CRMs according to new Bosniak Classification on CT/MRI. On CEUS, two other radiologists evaluated arterial-phase enhancement of sSRMs relative to renal cortex and categorized CRMs following new Bosniak Classification. Fisher’s exact/chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables, and Cohen κ statistics for inter-observer agreement A total of 237 patients had 241 lesions: 161 pathology-proven sSRMs (122 malignant and 39 benign), 29 pathology-proven CRMs, 51 CRMs with adequate follow-up. Arterial-phase enhancement < renal cortex predicted malignancy with specificity of 97.4% (38/39) (CI 85.6–99.9%), and positive predictive value (PPV) of 98.2% (54/55) (CI 90.4–99.9%). Inter-observer kappa was 0.95. In pathology-proven CRMS, sensitivity of CEUS vs CT/MRI was 100% (15/15) (CI 79.6–100%) vs 60% (9/15) (CI 35.8–80.1%) (p value = .002) and negative predictive value (NPV) 100% (2/2) (CI 17.8–100%) vs 25% (2/8 ) (CI 4.4–59.1%) (p value < 0.0001), with similar specificity (50%) and PPV— 88.2% (15/17) (CI 65.7–97.9%) vs 81.8% (9/11) (CI 52.3–96.8%) ( p value = 0.586). Bosniak Classification inter-observer kappa was 0.92 for CEUS vs 0.68 for CT/MRI (p value = 0.009). In our cohort, CEUS had high specificity and PPV to diagnose RCC in sSRMs excluding lipid-rich AML. CEUS had significantly higher sensitivity/NPV to diagnose malignancy in CRMs as compared to CT/MRI. • Once lipid-rich AML is excluded by the other modalities, sSRM arterial phase hypo-enhancement relative to renal cortex on CEUS yielded high specificity (97.4%) and PPV (98.2%) to diagnose RCC. • When applying the proposed Bosniak Classification 2019, CEUS showed higher sensitivity compared to CT/MRI (100% vs 60%), p value=.0024, in the stratification of cystic renal masses to diagnose malignancy. • CEUS may reduce the number of CT/MRI Bosniak IIF lesions by assigning them to either II or III/IV categories.

Extension of tumor tissue within a vein is a recognized prognostic factor in abdominal malignancy because of its influence on tumor staging and selection of therapeutic management. With the advent of newer surgical techniques, and variable treatment strategies, imaging plays a crucial role in categorizing patients according to the tumor resectability and vascular reconstruction techniques during surgery. Understanding the clinical impact of tumor thrombus increases the awareness of the radiologist about the key findings in tumor staging and decision-making of surgical approach. Ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used individually and in combination to accurately assess the tumor thrombus. In our pictorial review, we will discuss the imaging findings and clinical consequences of tumor thrombosis in abdominal malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, renal cancer, and adrenal cortical carcinoma.

To study the association of MRCP+ parameters with biochemical scoring systems and MR elastography (MRE) in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). To evaluate the incremental value of combining MRCP+ with morphological scores in associating with biochemical scores.MRI images, liver stiffness measurements by MRE, and biochemical testing of 65 patients with PSC that were retrospectively enrolled between January 2014 and December 2015 were obtained. MRCP+ was used to post-process MRCP images to obtain quantitative measurements of the bile ducts and biliary tree. Linear regression analysis was used to test the associations. Bootstrapping was used as a validation method.The total number of segmental strictures had the strongest association with Mayo Risk Score (RMRCP+ demonstrated a significant association with biochemical scores and MRE. The association of MRCP+ with the biochemical scores was generally comparable to ANALI scores. MRCP+ enhanced the association of ANALI2 and MRE with the Mayo Risk Score.• MRCP+ has the potential to act as a risk stratfier in PSC. • MRE outperformed MRCP+ for risk stratifcation. • Combination of MRCP+ with MRE and ANALI scores improved overall performace as risk stratifiers.

To investigate accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to characterize indeterminate small solid renal masses (sSRMs), excluding lipid-rich AMLs, and cystic renal masses (CRMs) according to the proposed Bosniak Classification 2019 MATERIALS AND METHODS: CEUS of pathology-proven CRMs and sSRMs (without definite enhancement or macroscopic fat on CT/MRI), and CRMs with ≥18 months follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Two radiologists blindly categorized CRMs according to new Bosniak Classification on CT/MRI. On CEUS, two other radiologists evaluated arterial-phase enhancement of sSRMs relative to renal cortex and categorized CRMs following new Bosniak Classification. Fisher's exact/chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables, and Cohen κ statistics for inter-observer agreement RESULTS: A total of 237 patients had 241 lesions: 161 pathology-proven sSRMs (122 malignant and 39 benign), 29 pathology-proven CRMs, 51 CRMs with adequate follow-up. Arterial-phase enhancementrenal cortex predicted malignancy with specificity of 97.4% (38/39) (CI 85.6-99.9%), and positive predictive value (PPV) of 98.2% (54/55) (CI 90.4-99.9%). Inter-observer kappa was 0.95. In pathology-proven CRMS, sensitivity of CEUS vs CT/MRI was 100% (15/15) (CI 79.6-100%) vs 60% (9/15) (CI 35.8-80.1%) (p value = .002) and negative predictive value (NPV) 100% (2/2) (CI 17.8-100%) vs 25% (2/8 ) (CI 4.4-59.1%) (p value0.0001), with similar specificity (50%) and PPV- 88.2% (15/17) (CI 65.7-97.9%) vs 81.8% (9/11) (CI 52.3-96.8%) ( p value = 0.586). Bosniak Classification inter-observer kappa was 0.92 for CEUS vs 0.68 for CT/MRI (p value = 0.009).In our cohort, CEUS had high specificity and PPV to diagnose RCC in sSRMs excluding lipid-rich AML. CEUS had significantly higher sensitivity/NPV to diagnose malignancy in CRMs as compared to CT/MRI.• Once lipid-rich AML is excluded by the other modalities, sSRM arterial phase hypo-enhancement relative to renal cortex on CEUS yielded high specificity (97.4%) and PPV (98.2%) to diagnose RCC. • When applying the proposed Bosniak Classification 2019, CEUS showed higher sensitivity compared to CT/MRI (100% vs 60%), p value=.0024, in the stratification of cystic renal masses to diagnose malignancy. • CEUS may reduce the number of CT/MRI Bosniak IIF lesions by assigning them to either II or III/IV categories.

The hypothesis of this study was that the use of dual-energy spectral techniques in CT can improve accuracy in the diagnosis of acute gangrenous appendicitis.This retrospective study included 209 patients with a pathologic diagnosis of appendicitis. Two board-certified abdominal radiologists reviewed 120-kV simulated images, 40-keV virtual monoenergetic images, and color-coded iodine overlay images. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), accuracy, and interobserver agreement were calculated for each set of images.Forty-four patients (21.0%) had histopathologic results positive for gangrenous appendicitis. The sensitivity of 40-kV virtual monoenergetic imaging was 100% (44/44); specificity, 81.2% (134/165); PPV, 58.7% (44/75); NPV, 100% (134/134); accuracy, 85.2%; and interobserver agreement, 0.99. The corresponding values for the iodine overlay imaging datasets were 100% (44/44), 80.0% (132/165), 57.1% (44/77), 100% (132/132), 84.2%, and 0.99 and for 120-kV simulated imaging were 22.7% (10/44), 96.4% (159/165), 62.5% (10/16), 82.4% (159/193), 77.5%, and 0.93. All cases of gangrenous appendicitis had true-positive results of virtual monoenergetic and iodine overlay imaging. There were no false-negative results of virtual monoenergetic or iodine overlay imaging.In cases of suspected appendicitis, dual-energy CT that includes virtual monoenergetic and iodine overlay imaging is accurate for confirming and excluding the presence of gangrenous appendicitis with high sensitivity and specificity.

Purpose Blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) is a rare but potentially devastating diagnosis. Our study establishes the temporal changes and findings on follow-up imaging. Methods For this retrospective, institutional review board–approved study, the hospital trauma registry was queried for all severely injured polytrauma patients who underwent computed tomography angiogram (CTA) scans in the emergency department between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2016, with injury severity score ≥16, yielding 3747 patients. A total of 128 patients had a follow-up CTA for BCVI. The grade, location, and outcomes of injuries on follow-up imaging were studied. Results A vehicular collision was the most common mechanism of injury (75%). The majority of patients (61%) had a Glasgow Coma Scale of 10-15. Vertebral fractures were the most common associated injury (57%). The overall incidence of BCVI in our study population was 4.8%. On the initial CTA, 50% of injuries were grade 1, 25.4% were grade 2, 7% were grade 3, 17% were grade 4, and 0.6% were grade 5. For the different grades of injuries, improvement has been documented in 44% with complete healing in 34%, while 51% of injuries remained unchanged from the initial scan. Only 5% progressed to a higher-grade injury. Twelve patients developed strokes with an incidence of 9.4% in patients with a follow-up CTA. Conclusions This study can help increase the awareness of radiologists about the evolution patterns of different grades of BCVIs on follow-up CTA for severely injured posttraumatic patients.

Our objective was to investigate whether the quantitative measurement of venous phase enhancement on CT can distinguish a pheochromocytoma from an adrenal adenoma.A pathology database was retrospectively appraised over a period of 7 years and revealed 43 histopathologically proven adrenal adenomas and 34 pheochromocytomas. The lesion densities were measured on the 60-second venous phase CT on all adrenal lesions to assess venous phase enhancement values.Venous phase enhancement of 85 HU or greater afforded a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 88.2%, 83.7%, 81.1%, and 90%, respectively (p0.0001). The positive likelihood ratio was 5.42. Venous phase enhancement of ≥ 85 HU was detected in 30 (88.2%) pheochromocytomas (p0.001) and in seven (16.3%) adenomas. Venous phase enhancement of85 HU was detected in four (11.8%) pheochromocytomas and in 36 (83.7%) adenomas. Of the pheochromocytomas imaged with a triphasic protocol (n = 15), 66.7% (n = 10) met both absolute and relative percentage washout criteria for the diagnosis of a lipid-poor adenoma (p0.1).A significant subset of pheochromocytomas mimics adenomas on absolute or relative percentage washout calculations. However, nodules with venous phase enhancement of 85 HU or more are much more likely to be pheochromocytomas than adenomas, regardless of whether the lesion shows absolute or relative percentage washout compatible with a lipid-poor adenoma. The typical values of absolute and relative percentage washout of adrenal adenoma should be interpreted along with the venous phase enhancement value to avoid potential misdiagnoses.

Our study aims to investigate the frequency and patterns of delayed manifestations of abdominal and pelvic injuries which may not be identified or which fail to manifest on the initial abdominopelvic CT in posttraumatic patients. For our institutional review board (IRB)-approved retrospective study, our hospital trauma registry was queried for patients with blunt multitrauma and Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 16 between January 2010 and August 2016, yielding 3735 patients. A total of 203 patients received a follow-up abdominopelvic CT within six months from the initial scan and those with new findings on follow-up CT were identified. A retrospective blinded review of the initial CT examinations was performed by two experienced radiologists. The retrospective readings and original reports were compared to categorize the new abnormalities detected on follow-up CT scans. The categories included missed injuries, late presentations and sequelae of trauma, and complications of surgery, hospital admission, and invasive procedures. The patients’ notes were reviewed for the clinical indications, time interval for repeat CT examination, and subsequent clinical management. The software used for statistical analysis of the extracted data was Microsoft Excel for Mac (version 15.33). Out of 3735 patients, 203 patients received 232 follow-up abdominopelvic CTs. The average elapsed time between the initial CT and the follow-up CT was 15 ± 27 days. Evaluation for an abdominal fluid collection was the most common clinical indication, accounting for 40% of the total number (n = 243) of indications. Delayed manifestations and complications of trauma were present in 41 patients due to 47 abnormalities, most commonly related to solid organ injury, followed by abdominal collections and hematoma. Twenty-nine CT findings (62%) were only detectable on follow-up CT, while nine injuries (19%) were missed on initial CT. The findings on repeated CT warranted eight surgical and 15 interventional procedures. A small percentage of traumatic injuries may be unidentified or fail to manifest on the initial CT, resulting in delayed manifestations of abdominopelvic trauma, which may lead to subsequent readmission, delayed management, and more severe medical complications.

The goal of this review is to present a concise summary of the current literature on the use of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) for vascular imaging. DECT techniques have shown significant promise and useful applications for the detection of subtle pulmonary embolism, intramural hematoma, active bleeding, and differentiation of bleed from contrast staining in the brain, with potentially less radiation and improved accuracy. Vascular imaging with DECT has many new applications through enhanced technology and postprocessing algorithms.

As of 2007, there were estimated to be at least 750 million firearms in worldwide circulation, of which 650 million of them were owned by civilians (Weiss et al. in Severe lead toxicity attributed to bullet fragments retained in soft tissue. BMJ Case Reports, 2017). Of these, approximately 270 million are in the United States, equating to 84 guns per 100 Americans [based on 2016 population statistics (assuming the number of firearms remained stable over the intervening 9 years)] and resulting in 84 997 nonfatal injuries and 36 252 fatalities in the United States in 2015. With statistics like these, it stands to reason that victims of gunshot wounds (GSW) will be imaged by most radiologists at least once in their careers. This article seeks to increase radiologists’ knowledge of the pathophysiology of GSW and will review the mechanism of ballistic injury and relate these to commonly encountered imaging findings. Ballistic injuries are a combination of the direct injury caused by the bullet along its path through the tissues and the shockwave created around that path as the bullet expends its energy. CT is the gold standard in ballistic injury assessment. MRI is not contraindicated in patients with retained ballistic fragments, but should be used with caution. The number of entry/exit wound and the number of retained ballistic fragments should be an even number, or there is a missing surface wound or a missing bullet. Retained lead in joints can result in plumbism and arthropathy. As most radiologists will encounter a ballistic injury in the course of their careers, an understanding of this unique mechanism of injury and its complications will aid in both imaging interpretation and patient care.

With new developments in workflow automation, as well as technological advances enabling faster imaging with improved image quality and dose profile, dual-energy computed tomography is being used more often in the imaging of the acutely ill and injured patient. Its ability to identify iodine, differentiate it from hematoma or calcification, and improve contrast resolution has proven invaluable in the assessment of organ perfusion, organ injury, and inflammation.

Highlights • Neuroendocrine tumor of the appendix inside an incarcerated Amyand’s hernia is extremely rare. • The diagnosis of Neuroendocrine tumor in a such emergency situation is a real challenge. • Treatment of the hernia defect in a such condition is interesting., Amyand’s hernia is a rare type of hernia where the vermiform appendix is within an inguinal hernia sac. Tumors of the appendix are quite uncommon. The coincidence of an Amyand’s hernia with neuroendocrine tumor of the appendix, as in our case, is even more rarely reported. We report the case of an 81-year-old male who presented with an incarcerated right inguinal hernia. After resuscitation, the clinical diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography. It showed an incarcerated right inguinal hernia which contained the distal ileum, cecum, thickened appendix, as well as a small amount of fluid. Subsequently, the patient was prepared for emergency surgery. During the operation, the hernia sac was found and opened. The appendix was swollen. Therefore, appendectomy was performed. The inguinal defect was repaired using the Modified Bassini Technique. The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery and surprisingly the histopathology of the appendix revealed a 1.5 cm well-differentiated low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid) of the appendix tip. An incidental finding of neuroendocrine tumor of the appendix in a patient with s hernia is extremely rare. A high index of suspicion is the key to diagnose such a coincidence in order to safely and optimally treat such a condition.

The clinical and research applications of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) are evolving and exponentially growing. In this article, we focus on the different applications of DECT for gastrointestinal (GI) imaging. The basic principles of DECT are important to understand its ability to differentiate tissues via application of two energy spectra. Different DECT techniques and scanners currently used are discussed to highlight their advantages and limitations for generating dual-energy datasets. The advantage of generating virtual non-contrast, virtual monoenergetic, and iodine overlay images will be described for evaluation of bowel pathology, including inflammatory, vascular, and neoplastic conditions, as well as in the setting of acute trauma. This review focuses on the applications of DECT across wide range of GI pathologies throughout the large and small bowel. With continuous research and further development of this technology, the use of DECT in imaging and evaluating the bowel holds a promising future.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained few mistakes. Under the subheading “Data extraction and review process”, in line 12 the word “prospective” is incorrectly given by the author. The correct word is “retrospective”. In Fig. 2D, the label should read as RA instead of LA. In Table 6, the word “ischemic/gangrenous” should read as “ischemia/gangrene” in 9th row, column 6. The revised Fig 2 and Table 6 are available in the correction article.