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Background and Objectives: The high level of acceptance and consistent use of smartphones by children and adolescents present new opportunities to monitor and collect health data. For acutely ill children and adolescents, collecting symptom data via smartphone applications (apps) provides patient-reported data that can be collected daily and offers the potential to provide a more comprehensive picture of the symptom experience. The purpose of this study was to employ user-centered design principles and medical professional input in order to obtain feedback and insight into redesigning our Technology Recordings for better Understanding Blood and Marrow Transplant (TRU-PBMT) app. This redesigned app will be used for children and adolescents with cancer or undergoing blood and marrow transplantation. Method: We interviewed six pediatric blood and marrow transplant patients (ages 10-17 years) who had pilot tested the app, and we surveyed 30 pediatric oncology clinicians. Results: Interview feedback from previous app users and survey feedback from clinicians guided the app redesign. We incorporated suggestions to make the app more engaging, meaningful, personal, and motivating in order to increase symptom reporting. We added emojis to the symptom tracker, a mood scale, and personalized symptom graphs. Conclusion: Leveraging mobile health technologies may be a useful and acceptable approach to obtain symptom data; however, design and software development needs to be evidenced-based and informed by user needs. Our approach using patient and clinician feedback was valuable in the redesign of the TRU-PBMT app and will contribute to symptom research for acutely ill children and adolescents.

Rationale: Intraerythrocytic polymerization of Hb S promotes hemolysis and vasoocclusive events in the microvasculature of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Although platelet–neutrophil aggr...

Acute lung injury, referred to as the acute chest syndrome, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), which often occurs in the setting of a vaso-occlusive painful crisis. P-selectin antibody therapy reduces hospitalization of patients with SCD by ∼50%, suggesting that an unknown P-selectin–independent mechanism promotes remaining vaso-occlusive events. In patients with SCD, intraerythrocytic polymerization of mutant hemoglobin promotes ischemia-reperfusion injury and hemolysis, which leads to the development of sterile inflammation. Using intravital microscopy in transgenic, humanized mice with SCD and in vitro studies with blood from patients with SCD, we reveal for the first time that the sterile inflammatory milieu in SCD promotes caspase-4/11–dependent activation of neutrophil–gasdermin D (GSDMD), which triggers P-selectin–independent shedding of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the liver. Remarkably, these NETs travel intravascularly from liver to lung, where they promote neutrophil-platelet aggregation and the development of acute lung injury. This study introduces a novel paradigm that liver-to-lung embolic translocation of NETs promotes pulmonary vascular vaso-occlusion and identifies a new GSDMD-mediated, P-selectin–independent mechanism of lung injury in SCD.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) is a curative treatment option for patients with hematologic conditions but presents many complications that must be managed as a complex, chronic condition. Mobile health applications (mHealth apps) may permit tracking of symptoms in HCT. In seeking strategies to manage the complexities of HCT, our team collaborated with Sicklesoft, Inc., to develop an mHealth app specifically for HCT patients to allow for daily evaluation of patient health, Technology Recordings to better Understand Bone Marrow Transplantation (TRU-BMT). The primary value of this application is that of potentially enhancing the monitoring of symptoms and general health of patients undergoing HCT, with the ultimate goal of allowing earlier detection of adverse events, earlier intervention, and improving outcomes. To first evaluate patient interest in mHealth apps, we designed and administered an interest survey to patients at the 2017 BMT-InfoNet reunion. As a follow-up to the positive feedback received, we began testing the TRU-BMT app in a Phase 1 pilot study. Thirty patients were enrolled in this single-arm study and were given the TRU-BMT mHealth app on a smartphone device in addition to a wearable activity tracker. Patients were followed for up to 180 days, all the while receiving daily app monitoring. Adherence to TRU-BMT was approximately 30% daily and 44% weekly, and greater adherence was associated with increased meal completion, decreased heart rate, and shorter hospital stay. TRU-BMT assessments of symptom severity were significantly associated with duration of hospital stay and development of chronic graft-versus-host disease. Our findings suggest that using TRU-BMT throughout HCT is feasible for patients and established a proof-of-concept for a future randomized control trial of the TRU-BMT application in HCT. © 2021 American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

This study aimed to quantify cerebral autoregulation (CA) in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) (n=11) and healthy controls (n=14) using near-infrared spectroscopy. Patients and volunteers performed paced breathing and frequency-dependent phase differences were compared.

Purpose Our investigative team is integrating mobile health technologies into pediatric blood and marrow transplant (PBMT) care. We aim to evaluate whether patient-generated health data can be used to monitor health status and enhance symptom management. While there are numerous health-related apps, none address the symptoms or care needs specific to PBMT patients. This article describes development of the Technology Recording to better Understand Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant (TRU-PBMT) mobile application. Design and Methods A one-time survey was distributed to PBMT clinicians, caregivers, and outpatients to elicit feedback and suggestions for the app's design. Results Feedback from clinicians (n = 23), caregivers (n = 5), and PBMT outpatients (n = 4) indicated the app would be acceptable and useable with this group of patients between eight and eighteen years of age. Suggestions from respondents included: making the app language and graphics more child-friendly; adding symptoms such as fatigue, mucositis, bleeding; and a visual stool chart. Conclusion Patient, caregiver, and clinician feedback was valuable in creation of the TRU-PBMT app. We designed a pediatric friendly, PBMT-symptom-specific app, which we will test in future studies. Implications for Practice This app facilitates patient-generated health data collection and informs health care plans.

Introduction. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by hemoglobin S polymerization leading to vaso-occlusion, small vessel disease, and reduced tissue oxygen saturation. Noninvasive assessments and screening of small vessel disease and decreased oxygen saturation in select organs, like the brain, are poorly developed. Cerebral autoregulation, a mechanism that ensures cerebral blood flow (CBF) remains constant with changes in mean arterial pressure, is impaired with and is a marker of small vessel disease. Frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) can be used as a noninvasive technique to measure cerebral autoregulation by recording cerebral microvascular changes in hemoglobin concentration that are related to cerebral blood flow. Transfer function analysis is a method to noninvasively quantify the relationship between measured physiologic signals, and can be used to estimate cerebral autoregulation. In this study, we hypothesized patients with SCD have impaired cerebral autoregulation and reduced tissue oxygen saturation, which we evaluated via FD-NIRS with transfer function analysis, as compared to healthy controls. Methods. All patients provided informed consent under an IRB protocol approved by the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University. Patients with SCD (n = 11) and healthy, race-matched controls (n =14) were enrolled. All participants sat upright in a chair with probes of a commercial multi-distance FD-NIRS apparatus applied to their forehead in a dark room (Fig. 1A). We used paced breathing to dynamically induce controlled changes in the microvascular tone at 0.1, 0.125, and 0.1667 Hz, spanning normal to more challenging breathing rates, with a visual metronome guiding each paced breathing session (Fig.1.B). To validate each breathing pace, we recorded the participants' respiratory rate via a belt placed around their chest, and their mean arterial pressure through a finger and arm cuff attached to a beat-to-beat finger plethysmographer (Fig.1.A). We used the modified Beer-Lambert law to calculate changes in oxy-hemoglobin (O), deoxy-hemoglobin (D), and total hemoglobin (T) concentrations. Data was bandpass-filtered around the paced breathing frequencies, and the Hilbert transform was applied to calculate the amplitude ratios, |D|/|O|, and phase latency, Arg(D)−Arg(O). The tissue oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, StO2 (mean ±SD), was computed based on an average baseline of two minutes. Results. Arg(D)−Arg(O) and |D|/|O| are shown for controls and patients at all paced breathing frequencies (Fig.1C-D) from the largest source-detector distance. A non-zero phase lag between D and O within both groups indicates influences of cerebral blood volume (CBV) and CBF changes. The phase differences of D and O are therefore related to cerebral autoregulation. We found a greater phase difference (mean range: -320° to -340°) in patients with SCD compared to controls (mean range: -200° to -240°), indicating the presence of vascular obstruction and impaired cerebral autoregulation. Higher amplitude ratios |D|/|O| may indicate slower blood transmit times. We found that patients with SCD had increased amplitude ratios for hemodynamic oscillations at lower paced breathing frequencies compared to healthy controls (Fig. 1D). Finally, we found a significantly reduced cerebral tissue oxygen saturation in patients with SCD (63.1 % ± 7.8 %) in comparison with controls (65.9 % ± 4.9 %, p Discussion. We provide preliminary evidence that FD-NIRS can be used to assess cerebral autoregulation in SCD. Our results confirm and extend those of a prior study by Reinhard et al, 2003, by using the phase latency, Arg(D)−Arg(O), and the amplitude ratios, |D|/|O|, to assess autoregulation. In addition, we detected a noticeable reduction in oxygen saturation in patients with SCD as compared to healthy controls. Further studies may extend our findings to additional frequencies in a larger sample size to more comprehensively assess the impact of mean arterial pressure on autoregulation. Noninvasive measurement of cerebral autoregulation and brain oxygenation in SCD by FD-NIRS may represent a novel biomarker of cerebral vasculopathy in SCD and may help monitor changes in cerebral oxygenation, particularly during treatment with drugs that modulate the hemoglobin oxygen affinity, such as the recently FDA-approved voxelotor. Figure 1 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited red blood cell disorder affecting millions worldwide, and it results in many potential medical complications throughout the life course. The hallmark of SCD is pain. Many patients experience daily chronic pain as well as intermittent, unpredictable acute vaso-occlusive painful episodes called pain crises. These pain crises often require acute medical care through the day hospital or emergency department. Following presentation, a number of these patients are subsequently admitted with continued efforts of treatment focused on palliative pain control and hydration for management. Mitigating pain crises is challenging for both the patients and their providers, given the perceived unpredictability and subjective nature of pain. Objective The objective of this study was to show the feasibility of using objective, physiologic measurements obtained from a wearable device during an acute pain crisis to predict patient-reported pain scores (in an app and to nursing staff) using machine learning techniques. Methods For this feasibility study, we enrolled 27 adult patients presenting to the day hospital with acute pain. At the beginning of pain treatment, each participant was given a wearable device (Microsoft Band 2) that collected physiologic measurements. Pain scores from our mobile app, Technology Resources to Understand Pain Assessment in Patients with Pain, and those obtained by nursing staff were both used with wearable signals to complete time stamp matching and feature extraction and selection. Following this, we constructed regression and classification machine learning algorithms to build between-subject pain prediction models. Results Patients were monitored for an average of 3.79 (SD 2.23) hours, with an average of 5826 (SD 2667) objective data values per patient. As expected, we found that pain scores and heart rate decreased for most patients during the course of their stay. Using the wearable sensor data and pain scores, we were able to create a regression model to predict subjective pain scores with a root mean square error of 1.430 and correlation between observations and predictions of 0.706. Furthermore, we verified the hypothesis that the regression model outperformed the classification model by comparing the performances of the support vector machines (SVM) and the SVM for regression. Conclusions The Microsoft Band 2 allowed easy collection of objective, physiologic markers during an acute pain crisis in adults with SCD. Features can be extracted from these data signals and matched with pain scores. Machine learning models can then use these features to feasibly predict patient pain scores.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic crisis is an emergent complication affecting patients with sickle cell disease (SCD); however, the molecular mechanism of sickle cell hepatobiliary injury remains poorly understood. Using the knock-in humanized mouse model of SCD and SCD patient blood, we sought to mechanistically characterize SCD-associated hepato-pathophysiology applying our recently developed quantitative liver intravital imaging, RNA sequence analysis, and biochemical approaches. APPROACH AND RESULTS SCD mice manifested sinusoidal ischemia, progressive hepatomegaly, liver injury, hyperbilirubinemia, and increased ductular reaction under basal conditions. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation in the liver of SCD mice inhibited farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling and its downstream targets, leading to loss of canalicular bile transport and altered bile acid pool. Intravital imaging revealed impaired bile secretion into the bile canaliculi, which was secondary to loss of canalicular bile transport and bile acid metabolism, leading to intrahepatic bile accumulation in SCD mouse liver. Blocking NF-κB activation rescued FXR signaling and partially ameliorated liver injury and sinusoidal ischemia in SCD mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify that NF-κB/FXR-dependent impaired bile secretion promotes intrahepatic bile accumulation, which contributes to hepatobiliary injury of SCD. Improved understanding of these processes could potentially benefit the development of therapies to treat sickle cell hepatic crisis.

BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited red blood cell disorder affecting millions worldwide that results in many potential medical complications throughout the lifecourse. The hallmark of SCD is pain. Many patients experience daily chronic pain, as well as intermittent, unpredictable acute vaso-occlusive painful episodes called pain crises. These pain crises often require acute medical care and can lead to a day hospital or emergency department (ED) visit, or even a hospitalization [1]. Over one in four patients seen for acute pain in the ED or day hospital are admitted, with efforts focused on palliative pain control and hydration for management [2]. However, mitigating pain crises is challenging for both the patients and their providers, given the perceived unpredictability and subjective nature of pain. OBJECTIVE We aim to use physiologic changes during an acute pain crisis to objectively measure and predict pain scores. METHODS For this pilot study, we enrolled 20 adult patients presenting to the Adult Day Hospital with acute pain. Before beginning pain treatment, each participant was given a wearable device (Microsoft Band 2) that collected physiologic measurements, and pain scores were recorded from our mobile app Technology Recordings to Understand Pain (TRU-Pain). We used this data to describe changes in pain scores and physiologic measures. Then, we constructed regression and classification machine-learning models to predict pain scores collected from mobile applications with features extracted from wearable signals. RESULTS Patients were monitored for an average of 3.79 hours (SD: +/- 2.23 hours) with an average of 5,826 (SD: +/- 2,667) objective data values per patient. As expected, we found that pain scores and heart rate decreased for most patients during the course of hospitalization. Using the wearable data, we were able to create a regression model to predict subjective pain scores with a root mean error of 1.430 and correlation between observations and predictions of 0.706. Furthermore, we verified the hypothesis that the regression model outperformed the classification model by comparing the performances of the Support Vector Machines and the Support Vector Machines for Regression. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the TRU-Pain app and wearable device provided an efficient and cost-effective method for collecting objective, physiological markers of an acute pain crisis and change in pain intensity for adult patients with SCD. Applying machine learning in this small and highly imbalanced dataset, demonstrated the potential for objectively measuring pain in SCD.

Author(s): Jonassaint, Charles R; Kang, Chaeryon; Abrams, Daniel M; Li, Jingyi J; Mao, Jason; Jia, Yimeng; Long, Qi; Sanger, Maureen; Jonassaint, Jude C; De Castro, Laura; Shah, Nirmish

In patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), the polymerization of intraerythrocytic hemoglobin S promotes downstream vaso-occlusive events in the microvasculature. While vaso-occlusion is known to occur in the lung, often in the context of systemic vaso-occlusive crisis and the acute chest syndrome, the pathophysiological mechanisms that incite lung injury are unknown. We used intravital microscopy of the lung in transgenic humanized SCD mice to monitor acute vaso-occlusive events following an acute dose of systemic lipopolysaccharide sufficient to trigger events in SCD but not control mice. We observed cellular microembolism of precapillary pulmonary arteriolar bottlenecks by neutrophil-platelet aggregates. Blood from SCD patients was next studied under flow in an in vitro microfluidic system. Similar to the pulmonary circulation, circulating platelets nucleated around arrested neutrophils, translating to a greater number and duration of neutrophil-platelet interactions compared with normal human blood. Inhibition of platelet P-selectin with function-blocking antibody attenuated the neutrophil-platelet interactions in SCD patient blood in vitro and resolved pulmonary arteriole microembolism in SCD mice in vivo. These results establish the relevance of neutrophil-platelet aggregate formation in lung arterioles in promoting lung vaso-occlusion in SCD and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting platelet adhesion molecules to prevent acute chest syndrome.

Iron chelation therapy can prevent iron overload for pediatric patients with sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia major; however, adherence is suboptimal. Therefore, we developed an intensive training program (ITP), to improve medication management and disease knowledge. The objectives were to determine feasibility of the ITP and its preliminary impact on adherence, disease knowledge, and health outcomes. Pediatric patients were recruited to participate in the ITP over a 90-day period and were followed for 6 months. The ITP consisted of 3 components: (1) provider-led education modules; (2) patient recording daily videos of at-home medication administration; and (3) provider feedback through video messages through the ITP app. Eleven patients participated (mean=12.4 y). Initially, patients endorsed high satisfaction and ease of use and tracked their medication usage 81% (24 out of 30) of days. At 90 days, adherence rates remained consistent (80%) and disease knowledge retention was high (96%). At 6 months, participants exhibited a clinically relevant decrease in serum ferritin, which trended toward statistical significance (P=0.068). Medication possession ratio did not significantly increase (0.65 to 0.72; not significant). The mobile ITP was feasibly implemented in a clinical setting; in addition, high levels of compliance, disease knowledge retention, and acceptance encourage larger studies evaluating mobile health technology to improve child health parameters.

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a complex chronic disease requiring multidisciplinary care that involves primary care physicians (PCPs) working with a hematologist or SCD specialists. However, PCPs often lack access to SCD specialists and are unaware of SCD guidelines or efficacious treatment. Methods: We partnered with Community Care of North Carolina (CCNC) to identify assigned PCPs for SCD patients with Medicaid across North Carolina. CCNC network administrators distributed a web-based questionnaire for completion. The questionnaire involved 12 self-reported items on a yes-no or a 1 to 5 Likert-type scale that assessed PCP attitudes toward SCD care, awareness of recent guidelines, and comanaging hydroxyurea. Results: Of the 53 PCPs who completed the electronic survey, 73% felt they were comfortable with the number of SCD patients in their practice. Most PCPs reported having infrequent communications with an SCD specialist (67%) and most were also not aware of the 2014 SCD guidelines (66%). Many reported that they would frequently use the new SCD guidelines if provided to them (76%). Furthermore, 51% of PCPs expressed comfort with using mobile apps to access SCD guidelines and provided email contact to receive further information. The majority also reported being comfortable comanaging hydroxyurea with an SCD specialist (65%). Conclusion: Few PCPs in North Carolina were aware of the new SCD guidelines or had regular communication with an SCD specialist. The majority of PCPs, however, demonstrated a favorable attitude toward receiving the SCD guidelines and comanaging hydroxyurea with a specialist. In response to this gap in care, we have developed a mobile-based SCD toolbox specifically for PCPs to provide guidelines, algorithms, and a method to communicate with local SCD specialists. With the interest in receiving these guidelines, we are confident the toolbox will provide an easy to use platform to assist PCPs to utilize the SCD guidelines.

Background. Sickle cell disease (SCD) remains the most common genetic hematologic disorder, with a disproportionally high incidence and prevalence in African countries. It is associated with an increased risk of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. As more young adults living with SCD reach healthier reproductive ages, it is imperative that there is open communication between providers and patients regarding reproductive health, maternal risks associated with childbirth, and the risk of having children who inherit SCD. It is also important that providers understand reproductive health knowledge and perceptions within this population and methods to improve family planning education. We performed a survey-based study aimed to quantify current knowledge and perceptions regarding reproductive health choices, family planning and genetic counseling-presented in another abstract-. Here we present a sub-analysis, aiming to quantify differences, based on the participants region, concerning reproductive health knowledge and perceptions amongst adults with SCD. Methodology. All study participants were at least 18 years old and have a SCD diagnosis. They were asked to complete an anonymous survey instrument consisting of 43 questions, administered using Qualtrics Survey Software. The survey was comprised of questions about participants' demographics, knowledge base and perceptions about reproductive health and genetic counseling. Participants were recruited using convenience sampling in two ways. The first was through reaching sickle cell patient groups online via social media through Facebook and Twitter. The second was at an adult SCD clinic where participants were invited to complete the survey in clinic or afterwards. 152 participants accessed the survey, and 105 that completed more than 90% of the survey were included in the primary analysis. Further analysis was done to compare data from 70 participants who did not migrate from their reported birth country. Comparison groups were generated using reported birth country and current location. Forty-seven participants from North American (U.S. and Canada) and 23 from African Countries (Nigeria, Zambia, Kenya, and South Africa) were included in this analysis. Results. Demographics: Among the 70 analyzed, 47 (67.1%) respondents were from North America (N.A.) and 23 (32.9%) were from African Countries (A.C). Knowledge: People from both N.A. and A.C. agreed that women with SCD were at higher risk of pregnancy complications (91.5% and 87%, respectively), and understood the chance of having a child with SCD if both parents have the trait (78.7% and 78.3%). Perception: Participants from N.A. reported receiving most of their information about family planning, partner screening, and reproductive health from healthcare providers more frequently than participants from A.C. (67% vs 39%). More participants from A.C, 21 (91.3%), agreed that having children in the future was important to them, while 21 (45%) of the participants from N.A agreed to this. Participants from A.C. and N.A. equally agreed that is it important to know if their partner has the sickle cell trait (SCT) (95.7% and 93.6%). However, more participants from A.C., 21 (91.3%), reported having any discussion with their partner about being screened for the SCT, versus 29 (61.8%) from N.A. Participants from N.A. and A.C. were equally knowledgeable about what a genetic counselor is (72% v. 70%, respectively), and utilized genetic counseling at low rates (37% v. 39.1%, respectively). Most participants reported that they do not know how to get in contact with a genetic counselor in their community, 31 (66%) from N.A. and 18 (78.3%) from A.C. Many have not been referred to a genetic counselor in the past by a healthcare provider, 39 (83%) from N.A. and 20 (87%) from A.C. Conclusion. Our study suggests that there are differences in reproductive health and genetic counseling knowledge and perceptions when comparing SCD participants living in two world regions. Independently of regional differences, many people with SCD appear to lack key reproductive health and genetic counseling knowledge and resources. We believe there is a need for improved communication between providers and patients in family planning education, as well as further studies to address access to reproductive health and genetic counseling resources. Disclosures Nunez: American Board of Genetic Counseling: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Foundation for Women and Girls with Blood Disorders: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. De Castro:Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Global Blood Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Consultancy.

Purpose: Therapeutic erythrocytapheresis, known also as automated red blood cell exchange transfusion (RBC exchange), is standard of care for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) presenting with severe complications and for primary prevention of CNS events in those with increased risks. There is limited data on the framework and experience of performing this procedure in a large adult population and even less on challenges and outcomes. Here, we present demographic and statistical data highlighting characteristics of the chronic exchange transfusion program at a comprehensive and multidisciplinary adult SCD center. Methods: Data were collected from adults (18 years and older) with a diagnosis of SCD that were receiving blood transfusions in the outpatient treatment facility from September 1st, 2017 to August 31st, 2018. Data gathered included age, gender, procedure indications and frequency, hemoglobin S percentage (Hb S%), target pre and post Hb S%, ferritin trend, and type of intravascular device used for procedure. Three hundred and forty-four (344) episodes of transfusions, were performed in 52 unique patients, corresponding to 21 % of the unique patients treated at our center during that period. Two hundred and sixty-two (262) of the transfusion procedures were RBC exchanges. These RBC exchanges were performed in 35 (14%) of the unique patients. Since a sizable proportion of our patients received pain treatment during RBC exchange, we explored how the pain visual analog score (VAS) changed while undergoing pain treatment during RBC exchange and in relation to multiple opiate doses. Descriptive and basic statistical analysis were performed on the data obtained for those receiving RBC exchange alone or in combination with pain management. Results: Thirty-five unique patients underwent RBC exchange during the study period. All but two (2) patients had the procedure via an implanted dual lumen Vortex port, one (1) by an arteriovenous fistula and one (1) via his native veins. Most of the RBC exchanges were performed as part of a chronic transfusion program for one of the following indications: primary prevention of stroke; secondary prevention of stroke; recurrent acute chest syndrome (ACS); intractable pain; presence of multiple comorbidities including pulmonary hypertension, chronic kidney disease and intractable leg ulcers. One patient received RBC exchange in preparation for bone marrow transplant. The three (3) other patients that only received one (1) RBC exchange during that period were previously on exchange transfusion but discontinued the procedure due lack of venous access or benefit from the procedure. The frequency of RBC exchange varied depending of the patient's specific indication for the procedure and the ability to reach a target Hb S% goal of < 30%. The RBC exchange occurred in patients as frequently as every four (4) to seven (7) weeks. The number of transfusions per patient/year ranged from one (1) to thirteen (13) with a mean and median of eight (8). Number of RBC units used per procedure ranged from four (4) to thirteen (13) with a mean of eight (8.6), with each unique patient usually receiving the same amount. Twenty-three (66%) unique patients received, at least once, acute pain treatment - oral, intravenous, or a combination during RBC exchange. The mean change of VAS between presentation and end of the pain management period was 1.9 (p Conclusion: Our data shows that therapeutic RBC exchange are performed on a regular basis on a small but significant subgroup of patients living with SCD and treated at a comprehensive SCD center. Intravenous opioid management of acute pain can be effectively performed while receiving RBC exchange which provides patients with multimodal interventions in the outpatient setting. The relationship between change in VAS and concurrent transfusion deserves further investigation. Although there are standard indications for RBC exchange, we and others use it for indications for which there is low level of evidence or no evidence of efficacy (i.e. leg ulcers). We found that there great variability on the frequency of the procedure, total number of RBC exchanges per year and number of RBC units used. Prospective studies are needed to better understand the short and long-term effects, complications and outcomes of chronic RBC exchange in adults living with SCD. Figure Disclosures Kato: Bayer: Research Funding; Novartis, Global Blood Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding. De Castro:Pfizer: Consultancy; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Global Blood Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

Background. With improvements in early diagnosis and health care for those with sickle cell disease (SCD), many affected are living longer and having families of their own. Despite medical advancements in this field, pregnancy in this population is still associated with an increased risk for maternal and infant morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. Due to increased maternal risks associated with childbirth and the risk of having children who inherit the disease, communication between providers and patients regarding reproductive health is imperative. However, providers' understanding of reproductive health knowledge and perceptions within this population and methods to improve family planning education which can result in autonomous and informed decisions amongst adults with SCD is still limited. Our study aims to quantify current knowledge and perceptions in adults with SCD regarding reproductive health choices and genetic counseling. Methodology. Study participants had to be at least 18 years old and have a diagnosis of SCD. Participants were asked to complete an anonymous survey instrument consisting of 43 questions that was administered using Qualtrics Survey Software. The survey was comprised of questions about participants' demographics, knowledge base and perceptions about reproductive health and genetic counseling. Participants were recruited using convenience sampling in two ways: 1) through online social media via Facebook and Twitter sickle cell patient groups; 2) patients at an adult sickle cell clinic were invited to complete the survey in clinic or afterwards. A total of 152 participants accessed the survey, and of those, 105 that completed more than 90% of the survey, were used in the analysis. Results. Demographics: Participants were between 18-57 years of age, 85 females (81.0%), 19 males (18.1%), and 1 transgender (1.0%). Among 99 people who disclosed their place of birth, 49 (49.5%) were from North America (U.S. and Canada), 38 (38.4%) were from African countries, and 12 (12.1%) were from other parts of the world. Fifty-six (53.5%) reported having no children and 49 (46.7%) had a minimum of one child. Knowledge: Ninety-three (88.6%) agreed that women with SCD are at a higher risk of pregnancy complications and 82 (78.1%) understood the chance of having a child with SCD if both parents have the trait. However, one-third (33.3%) did not know that women with hemoglobin SS will always pass down the trait to their children, and 90 (85.7%) were unaware of contraceptive methods available that have been shown to reduce the risk of sickle cell crisis. Perception: Sixty-four (61.5%) participants agreed that having children in the future was very important to them. Majority, 96 (91.4%), also agree that they want to avoid having a child with SCD. Fifty-eight (55.2%) indicated they received a majority of their information about partner screening, and reproductive health from a healthcare provider while 47 (44.8%) reported receiving most of their information from other sources (school, family members, friends, and independent research). Fifty-nine (59.6%) out of the 89 participants who responded agreed that they wished they had more conversations about partner screening and reproductive health with their hematologist. Seventy-five (72.1%) respondents reported that they know what a genetic counselor is and 40 (39.2%) reported having formal genetic counseling in the past. Among those who know what a genetic counselor was, only 30 (40.0%) actually knew how to get in contact with a genetic counselor in their community. Of those that have had formal genetic counseling in the past 15 (37.5%) reported having formal genetic counseling by a genetic counselor, while 25 (62.5%) had some form of counseling by another healthcare provider (i.e. hematologist, gynecologist, PCP, other); and 24 (60%) had one child or more. Conclusion. Our study suggests that many individuals with SCD may still lack important reproductive health and genetic counseling knowledge and resources. We believe that improved communication between healthcare providers and SCD patients is wanted and needed by this population to prevent pregnancy-related complications and improve outcomes. Future studies should focus on genetic counseling access, and reproductive health and family planning education to promote ongoing discussions and increase knowledge of both providers and individuals with SCD. Disclosures Nunez: American Board of Genetic Counseling: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Foundation for Women and Girls with Blood Disorders: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. De Castro:Global Blood Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Consultancy.

Introduction: Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant (PBMT) is an intense treatment fraught with significant symptom burden for patients. Mobile health (mHealth) and wearable technologies provide patient generated health data which may enhance understanding of complex symptom patterns, trajectories, and interactions. Improved monitoring and understanding may result in the development of precision symptom management strategies, yet limited research exists for integrating these technologies into acute patient care. Methods: We conducted a pilot study to determine the feasibility of integrating mHealth technology into symptom management for PBMT patients. Patient data includes: 1) an Apple Watch to collect objective data (heart rate, daily step count), and 2) a self-developed app to collect subjective symptom data. Patients were followed for up to 120 days, which could include both inpatient and outpatient days. Patients were asked to record within the mobile app daily and keep the wearable device (Apple Watch) on throughout each day and night with removal only to charge. The number of days the mobile app and wearable device were used by each patient was assessed to determine compliance to study protocol. In addition, transplant, engraftment, hospital discharge, and study discharge dates were used as 4 discrete time points to determine study feasibility. For transplant and engraftment, the patient must have recorded in the app within a week of the event to be considered an interaction to account for increased fatigue and duress during these times. On completion of the study, patients also completed feasibility questionnaires and interviews. Results: Twelve patients were approached and 10 patients enrolled in the study. Three patients withdrew early from the study citing the devices were to difficult to manage with their health status. Of the remaining 7 patients included in analysis, one went to the ICU on day 40. On average, the 7 patients charted data in the app for an average of 46.10% of their days involved in the study and the most commonly reported symptoms included pain (52%), fatigue (13%), fever (9%), and rash (9%). Patients wore the wearable device during 40.29% of their total days in the study. From their compiled 551 days in the study, this equates to 254 total days of app interaction and 222 days of using the wearable (Figure 1). Four patients completed all four discrete time points. Two patients are currently in the study (one has completed hospital discharge but not study discharge, and one has completed transplant and engraftment). For app interaction during discrete time points, the patients interacted with the mobile app 17 of 23 times. Furthermore, there was a 100% app usage during transplant and engraftment periods. When evaluating the app data jointly with the wearable data, it was determined that 71% of patients were interactive with the app and used the wearable device during transplant and 57% of patients were compliant with both the app and wearable device during engraftment. Interview data of all patients at study completion (n=4) found the devices easy to use, useful, and helpful, with comments: "I liked it because it was easy to keep track of how I felt. I liked looking back and comparing how I felt as the days went by". However, when they felt poorly, they didn't use them as frequently, "sometimes I just didn't feel good and didn't want to use them". Conclusion: There has been significant patient interest in participating in the study with the majority of patients approached also enrolling in the study. Study patients had variable compliance, which on average was nearly every other day. Limitations to app included patient fatigue and forgetfulness. Pain, itching, and battery life limited wearable compliance. Our findings suggest it is feasible to obtain data from mobile devices, although need to account for gaps in data due to significant symptoms and complications. Daily data collection may be difficult for acutely ill PBMT patients, however, combining both active and passive data collection measures may improve symptom cluster understanding and result in better symptom management interventions and strategies. Disclosures Shah: Novartis: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.

BACKGROUND Adherence to illness self-management among youth with sickle cell disease (SCD) positively impacts health outcomes and decreases overall healthcare costs. Despite this, children with SCD face several barriers to adherence, with adherence rates that remain moderate to low. The current feasibility study examined the Intensive Training Program (ITP), a mobile health (mHealth) intervention for youth with SCD designed to promote disease knowledge, adherence, and patient-provider communication. PROCEDURE Youth with SCD prescribed hydroxyurea between ages 7-18 completed baseline disease knowledge and psychosocial assessments and then were provided with the ITP app. Youth participated in the 90-day ITP, during which they completed three education modules, tracked adherence through daily self-recorded videos on the app, and received video messages from providers. Participants completed poststudy knowledge, psychosocial, and feasibility questionnaires. Medication possession ratio (MPR) was obtained via pharmacy-refill rates. RESULTS Thirty-two youths (mean age = 13.0 years) participated, with an average adherence tracking rate of 0.6 (standard deviation = 0.34). All participants demonstrated increased MPR (0.57-0.74, P

Patients with sickle cell disease frequently experience severe pain events that lead to unplanned healthcare utilization. Mobile health tools (mHealth) may help prevent these events by providing remote monitoring and self-management support. This article describes the feasibility of the Sickle cell disease Mobile Application to Record symptoms via Technology (SMART), an mHealth app developed to help sickle cell disease patients monitor and manage their day-to-day symptoms. Fifteen patients recorded their pain intensity using a paper visual analog scale (VAS) and then repeated this measurement using an electronic VAS pain measure on SMART. Patients continued using SMART to record clinical symptoms, pain intensity, location and perceived severity, and treatment strategies for at least 28 days. Patient median age was 29 years (range 16-54); 60.0% were male. There was a high intraclass correlation between pain measurements entered on the paper VAS and SMART on the iPhone and the iPad We found a strong association between patient perceived pain severity and pain intensity entries using SMART (b = 1.71; p 0.01). Daily compliance with SMART entries was a mean 75.0%, with a high of 85.7% in week 1 and low of 57.9% in week 4; however, one-third (n = 5) of the patients were 100.0% compliant even in week 4. Patients who were over age 35 or used an iPad for the study had the highest compliance rates. This study showed that SMART is a useable and feasible method for monitoring daily pain symptoms among adolescents and adults with sickle cell disease-related pain.

Introduction: Cognitive impairment is a serious complication of sickle cell disease (SCD) that affects both children and adults. While it is known to adversely affect school performance and overall development in children, its functional impact in adults is not known. Importantly, poor disease self-management and adherence to hydroxyurea are major problems in SCD and are likely to be impacted by cognitive impairment. In the study presented herein, we hypothesized that lower cognitive function in areas of memory and executive function would be associated with worse adherence to hydroxyurea therapy in adults with SCD. Methods: We designed a cross-sectional study of patients with SCD from the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Adult Sickle Cell Clinic. Patients who underwent neurocognitive testing between 2011 and 2016 as part of an ongoing neurocognitive study and whose adherence to hydroxyurea therapy has been monitored by a dedicated clinical nurse were included. Performance on four neurocognitive tests of verbal learning, memory and executive function - the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) retention, HVLT-R total recall, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Trail Making Condition 4 vs. 5, and Color Word Condition 3 - were selected a priori as explanatory variables. We explored the association between the four test scores and the most recent adherence data at the time of the study. Adherence measures included the laboratory biomarkers red blood cell corpuscular volume (MCV) and percentage of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) - whose values are expected to rise with hydroxyurea therapy - and the patient's self-report of adherence categorized as "good" (≥ 80% adherence) or "less-than-good" (< 80% adherence). Differences between groups were compared by 2-sided t-test or chi-square tests where indicated. Results: Study participants (n=48) had a mean age of 35.2 years (range 22-60) and were predominantly female (58.3%). Fifty-two percent had higher than high-school level education, and 72.9% had a HbSS or HbS/β0 thalassemia phenotype. There were no statistically significant differences between the "good" adherence and "less-than-good" adherence groups with regard to these baseline characteristics. As expected, the mean MCV, an objective marker of hydroxyurea adherence, was significantly higher in the "good" adherence group (102.3 ± 15.0 vs. 89.1 ± 11.5 fL, p=0.005), corroborating the patients' self-report. We observed a statistically significant positive correlation between the HVLT-R retention score and MCV that remained significant after adjustment for demographic characteristics (Pearson r=0.309, p=0.033) and a similar correlation with HVLT-R total recall (Pearson r=0.269, p=0.065). A similar trend between HVLT-R retention and HbF percentage was observed (Pearson r=0.260, p=0.081). The mean HVLT-R retention and HVLT-R total recall scores were higher in the "good" adherence group (80.1% ± 27% vs. 64.9% ± 33%, and 41.9% ± 14% vs.34.1% ± 13%, respectively), although the difference between the two groups did not reach statistical significance. There was no significant difference in performance on the Trail Making Condition 4 vs. 5 or the Color Word Condition 3 tests. Discussion: Our study suggests that adherence to hydroxyurea therapy in adult patients with SCD might be affected by impairment in episodic memory, as measured in our study through HVLT-R retention, with qualitatively similar patterns by HVLT-R total recall. Although more extensive investigation is warranted, these results suggest that a brief, targeted neurocognitive assessment should be considered as a component of any strategy aimed at improving adherence to hydroxyurea and other therapeutic interventions in patients with SCD. Disclosures Jonassaint: Sicklesoft: Other: officer of Sicklesoft. Kato:Mast Therapeutics: Consultancy; Bayer: Research Funding.

Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic illness associated with frequent medical complications and hospitalizations. Importantly, approximately ninety percent of hospitalizations are for pain events, and 30-day re-hospitalization rates are alarmingly high. Factors influencing the high rates are poorly understood; however, close follow-up and continued titration of pain medications have been shown to decrease re-hospitalization rates. Mobile technology has become an increasingly integral part of health care management. We have recently developed SMART (Sickle cell Mobile Application to Record symptoms via Technology) to assist with documentation of pain and interventions. We propose using this current mobile technology as a tool for both patients and providers to monitorand manage symptoms and health interventions. We hypothesize that this technology will lead to an increase in follow up, a significant decrease in readmission rates, as well as overall disease burden. Methods: We randomized SCD patients who presented to the day hospital for pain control to either standard of care or an iPad with SMART. Patients were enrolled upon discharge from the day hospital and expected to return for a visit at 12 and 30 days after hospitalization. They were followed for a total of 30 days to determine re-utilization rates. Re-utilization was defined as a return for pain management to the day hospital, emergency department (ED), or admission to the hospital. Patients with more than 10 acute care visits in the past 12 months or who were on chronic transfusions were excluded. Standard of care (SOC) included a review of instructions, discharge medications, upcoming appointments and phone numbers for contact. SMART was programmed with the patient's scheduled medications, upcoming appointments and allowed patients and the medical team to communicate via text. Patients were provided a reminder through the app to record their symptoms and interventions (medication or non-pharmacologic) twice daily. The medical team reviewed symptoms recorded by patients at least once daily and texted patients who were indicating significant changes in pain. Results: We enrolled 19 SCD patients and randomized 10 to SMART and 9 to SOC (52% male, mean age 31.2 ± 6.6 years). Patients using SMART were more likely to return for their scheduled follow-up visit at 12 days (80% vs. 33%) and 30 days (80% vs. 44%). Thirty-day re-utilization of care was lower for patients using SMART compared to patients receiving SOC (20% vs. 77%, see Table 1). Furthermore, re-utilization for patients using SMART was limited to 2 visits to the day hospital, which occurred 10 and 24 days post discharge. This is in contrast to 8 visits to the ED and 3 to the day hospital among 7 of the 9 patients receiving SOC, with re-utilization occurring a median of 2 days post discharge (range 1-23). Of the patients using SMART, one patient did not make any entries into the application, while the other 9 patients made almost 1 entry per day for 30 days (median entries 28.9, range 5-107). The medical team texted all patients with SMART (range 2-19 times over 30 days); 60% returned texts to the medical team (range 2-11 times over 30 days). Interestingly, the two patients with SMART who returned within 30 days to the day hospital for further pain treatment had not returned any texts to the medical team. Conclusion: Our pilot study used an innovative mobile application to improve care for SCD patients who were discharged following day hospital treatment for pain crisis. Patients using SMART were more likely to return for their scheduled follow-up appointments. In addition, 30-day re-utilization of care was much higher for patients receiving SOC than SMART and was similar to previously observed institutional re-utilization rates. In contrast, only 20% of patients given SMART returned for re-utilization of care within 30 days, and they were the patients who did not use the texts for communication. We plan to expand the use of SMART to improve decision-making by medical providers through access to symptoms recorded by patients following discharge and, ultimately, to decrease re-utilization of care. Disclosures Jonassaint: Sicklesoft: Other: officer of Sicklesoft. Shah:Novartis: Speakers Bureau.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common inherited hemoglobinopathy worldwide. Our previous results indicate that the reduced oxidative stress capacity of sickle erythrocytes may be caused by decreased expression of NRF2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2), an oxidative stress regulator. We found that activation of NRF2 with sulforaphane (SFN) in erythroid progenitors significantly increased the expression of NRF2 targets HMOX1, NQO1, and HBG1 (subunit of fetal hemoglobin) in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, we hypothesized that NRF2 activation with SFN may offer therapeutic benefits for SCD patients by restoring oxidative capacity and increasing fetal hemoglobin concentration. To test this hypothesis, we performed a Phase 1, open-label, dose-escalation study of SFN, contained in a broccoli sprout homogenate (BSH) that naturally contains SFN, in adults with SCD. The primary and secondary study endpoints were safety and physiological response to NRF2 activation, respectively. We found that BSH was well tolerated, and the few adverse events that occurred during the trial were not likely related to BSH consumption. We observed an increase in the mean relative whole blood mRNA levels for the NRF2 target HMOX1 (p = 0.02) on the last day of BSH treatment, compared to pre-treatment. We also observed a trend toward increased mean relative mRNA levels of the NRF2 target HBG1 (p = 0.10) from baseline to end of treatment, but without significant changes in HbF protein. We conclude that BSH, in the provided doses, is safe in stable SCD patients and may induce changes in gene expression levels. We therefore propose investigation of more potent NRF2 inducers, which may elicit more robust physiological changes and offer clinical benefits to SCD patients. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01715480.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a chronic disease for which complications include acute chest syndrome, painful vaso-occlusive crisis, and stroke. There has been increased use of chronic transfusions to prevent and treat complications associated with SCD (Blinder, 2013), however, the result is iron overload for which complications include liver failure, heart failure and death. (Niederau, 1996; Brittenham, 1994; Harmatz, 2000) To effectively prevent and treat iron overload, chelation with oral medications must be taken correctly (Kwiatkowski, 2004). Depending on the method used to measure medication compliance, adherence varies between 43% and 76%. (Raphael et al., 2009; Alvarez et al., 2009) The variability underscores the need to better investigate and improve adherence. The success of treatment plans requires collaboration among patients, families and providers to take prescribed medications. We sought to implement mobile technology to facilitate this collaboration, while at the same time providing education and engaging both patients and parents. We performed a feasibility study using an original mobile application to assess adherence with oral chelation therapy and provide a platform for education modules. Eligible patients had a diagnosis of SCD or thalassemia with a history of iron overload, were ≥5 years of age and had access to a phone or other mobile device with the iOS operating system. Devices were provided for use if needed. During the first 30 days of the study, participants were asked to self-record up to a 5-minute video of daily medication administration. They performed this with our mobile application, which we could review and track. On day 2-3 of participation, they received a generic welcome message via the application. On day 7 of participation, they received a personalized message of encouragement for consistent use, or a message prompting them to try harder for daily use. Weekly, for the remainder of the first month, they received generic text ‘pop-ups’ on the application. For months 2-3, patients were then asked to do a short photo log of daily medication administration. For months 4-6, they were asked to maintain a log and continue to record videos if they desired. In addition, during the initial 3 months, patients participated in educational modules and quizzes related to SCD/thalassemia, iron overload and chelation therapy. Data was analyzed starting after one week of participation. Eight patients (4 males and 4 females, median age 12.5 years old, range 8-19) have been consented to participate. Seven patients have SCD and 1 has thalassemia major. We have analyzed 106 data days for 5 patients; Two patients have not yet reached 1 week of participation, and one patient has been temporarily excluded due to difficulties with internet connectivity and inability to confirm entries. Compliance of recording ‘selfies’ was 84%. Average length of ‘selfie’ videos was 12.7 seconds for male participants and 74.7 seconds for females (range 3 to 300 seconds). Videos reviewed also included: messages to providers, indications of difficulties with taste, and interaction with parents while preparing medication. Three patients have returned for 30-day follow up. Mean ferritin in these patients prior to enrollment was 1948.3 ng/ml (SD 758.4) and at one month follow-up was 1589.3 (SD 147.6). This study illustrates that mobile technology in the form of an interactive application is a feasible method that can be used to increase adherence to therapy plans, such as oral chelation therapy. We were able to accurately document adherence (84%) using our newly developed mobile app and are interested to see long-term compliance following completion of the study. Interestingly, we also report longer ‘selfie’ videos for females and may argue for gender specific recommendations for improving compliance to treatment plans. Detailed review of videos also revealed information that may further assist in compliance such as identification of improper mixing. Further expansion of this study and evaluation of laboratory markers (such as ferritin) at 3 months will additionally support the use of a mobile technology based intensive training program for patients with SCD. Efforts are also underway employing a similar strategy for hydroxyurea adherence. In summary, we believe mobile technology has become an integral part of health care management and has the potential to improve care for patients with chronic illnesses. Disclosures Shah: Novartis: Speakers Bureau.

BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common hemoglobinopathy worldwide, characterized by chronic complications due to ongoing vaso-occlusion and hemolysis. Previous studies have shown that red cells from individuals with sickle cell disease (HbSS) have reduced NRF2 expression levels, which contribute to decreased oxidative stress capacity and increased hemolysis (Sangokoya, et al. 2010 Blood). Additionally, Macari and Lowry have shown that in vitro NRF2 activation of erythroid progenitors results in induction of anti-oxidant stress response genes, as well as increased percent fetal hemoglobin (HbF), which is known to prevent sickling (2011 Blood). Therefore, we hypothesize that NRF2 activation in SCD patients has potential therapeutic benefits by simultaneously inducing HbF and increasing the anti-oxidative stress capacity of red cells. We proposed to activate NRF2 by using sulforaphane (SFN), a well-known natural product enriched in broccoli sprouts. We conducted an open-label, dose-escalation clinical trial for SCD patients to investigate the safety and physiological effects of NRF2 activation by SFN through ingestion of a broccoli sprout homogenate (BSH). METHODS Male and female adult patients (> 18 years) with either HbSS or HbSߺ thalassemia were enrolled at the Duke Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center adult clinic. Exclusion criteria: RBC transfusion or a change in hydroxyurea dose in the last three months, ongoing pregnancy, diabetes, or renal insufficiency (BUN >21 mg/dL and/or creatinine >1.4 mg/dL). Inclusion criteria: Hematocrit (Hct) ≥ 20% and Hb > 6.0 g/dL. Recruited subjects were instructed to avoid additional SFN-containing foods before and during the study period. Subjects ingested a thawed preparation of BSH once daily for 21 days to allow for repopulation of red cells during therapy. Tolerability, toxicity, and physiological effects of NRF2 activation were determined at pre-treatment baseline (day 0), on the last day of ingestion (day 21), and after a wash-out period (day 49). Five patients were recruited for each dose (50g, 100g), with the smaller dose having elicited no safety concerns. RESULTS No safety concerns were noted among the subjects at either dose. In both cohorts, there were no significant differences in the adverse events, pain scores, complete blood counts, complete metabolic profile, reticulocyte count, and LDH levels when comparing days 0 and 21. In the 50g cohort, there was an overall but not statistically significant increase of average HbF from 14.5% to 14.9% (p=0.0786) in all five patients from Day 0 to Day 21; analyses are incomplete for the higher dose. We also observed a trend of NRF2 mRNA target gene induction, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1, NQO1), and globin mRNAs, at day 21 vs day 0, which returned to baseline levels at day 49. In the 50g cohort, we observed a 66% increase of ho-1 and 44% increase of nqo1 mRNA levels at day 21 vs. baseline. In the 100g cohort, we observed a 14% increase of ho-1 and 42% increase of nqo1mRNA levels at day 21 vs. baseline. CONCLUSION Our pilot trial suggests that NRF2 activation by BSH may increase NRF2 expression programs and induce fetal hemoglobin. We aim to enroll more patients at escalating doses, as participants present a wide range of clinical variability and may show variable response. Additionally, the lack of statistical significance at the lowest doses along with a lack of safety concerns strongly compel us to pursue more potent NRF2 inducers to elicit more robust physiological changes for additional clinical trials. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.