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Spin-polarized electrons can move a ferromagnetic domain wall through the transfer of spin angular momentum when current flows in a magnetic nanowire. Such current induced control of a domain wall is of significant interest due to its potential application for low power ultra high-density data storage. In previous reports, it has been observed that the motion of the domain wall always happens parallel to the current flow - either in the same or opposite direction depending on the specific nature of the interaction. In contrast, here we demonstrate deterministic control of a ferromagnetic domain wall orthogonal to current flow by exploiting the spin orbit torque in a perpendicularly polarized Ta/CoFeB/MgO heterostructure in presence of an in-plane magnetic field. Reversing the polarity of either the current flow or the in-plane field is found to reverse the direction of the domain wall motion. Notably, such orthogonal motion with respect to current flow is not possible from traditional spin transfer torque driven domain wall propagation even in presence of an external magnetic field. Therefore the domain wall motion happens purely due to spin orbit torque. These results represent a completely new degree of freedom in current induced control of a ferromagnetic domain wall.

I believe that most researchers engaged in quantitative communication science would agree in principle, if not in practice, and I CRR i 's format encourages researchers to prioritize these pieces of information. The short reports published in I Communication Research Reports i ( I CRR i ) serve a variety of important functions in communication science. [Extracted from the article]

Campaigns rely on the repetition of similar messages over time. However, message fatigue can lead people to ignore or resist messages, such as ones aimed at preventing tobacco usage. We implemented a longitudinal design to examine the impact of message fatigue on message processing outcomes in the context of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes); we also tested whether functional matching weakens these effects. Participants with greater fatigue toward health messages about e-cigarettes were less likely to pay attention to and more likely to be annoyed with utilitarian messages about e-cigarette use. At the same time, greater feelings of fatigue predicted higher evaluations of message quality. Functional matching among participants with utilitarian attitude functions did not modify these effects. These findings suggest that fatigue promoted automatic evaluations of utilitarian messages about e-cigarettes, potentially limiting the impact of genuinely novel information, and opportunities exist to design e-cigarette messaging that targets non-utilitarian concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replication is necessary for theory building and knowledge accumulation in communication science. Thus, researchers might wonder about the frequency with which we are publishing replication attempts. We analyzed a representative sample of quantitative communication research published in central and regional journals between 2007 and 2016. Approximately one in every seven published reports was framed as a replication attempt, the majority of which were conceptual replications, and they were more likely to be found in central journals. Studies more frequently claimed in the Discussion (post hoc) that the results replicated an existing finding. The results suggest the field is pursuing replication more frequently than might be assumed; however, they are also consistent with a bias favouring originality and statistically significant results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercially produced ultrasound coupling gel is often a scarce resource in rural regions of low‐income countries that use sonography as their main imaging modality and, when available, may be cost prohibitive. Various homemade gels were created and tested to assure image quality was not compromised. Glucomannan‐based gel and guar gum–based gel had superior physical properties in initial testing and showed no substantial difference compared with commercially available ultrasound gel on subject and phantom imaging and analysis (P > .05 using a 1‐tailed sign test). Neither gel required heating, attracted insects, damaged ultrasound transducers, stained samples of clothing, or had harmful effects to subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to evaluate predictions and theories hinges on accurate, error-free measurement. As a result, communication scientists seek both highly valid and highly reliable measures. Regarding validity claims, specifically, a hypothesis of content validity is typically tested via factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assume a linear relationship between indicators and the underlying construct. Thus, EFA and CFA miss instances of nonlinear unidimensionality, such as those encountered when a scale forms a Guttman Simplex. Given that such a measurement model is not uncommon and is difficult to detect, this article presents a method for testing the hypothesis of content validity when this kind of nonlinear relationship exists between scale items and the construct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two central constructs of family communication patterns theory—conversation orientation and conformity orientation—have been studied in their relation to a host of outcomes. In measuring these orientations, researchers often acknowledge that the empirical relationship between the two constructs tends to be negative. A meta-analytic review was conducted (k = 32,N = 8,171) to assess the magnitude of this relationship. In addition, respondent type (i.e., child versus parent respondents) was tested as a moderator. The weighted mean effect size was –.33 (95% CI [–.35, –.31]). The findings gave preliminary evidence that the relationship was weaker for parent respondents compared to child respondents. The findings hold implications for future work, such as by suggesting certain analytic decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE. Radiology departments in tertiary care centers are frequently asked to perform secondary interpretations of imaging studies, particularly when a patient is transferred from a community hospital. Discrepancy rates in radiology vary widely, with low rates reported for preliminary resident reports that are overread by attending radiologists (2-6%) and higher rates (up to 56%) for secondary interpretations. Abdominal and pelvic imaging and cross-sectional imaging have the highest discrepancy rates. The purpose of our study was to determine the discrepancy rate and the most common reasons for discrepancies between abdominal and pelvic MRI reports obtained from outside institutions and secondary interpretations of these reports by a fellowship-trained radiologist at a tertiary care center. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We retrospectively identified 395 secondary MRI reports from January 2015 to December 2018 that were labeled as body MRI examinations at a tertiary care center. Thirty-eight cases were excluded for various reasons, including incorrect categorization or lack of outside report. We reviewed the outside reports, compared them with the secondary interpretations, and categorized the cases as discrepancy or no discrepancy. The discrepancies were subdivided into the most likely reason for the error using previously published categories; these categories were also divided into perceptive and cognitive errors. RESULTS. Of the 357 included cases, 246 (68.9%) had at least one discrepancy. The most common reason for error was faulty reasoning (34.3%), which is a cognitive error characterized by misidentifying an abnormality. Satisfaction of search, which is a perceptive error, was the most common reason for second discrepancies (15.0%). CONCLUSION. Secondary interpretations of body MR images at a tertiary care center identify a high rate of discrepancies, with cognitive error types predominating.