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The Mexican Fold-and-Trust Belt is a winding belt that formed after a series of protracted tectonic events, which began with the onset of sedimentation in the basins formed during the break-up of Pangea and during the roll-back of the oceanic Kula plate in Jurassic times. Later, the continued subduction of Kula-Farallon constituent plates at the western margin of Mexico triggered arc formation, thrusting, basin inversion, and folding. The kinematics of the fold-and-thrust belt curvature at regional and local scales is still debated. Different hypotheses have been explored to explain the trace of the orogen: 1) curvature is mainly and primarily controlled by the basin architecture; 2) Curvature is progressive and was at least partially acquired during deformation being controlled by the basement geometry, lithologic heterogeneities, and/or the shortening direction, and 3) The curvature is, at least partially, postdating the main orogenic deformation structures being formed as the youngest of the deformation phases. Several regional-scale studies have been performed (Eguiluz et al., 2010; Fitz-Diaz et al., 2017). But most of the previous paleomagnetic studies were focused on studying the configuration of the desegregated fragments of Pangea (Molina-Garza et al., 1992). In this study, we investigate the nature of the curvature in the north and central-eastern part of the Mexican Fold and Trust Belt using paleomagnetic data obtained from the Jurassic rocks of the Nazas Formation, this formation is composed of a volcanic and volcano-sedimentary succession of andesites and dacite flows interbedded with tuff deposited in an intra-arc or back-arc setting. Our results show remagnetizations, some potential primary magnetizations, and significant counterclockwise rotations. This implies a potential oroclinal bending origin for at least part of the Mexican fold-and-thrust-belt curvature. This contribution will discuss the potential mechanisms causing the curvature and the implications for the kinematics, tectonic and geodynamic evolution of the central-western Pacific subduction during the Mesozoic-Paleogene in northeastern Mexico. This work is a posthumous contribution of Dr. Roberto Stanley Molina-Garza and a tribute to his huge contribution to the understanding of the tectonic history of Mexico.Keywords: Paleomagnetism; Mexican Fold and Trust Belt; Anticlockwise rotation; Remagnetization; Jurassic; Nazas Arc.

We surveyed a subsurface layer of saturated mobile mud and its microbial fingerprints below the desiccated bottom of a maar lake at Rincón de Parangueo (RP), Mexico. A multi-scale approach was followed using geological fieldwork, coring of the sediments, ground penetrating radar survey, physico-chemical characterization including X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, and high-throughput DNA sequencing methods. The mobile mud is an organic-rich silty clay, with high values of alkalinity, volumetric water content and conductivity. Mud mobility has been attributed to overpressure caused by disequilibrium compaction of sediments related to active subsidence and pore overpressure produced by an input of groundwater and gas content in the sediments and resulted in a diverse set of structures related to mud tectonics such as injection domes and fluid seeps through fractures. Extraction and sequencing of sedimentary environmental DNA in the mud layer were performed for Bacteria and Archaea. Despite the small number of samples obtained, the microbial fingerprint from the sedimentary environmental DNA at subsurface shares similarities with the microbial communities identified on the crater surface. Additionally, we identify the DNA of specific methanogenic microorganisms in the mud, such as Bathyarchaeia, Methanomassiliicoccales, and Methanobacteriales, and we speculate on their probable role in gas production and pore overpressure in the mud layer. The underground mud at Rincón de Parangueo represents a geologically dynamic environment with conditions that are favorable for the thriving of microbial communities.

Plants exhibiting the water-conserving crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway provide some of the most intriguing examples of photosynthetic diversity and plasticity. Here, a largely unnoticed facet of CAM-plant photosynthesis is highlighted: the co-occurrence of ontogenetically controlled constitutive and environmentally controlled facultative CAM in a species. Both forms of CAM are displayed in leaves of Coleus amboinicus Lour. (Lamiaceae), a semi-succulent perennial plant with oregano-like flavour that is native to southern and eastern Africa and naturalised elsewhere in the tropics. Under well-watered conditions, leaves assimilate CO2 predominantly by the C3 pathway. They also display low levels of CO2 uptake at night accompanied by small nocturnal increases in leaf tissue acidity. This indicates the presence of weakly expressed constitutive CAM. CAM expression is strongly enhanced in response to drought stress. The drought-enhanced component of CAM is reversible upon rewatering and thus considered to be facultative. In contrast to C. amboinicus, the thin-leaved closely related Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. exhibits net CO2 fixation solely in the light via the C3 pathway, both under well-watered and drought conditions. However, low levels of nocturnal acidification detected in leaves and stems indicate that the CAM cycle is present. The highly speciose mint family, which contains few known CAM-exhibiting species and is composed predominantly of C3 species, appears to be an excellent group of plants for studying the evolutionary origins of CAM and for determining the position of facultative CAM along the C3–full CAM trajectory.

In this work, we quantify the differential subsidence that occurred between 2015 and 2016 in a maar-lake that has been desiccating due to the large groundwater extraction rates of the aquifer that ...

SummarySucculence is found across the world as an adaptation to water-limited niches. The fleshy organs of succulent plants develop via enlarged photosynthetic chlorenchyma and/or achlorophyllous water storage hydrenchyma cells. The precise mechanism by which anatomical traits contribute to drought tolerance is unclear, as the effect of succulence is multifaceted. Large cells are believed to provide space for nocturnal storage of malic acid fixed by crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), whilst also buffering water potentials by elevating hydraulic capacitance (CFT). Furthermore, the effect of CAM and elevated CFT on growth and water conservation have not been compared, despite the assumption that these adaptations often occur together.We assessed the relationship between succulent anatomical adaptations, CAM and CFT, across the genus Clusia. In addition, we simulated the effects of CAM and CFT on growth and water conservation during drought using the Photo3 model.Within Clusia leaves, CAM and CFT are independent traits: CAM requires large palisade chlorenchyma cells, whereas hydrenchyma tissue governs interspecific differences in CFT. In addition, our model suggests that CAM supersedes CFT as a means to maximise CO2 assimilation and minimise transpiration during drought.Our study challenges the assumption that CAM and CFT are mutually dependent traits within succulent leaves.

This article explores the concept of science diplomacy as a specific vector of foreign policy, its historical evolution, and its relevance in the present context for both the scientific and diplomatic communities, which have different but not necessarily diverging interests. By analysing the history of science diplomacy and its conceptual framework (including in light of some of the most relevant theories of International Relations, such as Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism), it attempts to demonstrate how science constitutes not only one of the subjects of diplomacy, but also one of its actors; not only one of its ends but also one of its means. In the process of identifying those agents, goals, and tools as defining elements of science diplomacy as an autonomous field on its own, both in terms of theory and practice, this article interrelates the concept of science diplomacy with other current forms of external action, such as economic diplomacy, public diplomacy, people-to-people diplomacy, or cultural diplomacy.

In this paper we report U Pb zircon ages from a syn-tectonic magmatism related to a contractional thick-skinned deformation pulse in the Mexican Fold and Thrust Belt. The study area corresponds to the Concepcion del Oro Block (COB), which is located in northern Zacatecas, Mexico. The COB is a NW-SE trending elongated tectonic structure located south of the Parras Transversal Sector in the Mexican Fold Thrust Belt (MFTB) in north-central Mexico. In this area, regional thin-skinned folds were formed between the late Turonian and Campanian and they define the core of a major northeastward-convex orocline around Concepcion del Oro mining district, Zacatecas, Mexico. The regional folds were cut by four Eocene-early Oligocene plutons (43-32 Ma; U Pb zircon), which in places modified the older thin-skinned structures. Magma was emplaced along thrust faults and modified the attitude of inverted limbs of overturned folds, and the orientation or position of the fold axis at the core of anticlines, causing the formation of complex emplacement-related deformation. Two NW-SE trending lineaments bound the COB, and both cut the periclinal ends of the thin-skinned older folds, at different time. The eastern lineament is here interpreted as a high angle reverse fault, which tilted polymictic conglomeratic continental succession that includes cobbles derived from one of the intrusive bodies and an andesitic syn-tectonic lava flow (40.7 ± 0.6 Ma; U Pb zircon). The western lineament is a normal fault generated by later regional tectonic extension related to the Basin and Range province. Altogether suggests that a late Eocene-early Oligocene contractional thick-skinned deformation pulse affected the COB. This pulse was contemporaneous with the Eocene-Oligocene magmatism in the Concepcion del Oro, Zacatecas region, and is similar in style and age to some of the structures produced by the Laramide orogeny in the southern Rocky Mountains and in some isolated areas in northern Mexico.

Cellular therapies are creating a paradigm shift in the biomanufacturing industry. Particularly for autologous therapies, small-scale processing methods are better suited than the large-scale approaches that are traditionally employed in the industry. Current small-scale methods for manufacturing personalized cell therapies, however, are labour-intensive and involve a number of 'open events'. To overcome these challenges, new cell manufacturing platforms following a GMP-in-a-box concept have recently come on the market (GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice). These are closed automated systems with built-in pumps for fluid handling and sensors for in-process monitoring. At a much smaller scale, microfluidic devices exhibit many of the same features as current GMP-in-a-box systems. They are closed systems, fluids can be processed and manipulated, and sensors integrated for real-time detection of process variables. Fabricated from polymers, they can be made disposable, i.e. single-use. Furthermore, microfluidics offers exquisite spatiotemporal control over the cellular microenvironment, promising both reproducibility and control of outcomes. In this chapter, we consider the challenges in cell manufacturing, highlight recent advances of microfluidic devices for each of the main process steps, and summarize our findings on the current state of the art. As microfluidic cell culture devices have been reported for both adherent and suspension cell cultures, we report on devices for the key process steps, or unit operations, of both stem cell therapies and cell-based immunotherapies.

Exceeding thermal thresholds causes irreversible damage and ultimately loss of leaves. The lowland tropics are among the warmest forested biomes, but little is known about heat tolerance of tropical forest plants. We surveyed leaf heat tolerance of sun-exposed leaves from 147 tropical lowland and pre-montane forest species by determining the temperatures at which potential photosystem II efficiency based on chlorophyll a fluorescence started to decrease (TCrit ) and had decreased by 50% (T50 ). TCrit averaged 46.7°C (5th-95th percentile: 43.5°C-49.7°C) and T50 averaged 49.9°C (47.8°C-52.5°C). Heat tolerance partially adjusted to site temperature; TCrit and T50 decreased with elevation by 0.40°C and 0.26°C per 100 m, respectively, while mean annual temperature decreased by 0.63°C per 100 m. The phylogenetic signal in heat tolerance was weak, suggesting that heat tolerance is more strongly controlled by environment than by evolutionary legacies. TCrit increased with the estimated thermal time constant of the leaves, indicating that species with thermally buffered leaves maintain higher heat tolerance. Among lowland species, T50 increased with leaf mass per area, suggesting that in species with structurally more costly leaves the risk of leaf loss during hot spells is reduced. These results provide insight in variation in heat tolerance at local and regional scales.

Plants exhibiting the water-conserving crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway provide some of the most intriguing examples of photosynthetic diversity and plasticity. Here, a largely unnoticed facet of CAM-plant photosynthesis is highlighted: the co-occurrence of ontogenetically controlled constitutive and environmentally controlled facultative CAM in a species. Both forms of CAM are displayed in leaves of Coleus amboinicus Lour. (Lamiaceae), a semi-succulent perennial plant with oregano-like flavour that is native to southern and eastern Africa and naturalised elsewhere in the tropics. Under well-watered conditions, leaves assimilate CO2 predominantly by the C3 pathway. They also display low levels of CO2 uptake at night accompanied by small nocturnal increases in leaf tissue acidity. This indicates the presence of weakly expressed constitutive CAM. CAM expression is strongly enhanced in response to drought stress. The drought-enhanced component of CAM is reversible upon rewatering and thus considered to be facultative. In contrast to C. amboinicus, the thin-leaved closely related Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. exhibits net CO2 fixation solely in the light via the C3 pathway, both under well-watered and drought conditions. However, low levels of nocturnal acidification detected in leaves and stems indicate that the CAM cycle is present. The highly speciose mint family, which contains few known CAM-exhibiting species and is composed predominantly of C3 species, appears to be an excellent group of plants for studying the evolutionary origins of CAM and for determining the position of facultative CAM along the C3-full CAM trajectory.

Mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) are present in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nv AMD) which is also called choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The number and phenotype of the MNPs depend upon the local environment in the CNV and effect of nv AMD therapy. We investigated ocular cell infiltration and conditions that modulate angiogenesis in a laser-induced mouse CNV model.We developed assays to quantify MNPs in our established mouse CNV model. One MNP assay quantified the number of subretinal cells peripheral to the CNV lesions. A second assay semiquantitatively assesses the number of MNPs localized to the CNV lesion. We used these assays to measure the effect of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) activation, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2) genetic deletion on MNP infiltration after laser injury.Laser injury induced blood vessel growth and infiltration of MNPs. Systemic administration of a TLR-2 activating peptide increased laser-induced CNV area, MNP cell numbers, and MNP density over the CNV lesions. Systemic administration of a VEGF antibody reduced CNV area, while Ccl2 genetic deletion increased CNV area. Despite the change in amount of angiogenesis, MNP infiltration was, surprisingly, unchanged in these 2 conditions.MNP quantification provides biological insights for candidate AMD therapies. The number of infiltrating MNP cells does not correlate with the amount of laser-induced CNV area.

This work describes the distribution, macro and microstructures of modern microbialites deposited in the marginal facies of a Quaternary paleo-lake at Rincon de Parangueo, within the central trans-mexican volcanic belt. This paleo-lake formed after the volcanic eruption and maar formation that provided suitable conditions at its margins for substrate colonization and microbial proliferation. Vesicular thrombolites, grouped into domical and irregular clusters, were mapped, measured and analyzed. These microbialites are characterized by a 2 cm-thick stromatolitic crust and a thrombolitic matrix that accreted by carbonate precipitation. The stromatolitic crusts represent the last accretion stages at intertidal conditions before the complete evaporation of the paleo-lake. The asymmetrical distribution and preservation of these microbial deposits suggest that the rapid subsidence and tectonic deformation began before the lake completely dried out. The maar at Rincon de Parangeo represents not only an important record of recent geological processes in dynamic interaction with microbial processes under increasingly extreme alkaline conditions (pH between 10 and 10.6), but also a possible analogue for some Precambrian sequences. It provides an example of a rapidly transforming environment where macro and micro geobiological interactions directly influence biological succession.

Clusia guabalensis (Clusiaceae), a new species from wet forests on the Atlantic slope in northern Panama is described. Phylogenetic relationships and morphological affinities of this new species to other taxa in Clusia are discussed.

The recent discovery of a fossil of Enhydritherium terraenovae in upper Miocene fluvial deposits in Juchipila (Mexico), nearly 200 km away from the nearest coast, together with other known occurrences of the same species in Florida and California, made possible to envision an alternative to the Panamanian and Polar routes of migration through fluvial systems in Mexico. In order to cross from one ocean to the other, individuals of E. terraenovae must have passed the continental divide, which is a physiographic feature that separates surface waters that flow into the Atlantic and Pacific versants. Two vast endorheic regions, which together span more than 400,000 km2 in area, currently dominate drainage systems in northern and central Mexico. The endorheic regions are broadly bounded by two mountain ranges and coincide with the arid and semi-arid regions of the Chihuahuan desert. These closed basins are an additional obstacle for migration. However, drainage systems are constantly varying and adjusting to changing conditions imposed by climate, tectonic activity, volcanism, and pronounced asymmetries in topography and rainfall distribution. The migration route across Mexico for Enhydritherium terraenovae in the late Miocene (≥6 Ma) could have been facilitated by one or more river captures that inverted the flow direction near the headwaters of a drainage system that debouched either into the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific coast. Biologists studying fresh water fish faunas in the southern part of the United States and in northern and central Mexico have documented several living species that occur in both the Rio Grande and in the Mezquital rivers, two drainages that are not presently connected, drain in opposite directions (i.e. towards the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of California, respectively) and are separated by the endorheic regions. Furthermore, systematic studies of fresh water fish faunas in the region has numerous examples of endemicity and allopatric speciations that are interpreted as evidence of several events of drainage system rearrangement either by stream capture, beheading, or river diversion or by fragmentation caused by formation of closed basins by faulting, volcanic activity or isostatic rebound in the footwall block of normal faults. The western boundaries of the extensive endorheic regions in Mexico are controlled mainly by a highland produced by intense felsic volcanism during the Sierra Madre Occidental activity (Eocene – Miocene), and the eastern hydrological divide coincides with mountains associated with the fold and thrust belt produced by the Hidalgoan orogeny in early Cenozoic time. Normal faulting associated with Basin and Range extension formed additional closed basins. Another major factor in the formation of the endorheic regions is the terminal Miocene climate change, which caused runoff reduction and lowered the rivers capacity of erosion. Opening of the Gulf of California changed the overall slope of rivers draining into the Pacific in northwestern Mexico triggering the capture of rivers formerly confined to the closed basins or draining to the Gulf of Mexico. Quaternary normal faults have been documented a few tens of kilometers from the hydrological divides of the endorheic regions, suggesting that in some regions there is an active tectonic component in their formation. The location of the crossing point for the otters is uncertain as the fossil record is scant and investigation on the evolution of drainage systems through time in Mexico is in the early stages. However, it is argued that there is a fair chance that the crossing occurred via the Mezquital river capture near Durango city. Isotopic age of the sediments where the Enhydritherium terraenovae fossil was collected, imply that the capture must have occurred in the late Miocene.

Different interpretations of crustal thickness variations have been proposed for central Mexico. The studied region encompass the transition between the Mesa Central, an elevated plateau with low relief, and the Sierra Madre Oriental, a late Mesozoic–early Cenozoic fold-thrust belt at lower mean elevation. Crustal models discussed here are based on three different published hypotheses: 1. Homogenous crustal thickness and a flat Moho beneath both provinces; 2. Thicker crust beneath the Mesa Central compared to thinner crust under the Sierra Madre Oriental; and 3. Thinner crust below the plateau and thicker crust beneath the fold-thrust belt. This last configuration implies the presence of lower-density mantle under the plateau to produce the higher mean elevation. We tested these conflicting configurations using gravity and magnetic data to produce forward models of the previously published interpretations and to obtain new crustal thickness and Curie point depth estimates. Our results show significantly higher error for model 1 and similar errors for models 2 and 3, ruling out model 1 but preventing discrimination between models 2 and 3 through forward modeling. However, the geothermal state results along with our depth-to-Moho estimates indicate the presence of a wide region beneath the eastern portion of the Mesa Central with thicker (40–52 km) and colder (−35 to −45 mWm−2) crust as compared to thinner crust (34 to

Venetoclax is effective in relapsed patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Mechanisms of resistance to venetoclax in MCL are poorly understood. We describe the clinical outcomes and genomic characteristics of 24 multiply relapsed patients (median of five prior lines of therapy) who received venetoclax-based therapies; 67% had progressed on BTK inhibitors (BTKi) and 54% had blastoid or pleomorphic histology. Median follow up after venetoclax treatment was 17 months. The overall response rate was 50% and complete response (CR) rate was 21%, 16 patients had progressed and 15 died. The median progression free, overall and post venetoclax survival were 8, 13.5 and 7.3 months respectively. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on samples collected from seven patients (including five pairs; before starting venetoclax and after progression on venetoclax). The SMARCA4 and BCL2 alterations were noted only after progression, while TP53, CDKN2A, KMT2D, CELSR3, CCND1, NOTCH2 and ATM were altered 2-4-fold more frequently after progression. In two patients with serial samples, we demonstrated clonal evolution of novel SMARCA4 and KMT2C/D mutations at progression. Mutation dynamics in venetoclax resistant MCL is demonstrated. Our data indicates that venetoclax resistance in MCL is predominantly associated with non-BCL2 gene mutations. Further studies are ongoing in MCL patients to evaluate the efficacy of venetoclax in combination with other agents and understand the biology of venetoclax resistance in MCL.

The material covered over this six-day field trip explores the regional stratigraphy, tectonic setting, and mineral deposits of the central Sierra Madre Occidental and western part of the Mesa Central in Mexico. The course builds on similar field trips held in 1997, 2003, and 2014, adding updates of the geology based on new studies and opening of new roads in this rugged and poorly accessible region. A completely new section presents a detailed overview of the geology of the classic San Dimas mining district and the Sabinas and La Colorada mines. A road trip log with descriptions of each stop is included.

Conifers are, for the most part, competitively excluded from tropical rainforests by angiosperms. Where they do occur, conifers often occupy sites that are relatively infertile. To gain insight into the physiological mechanisms by which angiosperms outcompete conifers in more productive sites, we grew seedlings of a tropical conifer (Podocarpus guatemalensis Standley) and an angiosperm pioneer (Ficus insipida Willd.) with and without added nutrients, supplied in the form of a slow-release fertilizer. At the conclusion of the experiment, the dry mass of P. guatemalensis seedlings in fertilized soil was approximately twofold larger than that of seedlings in unfertilized soil; on the other hand, the dry mass of F. insipida seedlings in fertilized soil was ~20-fold larger than seedlings in unfertilized soil. The higher relative growth rate of F. insipida was associated with a larger leaf area ratio and a higher photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area. Higher overall photosynthetic rates in F. insipida were associated with an approximately fivefold larger stomatal conductance than in P. guatemalensis. We surmise that a higher whole-plant hydraulic conductance in the vessel bearing angiosperm F. insipida enabled higher leaf area ratio and higher stomatal conductance per unit leaf area than in the tracheid bearing P. guatemalensis, which enabled F. insipida to capitalize on increased photosynthetic capacity driven by higher nitrogen availability in fertilized soil.

1.- To know the risk of detectable Prostate Cancer (PC) and significant PC by applying a Risk Calculator to patients who underwent a prostate biopsy (PB) and to analyze if there are significant differences between the risk of patients who had positive versus negative biopsies. 2.- To compare the risk of those patients with positive results who were detected in the first biopsies vs re-biopsies. 3.- To compare our results with those obtained if we had applied the cut points established in the CP risk calculator.Through a retrospective descriptive analytical study, we studied 496 prostate biopsies (PB) performed during 3 years (2014-2016), applying the SWOP risk calculator, analyzing if there are significant differences between those patients who had a positive vs negative result and those submitted to re-biopsies.The mean risk of detectable PC by the calculator for positive PB was 34.98% versus 24.71% of negative PB; in relation to the risk of significant PC, for positive PB it was 19.13% versus 8.8% of the negative PB, with significant differences (p0.01) in both comparisons. When patients were grouped by first biopsies vs re-biopsies, we observed that patients with the first positive biopsy had an estimated risk by the calculator of 44% compared to 31% of the first negative prostate biopsies, this difference being statistically significant.The application of a prostate cancer risk calculator in candidates for first biopsy allows optimization of the test, although it loses effectiveness in patients with previous negative PB.1.- Conocer el riesgo de Cáncer de Próstata (CP) detectable y el riesgo de CP significativo mediante la aplicación retrospectiva de una Calculadora de Riesgo de los pacientes a los que se les realizó una biopsia de próstata y analizar si existen diferencias significativas entre el riesgo de los pacientes que tuvieron resultado de biopsias positivas vs negativas. 2.- Comparar el riesgo de aquellos pacientes con resultado positivo que fueron detectados en primeras biopsias vs rebiopsias. 3.- Comparar nuestros resultados con los obtenidos si hubiéramos aplicado los puntos de cortes establecidos en la calculadora de riesgo de CP. MÉTODOS: Mediante estudio analítico descriptivo retrospectivo estudiamos las 496 biopsias de próstata (BP) realizadas durante 3 años (2014-2016), aplicando la calculadora de riesgo SWOP analizando si existen diferencias significativas entre aquellos pacientes que tuvieron un resultado positivo vs negativo así como los sometidos a rebiopsias.La media de riesgo de CP detectable mediante la calculadora para las BP positivas fue del 34,98% frente al 24,71% de las BP negativas; en cuanto al riesgo de CP significativo las BP positivas tuvieron una cifra de 19,13% frente al 8,8% de las BP negativas, existiendo diferencias significativas (pambas comparaciones. Al agrupar los pacientes por primeras biopsias vs rebiopsias observamos que los pacientes con primera biopsia positiva tenían un riesgo estimado por la calculadora del 44% frente al 31% de las primeras biopsias de próstata negativas siendo esta diferencia estadísticamente significativa. CONCLUSIONES: La aplicación de una calculadora de riesgo de CP en pacientes candidatos a primera biopsia, permite la optimización de la prueba, si bien, parece perder eficacia en pacientes con BP negativas previas.

In order to understand plant responses to both the widespread phenomenon of increased nutrient inputs to coastal zones and the concurrent rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, CO2-nutrient interactions need to be considered. In addition to its potential stimulating effect on photosynthesis and growth, elevated CO2 affects the temperature response of photosynthesis. The scarcity of experiments testing how elevated CO2 affects the temperature response of tropical trees hinders our ability to model future primary productivity. In a glasshouse study, we examined the effects of elevated CO2 (800 ppm) and nutrient availability on seedlings of the widespread mangrove Avicennia germinans. We assessed photosynthetic performance, the temperature response of photosynthesis, seedling growth and biomass allocation. We found large synergistic gains in both growth (42 %) and photosynthesis (115 %) when seedlings grown under elevated CO2 were supplied with elevated nutrient concentrations relative to their ambient growing conditions. Growth was significantly enhanced under elevated CO2 only under high-nutrient conditions, mainly in above-ground tissues. Under low-nutrient conditions and elevated CO2, root volume was more than double that of seedlings grown under ambient CO2 levels. Elevated CO2 significantly increased the temperature optimum for photosynthesis by ca. 4 °C. Rising CO2 concentrations are likely to have a significant positive effect on the growth rate of A. germinans over the next century, especially in areas where nutrient availability is high.

Purpose – This paper aims to review the regulation of the water market in Chile, which is based on a market for buying and selling water rights, together with the criticisms that have recently been made on that matter. Methodology/approach/design – The pro market positions seeking moderate transformations will be studied on par with the more reformist ones flourishing in social activism. This paper compares these two strands. In order to find similarities among them, this paper tackles Ostrom's ideas about self-management of common goods and Croley's administrative process theory. Findings – From these theoretical approaches, it is drawn the conclusion that they converge in the institutional improvement of the Directorate General of Water and the regulation of legal bodies, alongside ideal representations of waters rights market and the human right to water., Propósito – El presente trabajo pretende revisar la regulación del mercado de las aguas en Chile, el cual está basado en un mercado de compra y venta de derechos de aprovechamiento, junto a las críticas que se le han efectuado recientemente. Metodología – En ese sentido, se estudiarán las posiciones pro mercado que buscan cambios moderados, versus las más reformistas, efectuadas desde el activismo ciudadano, que buscan cambios más profundos al mercado de las aguas, procurando puntos en común entre ambas posiciones. Para poder buscar esas similitudes, se usarán las ideas de Ostrom sobre autogestión de bienes comunes y de Croley sobre su teoría procesal administrativa. Hallazgos – Desde esas aproximaciones teóricas, se llegará a la conclusión que hay puntos de convergencia en la mejora institucional de la Dirección General de Aguas y en la regulación de las organizaciones, sin perjuicio de las representaciones ideales del mercado de la aguas y del Derecho Humano al agua.

Rincon de Parangueo is a maar where a perennial lake was present until the 1980s. A conspicuous feature of the lake’s sediments is the presence of bioherms and organo-sedimentary deposits produced by microbial communities. The gradual lake desiccation during the last 40 years has produced dramatic environmental changes inside the maar basin, which resulted in the formation of a highly saline-alkaline system with extant microorganisms. In this paper we succinctly describe the geologic setting where the microbial communities have developed inside of the maar crater and the results obtained from high-throughput sequencing methods to characterize the microbial component (Bacteria, Eukarya and Archaea) in endolithic mats of calcareous sediments, and microbial mats and free-living microorganisms in the soda ponds. The studied sites displayed different microbial communities with a diverse number of phylotypes belonging to Bacteria and Eukarya, contrasting with a much less diverse component in Archaea. The sequences here detected were related to environmental sequences from sites with extreme life conditions such as high alkalinity (alkaliphiles), high salinity (halophiles) and high temperature (thermophiles). Moreover, our results indicate an important unexplored endemic microbial biodiversity in the vestiges of the former lake that need to be studied.

The Mercurio structural dome is a poorly exposed and complex structure located in the transitional region between the Coahuila Calcareous Platform and the San Pedro El Gallo sector of the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico. It is located in the State of Chihuahua, close to the limits with Coahuila and Durango, Mexico. The dome is a circular structure, ~16 km in diameter, that can be seen in air-photos, satellite images, and shaded relief maps, but that has a subtle topographic expression on the ground. As seen in the field, the most conspicuous topographic features in the area are several hills with the morphology of volcanic necks that rise up to 250 m above the surrounding terrain. The deformation fringe of the dome is a series of cuesta-like low hills, less than 30 m high, where a poorly lithified volcano-sedimentary succession (litharenites, polymictic conglomerates, and ignimbrites) is almost completely masked by desert pavement, which is mainly constituted by well-rounded calcareous clasts derived from the Mesozoic sedimentary marine rocks and by less abundant Paleogene volcanic rocks exposed in the region. Inside the dome the following units are exposed: 1) the pre-volcanic basement in a NW-trending, upright, open anticline developed in limestone of the Aurora Formation, 2) a series of hills where is exposed a succession of epiclastic and volcanic rocks, which are similar, in age and lithology, to some facies of the Ahuichila Formation, and 3) a NW-trending dike, exposed at Cerro Dinamita, which is interpreted as an offshoot of the buried subvolcanic body that created the dome. The deformation fringe around the buried intrusive has a quaquaversal array in the bedding and forms a simple monocline-like structure in the NE part of the dome. A set of SE- and NW-trending plunging folds forms the SE and SW portions of the dome, respectively. The NW part of the fringe is nearly completely masked by volcanic rocks, but there is a ~W plunging syncline in the area. Geophysical data show a broad gravimetric high in the region, and there is a distinct aeromagnetic anomaly inside the dome. The morphological expression of the dome lies just east of a NW-trending lineament of gravity and magnetic anomalies, which may be the buried portion of a normal fault shown in geologic maps of the region northwest of the studied area. Another possible cause is an alignment of buried intrusive bodies suggested by the regional aeromagnetic data, a small diorite outcrop south of Sierra El Diablo, and presence of volcanic necks in the northern portion of Sierra Los Alamos. Available geological and geophysical information was used to model a near-surface, irregular intrusive body with variable magnetic susceptibilites. This variation in susceptibilities is consistent with observed differences in rock composition in the exposed volcanic rocks and with evidence that the structure was formed by a bimodal (andesite-rhyolite) magmatic system where mixing/mingling occurred. As a whole, the set of structures is interpreted as a dome formed by forceful magma injection into a previously folded Paleogene volcano-sedimentary succession. U-Pb zircon ages were used to bracket the age of the deformation pulses registered in the rocks. Litharenites from the deformed volcano-sedimentary succession yielded an Ypresian zircon age of ~51 Ma. A tilted, lithic-rich ignimbrite collected near the top of the exposed volcano-sedimentary succession has mean age of 46.4 +0.8/-1.6 Ma, and the Cerro Dinamita dike has a mean age of 29.37 ± 0.24 Ma. Thus, the youngest pulse of Laramide deformation in the area is younger than ~46 Ma and the re-folding, associated with emplacement of the dome occurred at ~29 Ma. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages from Mercurio sandstones suggest dominant sediment sources from plutonic and/or volcanic rocks exposed along western Mexico. Likely subordinate sources are Mesozoic sedimentary rocks in northern and central Mexico. Distribution of detrital zircon U-Pb ages in the studied samples is similar to that documented in sandstones of the Difunta Group at the Parras and La Popa basins, except that older grains (>1.0 Ga), documented in the clastic rocks of these basins, are scarce in the sandstones of the Mercurio area.

En la región ubicada al este de la parte sudoriental de la Sierra Madre Occidental (SMOc) existió un lago extenso durante parte del Oligoceno y casi todo el Mioceno. El lago se formó en una depresión tectónica, asociada con el graben de Aguascalientes y el semigraben de Teocaltiche. Los sedimentos que rellenaron parcialmente esta cuenca continental incluyen sedimentos epiclásticos derivados de las rocas de la SMOc y de la Mesa Central, precipitados químicos y bioquímicos (caliza de agua dulce) y sedimentos mixtos, así como una proporción pequeña, pero generalizada, de capas de ceniza volcánica de caída, que fueron empleadas para obtener edades de U-Pb en circón. El alcance temporal del relleno de la cuenca es amplio, pues abarca desde el Rupeliano (~28.6 Ma) hasta el Tortoniano (~7.6 Ma). Previamente, con base en fauna fósil se creía que la sucesión era solo del Mioceno tardío. En la parte sur de la SMOc hay varias cuencas de origen tectónico, con orientación NNE, que contuvieron lagos. En al menos tres de ellas (Tlaltenango, Juchipila y Teocaltiche) se sabe, por el carácter de los sedimentos y por sus fósiles del Henfiliano temprano, que hubo lagos de manera simultánea. En el graben de Bolaños, al oeste y paralelo a la cuenca de Tlaltenango, se ha propuesto la existencia de un lago durante el Neógeno, cuyos sedimentos están casi completamente erosionados, por lo que se sabe poco acerca de ellos. Para explicar el bloqueo parcial y simultáneo de los sistemas de drenaje se requiere de una causa común de carácter regional. Las cuatro cuencas tectónicas mencionadas terminan al norte de las depresiones asociadas a los rifts Tepic-Zacoalco o Tula-Chapala. El ajuste isostático en los bloques de piso de estos rifts pudo causar el cierre parcial de los ríos axiales en los grábenes con rumbos NNE y atrapar así los sedimentos. Aunque se desconoce con precisión cuando las cuencas dejaron de ser sistemas acumulativos, se cree, por la ausencia de fósiles del Blancano, que la apertura pudo suceder antes de ~4.75 Ma, valor numérico del inicio de esa etapa faunística. Una causa común probable de la apertura puede ser la invasión marina de una depresión en lo que actualmente es el Golfo de California. La creación de este nuevo nivel base de erosión pudo aumentar considerablemente el gradiente hidráulico en los sistemas fluviales, proveyendo la energía suficiente para remontar al levantamiento asociado a la actividad de los rifts.

Prostate re-biopsydoes not guarantee detection of prostate cancer(PC), sometimes leading to overdiagnosis of clinicallyinsignificant tumors. The present study shows theincidence of PC in our hospital and analyzes thedistribution of risk groups and prognosis depending inthe diagnosis obtained by first biopsy vs rebiopsy.1. To know the incidence of ProstateCancer (PC) in patients biopsied in our hospital duringthe years 2014, 2015 and 2016 as well as thedistribution by risk and prognosis groups.2. To know if there are significant differences in thedistribution of risk and prognostic groups among patientsdiagnosed of PC by first biopsy vs rebiopsies in ourhospital in the years 2014, 2015 and 2016.A longitudinal retrospectivedescriptive and analytical study was performed with496 patients undergoing prostate biopsy (PB) in ourhospital between January 1st 2014 and December31st 2016. We analyze the results of prostate biopsy,Gleason score and distribution by prognosis group toverify if there were significant differences between firstbiopsy vs prostate biopsy.The rate of positive PB in first biopsy was38.3% compared to 26.8% in rebiopsy. There weresignificant differences (p=0.01). In our series wediagnosed in first biopsy 71.8% of significant PC andthe 90% of the of bad or very bad prognosis PC (groups4 and 5 according to the ISUP classification).There are significant differences inthe diagnosis of prostate cancer between a first biopsyand a rebiopsy. Tumors diagnosed by rebiopsies havea better prognosis than those diagnosed by first biopsy.We must adopt mechanisms to increase the diagnosticyield of re-biopsies.INTRODUCCIÓN: La rebiopsia no garantiza la detección de cáncer de próstata (CP) conllevando en ocasiones al sobrediagnostico de tumores clínicamente no significativos. El presente trabajo exponela incidencia de CP en nuestro centro y analiza la distribución por grupos de riesgo y pronóstico según hayan sido diagnosticados mediante primera biopsia vs rebiopsias.1.Conocer la incidencia de Cáncer de Próstata (CP) en los pacientes biopsiados en nuestro hospital durante los años 2014, 2015 y 2016 así como conocer también la distribución por grupos deriesgo y pronóstico. 2.Conocer si existen diferencias significativas en la distribución de grupos de riesgo y pronóstico entre los pacientes diagnosticados de CP mediante primera biopsia vs rebiopsias en nuestro hospital en los años 2014, 2015 y 2016.MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio analítico descriptivo retrospectivo longitudinal con 496 pacientes sometidos a biopsia de próstata (BP) en nuestro centro entre el 1 de Enero de 2014 y el 31 de diciembre de 2016. Analizamos los resultados de biopsia prostática, score Gleason y distribución por grupos pronósticos para comprobar si existían diferencias significativas entre los pacientes sometidos a primera biopsia vs rebiopsia.La tasa de BP positivas en primera biopsia fue de 38,3% frente a los 26,8% diagnosticados en rebiopsias existiendo diferencias significativas con p=0,01. En nuestra serie el 71,8% de los CP significativos y el 90% de los CP de malo o muy mal pronóstico (Grupo 4 y 5 según la ISUP) son diagnosticados en primera biopsia.Existen diferencias significativas en el diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata cuando se realiza una primera biopsia en comparación con la realización de rebiopsia. Los tumores diagnosticados mediante rebiopsias son de mejor pronóstico que los diagnosticados mediante primera biopsia. Debemos adoptar mecanismos para aumentar la rentabilidad diagnóstica de las rebiopsias.

The knockout (KO) of the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) gene causes retinal degeneration. Here we report that ADIPOR1 protein is primarily found in the eye and brain with little expression in other tissues. Further analysis of AdipoR1 KO mice revealed that these animals exhibit early visual system abnormalities and are depleted of RHODOPSIN prior to pronounced photoreceptor death. A KO of AdipoR1 post-development either in photoreceptors or the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) resulted in decreased expression of retinal proteins, establishing a role for ADIPOR1 in supporting vision in adulthood. Subsequent analysis of the Mfrprd6 mouse retina demonstrated that these mice are lacking ADIPOR1 in their RPE layer alone, suggesting that loss of ADIPOR1 drives retinal degeneration in this model. Moreover, we found elevated levels of IRBP in both the AdipoR1 KO and the Mfrprd6 models. The spatial distribution of IRBP was also abnormal. This dysregulation of IRBP hypothesizes a role for ADIPOR1 in retinoid metabolism.