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This research was conducted to find out whether there is a significant comparison to the mathematical learning outcomes of students of class VIII SMPN 3 Waru when doing face-to-face learning and online learning. The learning results used in this study are the PAS scores of class VIII learners in odd and even semesters of the 2019/2020 school year. The method used in this study was ex post facto correlation and used the Wilcoxon test with the help of the SPSS 25 software. Wilcoxon's statistical test results showed the 2-tailed Asymptotic Significance was worth 0,506. Because 0,506>0,05 then H_a rejected and H_0 accepted, it can be concluded that this study shows no significant difference in the mathematical learning outcomes of SMPN 3 Waru learners when doing face-to-face and online learning.

Shopping centres function as meeting places, and people are using them for various non-shopping purposes. Knowledge about different social spaces, and how they are used and perceived, is important for understanding health and wellbeing in the community and for developing health promoting societies. This scoping review provides an overview of existing research examining people's positive experiences and motivations for visiting shopping centres when shopping is not the main purpose. The results showed that people are motivated by the variety of available activities found in shopping centres and that they valued specific site features of the shopping centres. People reported a range of positive experiences when visiting shopping centres including social interactions, opportunities to escape their everyday life, and experiences of place attachment and social cohesion. This shows that, non-shopping use of shopping centres seems to be important for people's wellbeing and might facilitate health promotion and social sustainability in local communities.

Triploidy is induced in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to produce sterile fish for genetic containment and to hinder early sexual maturation in farmed fish, but it can have unwanted negative effects on growth, health, and welfare. However, the growth and welfare of triploid fish may be improved by adjusting the rearing environment, feeding conditions and diets. This study evaluated physiological changes and used a suite of biomarkers to assess the potential impact of diet on growth and welfare of diploid and triploid salmon during the parr-smolt transformation. Diploids and triploids, held at low temperature, were fed a standard salmon feed or one with hydrolyzed fish proteins thought to be suitable for triploid Atlantic salmon. Fish muscle was collected monthly from October to December (2454–3044 degree-days post-start feeding, ddPSF) for analysis of biomarkers, and the progress of the parr-smolt transformation was monitored using a seawater challenge test. Real-Time PCR and radioimmunoassay were used to assess growth and stress response biomarkers (expression of genes of the GH-IGF axis and HSP70; cortisol concentrations), and oxidative stress biomarkers of lipids (MDA) and proteins (AOPP) were assayed. Changes in the biomarkers were related to sampling time rather than being associated with diet or ploidy, and the changes were compatible with the progression of the parr-smolt transformation. Growth and expressions of the biomarkers in triploid Atlantic salmon were similar to those of their diploid counterparts, and there was no evidence that the rearing conditions employed in the study resulted in stress responses being elicited. Overall, the physiological indicators and biomarkers employed in this study did not point to there being any dietary effects on performance and welfare of diploid and triploid salmon that were undergoing parr-smolt transformation.

Acrylic resins are widely used as the main components in removable orthodontic appliances. However, poor oral hygiene and maintenance of orthodontic appliances provide a suitable environment for the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, strontium-modified phosphate-based glass (Sr-PBG) was added to orthodontic acrylic resin at 0% (control), 3.75%, 7.5%, and 15% by weight to evaluate the surface and physicochemical properties of the novel material and its in vitro antifungal effect against Candida albicans (C. albicans). Surface microhardness and contact angle did not vary between the control and 3.75% Sr-PBG groups (p > 0.05), and the flexural strength was lower in the experimental groups than in the control group (p < 0.05), but no difference was found with Sr-PBG content (p > 0.05). All experimental groups showed an antifungal effect at 24 and 48 h compared to that in the control group (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that 3.75% Sr-PBG exhibits antifungal effects against C. albicans along with suitable physicochemical properties, which may help to minimize the risk of adverse effects associated with harmful microbial living on removable orthodontic appliances and promote the use of various materials., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The electronic device, with its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ease of fabrication process, shows great potential to embed into health monitoring and hardware data security systems. Herein, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) biopolymer is presented as an active layer, electrochemically active magnesium (Mg) as a metal electrode, and chitosan-based substrate (CHS) to fabricate biocompatible and biodegradable physically transient neuromorphic device (W/Mg/PVP/Mg/CHS). The I-V curve of device is non-volatile bipolar in nature and shows a unique compliance-induced multilevel RESET-dependent-SET behavior while sweeping the compliance current from a few microamperes to milliamperes. Non-volatile and stable switching properties are demonstrated with a long endurance test (100 sweeps) and retention time of over 10 4  s. The physically transient memristor (PTM) has remarkably high dynamic R ON /R OFF (ON/OFF state resistance) ratio (10 6 Ω), and when placed in deionized (DI) water, the device is observed to completely dissolve within 10 min. The pulse transient measurements demonstrate the neuromorphic computation capabilities of the device in the form of excitatory post synaptic current (EPSC), potentiation, depression, and learning behavior, which resemble the biological function of neurons. The results demonstrate the potential of W/Mg/PVP/Mg/CHS device for use in future healthcare and physically transient electronics., (© 2023 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Two synthetic phenylethylamines, N-methyl-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)propan-2-amine (MNA) and 1-phenyl-2-pyrrolidinylpentane (prolintane), are being abused by people seeking hallucinogens for pleasure. These new psychotropic substances may provoke problems because there is no existing information about their toxicity and pharmacological behaviors. Therefore, we evaluated the safety of nerves and cardiovascular systems by determining toxicity after MNA and prolintane drugs administrations to mice and rat. Consequently, side effects such as increased spontaneous motion and body temperature were observed in oral administration of MNA. In addition, both substances reduced motor coordination levels. The IHC tests were conducted to see whether the immune response also shows abnormalities in brain tissue compared to the control group. It has been confirmed that the length of allograft inflammatory factor 1(IBA-1), an immune antibody known as microglia marker, has been shortened. We identified that a problem with the contact between synapses and neurons might be possibly produced. In the assessment of the cardiac toxicity harmfulness, no substances have been confirmed to be toxic to myocardial cells, but at certain concentrations, they have caused the QT prolongation, an indicator of ventricular arrhythmia. In addition, the hERG potassium channel, the biomarker of the QT prolongation, has been checked for inhibition. The results revealed that the possibility of QT prolongation through the hERG channel could not be excluded, and the two substances can be considered toxic that may cause ventricular arrhythmia. In sum, this study demonstrated that the possibility of toxicity in MNA and prolintane compounds might bring many harmful effects on nerves and hearts.

Five types of odor-emitting exhaust gases from medical waste were selected, and their adsorption capacity and desorption efficiency were investigated using activated carbon. The selected gases included polar gases (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3)) and non-polar gases (acetaldehyde (AA), methyl mercaptan (MM), and trimethylamine (TMA))). Commercial activated carbon with a specific surface area of 2276 m2/g was used as the adsorbent. For the removal of odor from medical waste, we investigated: (1) the effective adsorption capacity of a single gas (<1 ppm), (2) the effect of the adsorbed NH3 gas concentration and flow rate, and (3) the desorption rate using NH3 gas. The values of the effective adsorption capacity of the single gas were in the following order: H2S < NH3 < AA < MM < TMA, at 0.2, 4.2, 6.3, 6.6, and 35.7 mg/g, respectively. The results indicate that polar gases have a lower effective adsorption capacity than that of non-polar gases, and that the size of the gas molecules and effective adsorption capacity exhibit a proportional relationship. The effective adsorption performance of NH3 gas showed an increasing trend with NH3 concentration. Therefore, securing optimal conditions for adsorption/desorption is imperative for the highly efficient removal of odor from medical waste.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a horse-riding simulator (HRS) with virtual reality (VR) on gross motor function, balance control, and body composition in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Seventeen preschool and school-aged children with spastic CP were included; 10 children in the intervention group (HRS group) received 30 min of HRS with VR training twice a week for a total of 16 sessions in addition to conventional physiotherapy. Seven children in the control group were instructed to perform home-based aerobic exercises twice a week for 8 weeks in addition to conventional physiotherapy. Gross motor function measure (GMFM) and body composition were evaluated before the first session and after the last session. Before and after the 2-month intervention, Pediatric Balance Scale and Timed Up and Go test were evaluated for the HRS group. GMFM scores and body composition changed significantly in the HRS group (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the control group. Changes in the GMFM total scores, GMFM dimension D scores, and skeletal muscle mass significantly differed between the HRS and control groups (p < 0.05). HRS with VR may be an effective adjunctive therapeutic approach for the rehabilitation of children with CP.

Embryonic cancer cells (CSCs) could cause different types of cancer, a skill that makes them even more dangerous than other cancer cells. Identifying CSCs using natural products is a good option as it inhibits the recurrence of cancer with moderate various effects. Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid extracted from fruit and herbal remedies and has known anticancer functions against various cancer cells. However, its potential against CSCs remains uncertain. This study was planned to examine the induction of cell apoptosis by the UA. For cell signaling studies, we performed experiments, which are real-time qPCR and immunoblotting. Also, various cellular processes were analyzed using flow cytometry. The results raised a barrier to cell proliferation by the UA in NTERA-2 and NCCIT cells. Morphological studies also confirmed the UA's ability to cause cell death in embryonic CSCs. Examination of cell death importation showed that the UA formed the expression of the iNOS and thus the cell generation and mitochondrial reactive oxygen generation, which created a reaction to cellular DNA damage by raising the protein levels of phospho-histone ATR and ATM. In addition, the UA created the binding of the G0/G1 cell cycle to NTERA-2 and NCCIT cells, improved the expression levels of p21 and p27, and reduced the expression levels of CDK4, cyclin D1, and cyclin E, confirming the UA's ability to initiate cell cycle arrest. Finally, the UA created an internal mechanism of apoptosis in the embryonic CSC using BAX and cytochrome c regulation as well as the regulation of BCL-xL and BCL-2 proteins. Therefore, UA could be the best candidate for targeting CSCs and thus suppressing the emergence of cancer., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Dong Young Kang et al.)

Embryonic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can differentiate into any cancer type. Targeting CSCs with natural compounds is a promising approach as it suppresses cancer recurrence with fewer adverse effects. 6-Gingerol is an active component of ginger, which exhibits well-known anti-cancer activities. This study determined the mechanistic aspects of cell death induction by 6-gingerol. To analyze cellular processes, we used Western blot and real-time qPCR for molecular signaling studies and conducted flow cytometry. Our results suggested an inhibition of CSC marker expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling by 6-gingerol in NCCIT and NTERA-2 cells. 6-Gingerol induced reactive oxygen species generation, the DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest, and the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in embryonic CSCs. Furthermore, 6-gingerol inhibited iron metabolism and induced PTEN, which both played vital roles in the induction of cell death. The activation of PTEN resulted in the inhibition of PD-L1 expression through PI3K/AKT/p53 signaling. The induction of PTEN also mediated the downregulation of microRNAs miR-20b, miR-21, and miR-130b to result in PD-L1 suppression by 6-gingerol. Hence, 6-gingerol may be a promising candidate to target CSCs by regulating PTEN-mediated PD-L1 expression., Competing Interests: Author J-ML was employed by company SK Bioscience. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Sp, Kang, Jo, Lee, Bae and Jang.)

Embryonic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can differentiate into any cancer type. Targeting CSC using natural compounds is a good approach as it suppresses cancer recurrence with fewer adverse effects, and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a sulfur-containing compound with well-known anticancer activities. This study determined the mechanistic aspects of the anticancer activity of MSM. We used Western blotting and real-time qPCR for molecular signaling studies and conducted flow cytometry for analyzing the processes in cells. Our results suggested an inhibition in the expression of CSC markers and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. MSM induced TRAIL-mediated extrinsic apoptosis in NCCIT and NTERA-2 cells rather than an intrinsic pathway. Inhibition of iron metabolism-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation takes part in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis induction by MSM. Suppressing iron metabolism by MSM also regulated p38/p53/ERK signaling and microRNA expressions, such as upregulating miR-130a and downregulating miR-221 and miR-222, which resulted in TRAIL induction and thereby extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Hence, MSM could be a good candidate for neoadjuvant therapy by targeting CSCs by inhibiting iron metabolism.

Iron metabolism and heme biosynthesis are essential processes in cells during the energy cycle. Alteration in these processes could create an inflammatory condition, which results in tumorigenesis. Studies are conducted on the exact role of iron/heme metabolism in induced inflammatory conditions. This study used lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or high-glucose-induced inflammation conditions in THP-1 cells to study how iron/heme metabolism participates in inflammatory responses. Here, we used iron and heme assays for measuring total iron and heme. We also used flow cytometry and Western blotting to analyze molecular responses. Our results demonstrated that adding LPS or high-glucose induced iron formation and heme synthesis and elevated the expression levels of proteins responsible for iron metabolism and heme synthesis. We then found that further addition of heme or 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) increased heme biosynthesis and promoted inflammatory responses by upregulating TLR4/NF-κB and inflammatory cytokine expressions. We also demonstrated the inhibition of heme synthesis using succinylacetone (SA). Moreover, N-MMP inhibited LPS- or high-glucose-induced inflammatory responses by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signaling. Hence, iron/heme metabolism checkpoints could be considered a target for treating inflammatory conditions.

Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and STAT3 signaling is considered a major pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced inflammation. Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR‑4) is an inflammatory response receptor that activates JAK2 during inflammation. STAT3 is a transcription factor for the pro‑inflammatory cytokine IL‑6 in inflammation. Sulfur is an essential element in the amino acids and is required for growth and development. Non‑toxic sulfur (NTS) can be used in livestock feeds as it lacks toxicity. The present study aimed to inhibit LPS‑induced inflammation in C2C12 myoblasts using NTS by regulating TLR‑4 and JAK2/STAT3 signaling via the modulation of IL‑6. The 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was conducted to analyze cell viability and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting performed to measure mRNA and protein expression levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine the binding activity of proteins. The results indicated that NTS demonstrated a protective effect against LPS‑induced cell death and inhibited LPS‑induced expression of TLR‑4, JAK2, STAT3 and IL‑6. In addition, NTS inhibited the expression of nuclear phosphorylated‑STAT3 and its binding to the IL‑6 promoter. Therefore, NTS may be a potential candidate drug for the treatment of inflammation.

Recently, natural compounds have been used globally for cancer treatment studies. Silibinin is a natural compound extracted from Silybum marianum (milk thistle), which has been suggested as an anticancer drug through various studies. Studies on its activity in various cancers are undergoing. This study demonstrated the molecular signaling behind the anticancer activity of silibinin in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis were performed for molecular signaling analysis. Wound healing assay, invasion assay, and in vitro angiogenesis were performed for the anticancer activity of silibinin. The results indicated that silibinin inhibited A549, H292, and H460 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, as confirmed by the induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, migration, and invasion. This study also assessed the role of silibinin in suppressing tumorsphere formation using the tumorsphere formation assay. By binding to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), silibinin downregulated phosphorylated EGFR expression, which then inhibited its downstream targets, the JAK2/STAT5 and PI3K/AKT pathways, and thereby reduced matrix metalloproteinase, PD-L1, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Binding analysis demonstrated that STAT5 binds to the PD-L1 promoter region in the nucleus and silibinin inhibited the STAT5/PD-L1 complex. Altogether, silibinin could be considered as a candidate for tumor immunotherapy and cancer stem cell-targeted therapy.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response leads to serious damage, up to and including tumorigenesis. Natural mineral sulfur, non-toxic sulfur (NTS), and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) have anti-inflammatory activity that may inhibit LPS-induced inflammation. We hypothesized that sulfur compounds could inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory responses in CCD-986Sk skin fibroblasts. We used Western blotting and real-time PCR to analyze molecular signaling in treated and untreated cultures. We also used flow cytometry for cell surface receptor analysis, comet assays to evaluate DNA damage, and ELISA-based cytokine detection. LPS induced TLR4 activation and NF-κB signaling via canonical and protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent pathways, while NTS and MSM downregulated that response. NTS and MSM also inhibited LPS-induced nuclear accumulation and binding of NF-κB to proinflammatory cytokines COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-6. Finally, the sulfur compounds suppressed LPS-induced ROS accumulation and DNA damage in CCD-986Sk cells. These results suggest that natural sulfur compounds could be used to treat inflammation and may be useful in the development of cosmetics.

Background/aim: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Small molecule-based chemotherapy is an attractive approach for the chemoprevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a natural organosulfur compound with anticancer properties, as revealed by studies on in vitro models of gingival, prostate, lung, hepatic, and breast cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of MSM in colon cancer cells remain unclear., Materials and Methods: Here, we investigated the effects of MSM, especially on the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, in HT-29 cells., Results: MSM suppressed the viability of HT-29 cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G 0 /G 1 phase. MSM suppressed the sphere-forming ability and expression of stemness markers in HT-29 cells., Conclusion: MSM has anti-cancer effects on HT-29 cells, and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, while suppressing the stemness potential., (Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Background/aim: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one among the most common cancers worldwide. Recently, dietary phytochemicals have been reported as an attractive approach to improve the symptoms of NSCLC patients. Tannic acid is a natural polyphenol, which is known to have anticancer effects on in vitro models of breast, gingival and colon cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with the actions of tannic acid on A549 human lung cancer cells have not been elucidated., Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed the effect of tannic acid on A549 cells and their underlying mechanisms using western blotting, flow cytometry, invasion assay and tumorsphere formation assay., Results: Tannic acid treatment suppressed the viability of A549 cells through cell cycle arrest and induction of the intrinsic pathways of apoptosis. In addition, the various malignant phenotypes of A549 cells including invasion, migration, and stemness were inhibited by tannic acid treatment., Conclusion: Tannic acid could be used as an effective inhibitor of lung cancer progression., (Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

High glucose-induced inflammation leads to atherosclerosis, which is considered a major cause of death in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) plays a central role in high glucose-induced inflammation and is activated through toll-like receptors (TLRs) as well as canonical and protein kinase C-dependent (PKC) pathways. Non-toxic sulfur (NTS) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) are two sulfur-containing natural compounds that can induce anti-inflammation. Using Western blotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and flow cytometry, we found that high glucose-induced inflammation occurs through activation of TLRs. An effect of NTS and MSM on canonical and PKC-dependent NF-κB pathways was also demonstrated by western blotting. The effects of proinflammatory cytokines were investigated using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results showed inhibition of the glucose-induced expression of TLR2 and TLR4 by NTS and MSM. These sulfur compounds also inhibited NF-κB activity through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated canonical and PKC-dependent pathways. Finally, NTS and MSM inhibited the high glucose-induced expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α and binding of NF-κB protein to the DNA of proinflammatory cytokines. Together, these results suggest that NTS and MSM may be potential drug candidates for anti-inflammation therapy.

Background/aim: Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a natural organic compound that displays anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant properties. MSM reportedly has potential in inhibition of tumor cells. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of MSM on lung cancer remain unclear., Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of MSM on A549 cells was examined. We focused on the mode of apoptosis induced by MSM and investigated alterations in the integrity of the outer membrane of mitochondria., Results: Our results showed that MSM inhibited viability of A549 cells and changed the shape and permeability of nuclei. In addition, MSM induced G 2 /M arrest. MSM reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential and contributed to release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm., Conclusion: MSM is a potential anticancer agent for the treatment of lung cancer., (Copyright© 2020, International Institute of Anticancer Research (Dr. George J. Delinasios), All rights reserved.)

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common lung cancer subtype and accounts for more than 80% of all lung cancer cases. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation by binding growth factors such as EGF activates downstream prooncogenic signaling pathways including KRAS-ERK, JAK-STAT, and PI3K-AKT. These pathways promote the tumor progression of NSCLC by inducing uncontrolled cell cycle, proliferation, migration, and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. New cytotoxic drugs have facilitated considerable progress in NSCLC treatment, but side effects are still a significant cause of mortality. Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid; GA) is a phenolic natural compound, isolated from plant derivatives, that has been reported to show anticancer effects. We demonstrated the tumor-suppressive effect of GA, which induced the decrease of PD-L1 expression through binding to EGFR in NSCLC. This binding inhibited the phosphorylation of EGFR, subsequently inducing the inhibition of PI3K and AKT phosphorylation, which triggered the activation of p53. The p53-dependent upregulation of miR-34a induced PD-L1 downregulation. Further, we revealed the combination effect of GA and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody in an NSCLC-cell and peripheral blood mononuclear-cell coculture system. We propose a novel therapeutic application of GA for immunotherapy and chemotherapy in NSCLC.

Insulin‑like growth factor‑1 (IGF‑1) regulates cell growth, glucose uptake and protein metabolism, and is required for growth hormone (GH) signaling‑mediated insulin production and secretion. IGF1 expression is associated with STAT5, which binds to a region (TTCNNNGAA) of the gene. Although sulfur is used in various fields, the toxicity of this element is a significant disadvantage as it causes indigestion, vomiting, diarrhea, pain and migraine. Therefore, it is difficult to conduct in vitro experiments to directly determine the effects of dietary sulfur. Additionally, it is difficult to dissolve non‑toxic sulfur (NTS). The present study aimed to identify the role of NTS in GH signaling as a Jak2/STAT5b/IGF‑1 pathway regulator. MTT assay was used to identify an optimum NTS concentration for C2C12 mouse muscle cells. Western blotting, RT‑PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, overexpression and small interfering RNA analyses were performed. NTS was dissolved in 1 mg/ml DMSO and could be used in vitro. Therefore, the present study determined whether NTS induced mouse muscle cell growth via GH signaling. NTS notably increased STAT5b binding to the Igf1 promoter. NTS also promoted GH signaling by upregulating GH receptor expression, similar to GH treatment. NTS enhanced GH signaling by regulating Jak2/STAT5b/IGF‑1 signaling pathway factor expression in C2C12 mouse muscle cells. Thus, NTS may be used as a GH‑enhancing growth stimulator.

: Human embryonic carcinoma (EC; NCCIT) cells have self-renewal ability and pluripotency. Cancer stem cell markers are highly expressed in NCCIT cells, imparting them with the pluripotent nature to differentiate into other cancer types, including breast cancer. As one of the main cancer stem cell pathways, Wnt/β-catenin is also overexpressed in NCCIT cells. Thus, inhibition of these pathways defines the ability of a drug to target cancer stem cells. Tannic acid (TA) is a natural polyphenol present in foods, fruits, and vegetables that has anti-cancer activity. Through Western blotting and PCR, we demonstrate that TA inhibits cancer stem cell markers and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in NCCIT cells and through a fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis we demonstrated that TA induces sub-G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The mechanism underlying this is the induction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) (mROS), which then induce the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated extrinsic apoptosis pathway instead of intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Moreover, ribonucleic acid sequencing data with TA in NCCIT cells show an elevation in TRAIL-induced extrinsic apoptosis, which we confirm by Western blotting and real-time PCR. The induction of human TRAIL also proves that TA can induce extrinsic apoptosis in NCCIT cells by regulating mROS., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Fluorescent proteins, such as the green fluorescent protein, are used for detection of cellular components and events. However, green fluorescent protein and its derivatives have limited usage under anaerobic conditions and require a long maturation time. On the other hand, the NADPH-dependent blue fluorescent protein (BFP) without oxidative modification of residues is instantly functional in both aerobic and anaerobic systems. BFP proteins belong to a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) protein family, and their fluorescent property changes with reaction time in the presence of a substrate. With the aim of developing a better fluorescent reporter independent of redox state, we elucidated the crystal structure of a tetrameric mBFP from soil metagenomes with and without NADPH. Apart from the previously known regions, structure-guided mutational studies have identified several residues that contribute to the fluorescence of mBFP, including two aromatic residues (F97 and Y157) near the nicotinamide moiety of the bound NADPH. A single histidine mutation at Y157 (Y157H) has conferred more stabilized, time-independent fluorescence even in the presence of substrates. Furthermore, we discovered another SDR protein that can also emit blue fluorescence. These results open a new possibility for the development of BFP as a stable cellular reporter for widespread use, independent of subcellular environments., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Streptococcus parauberis is a known etiologic agent that causes damage leading to death in flatfish ( paralichthys olivaceus ). Liposomes were used to deliver streptococcal oral vaccines to the intestinal mucous membranes of paralichthys olivaceus . The liposomes were coated for stabilization, and stability was measured with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The liposomes were stable until day nine and were orally administered to flatfish as a vaccine. The resultant antibody titers were analyzed. The titers resulting from the uncoated liposomes were highest two weeks after the oral administration, and those resulting from the coated liposomes were highest one week after boosting. In addition, the bacteria were subcutaneously injected to artificially infect flatfish and the survival rates and relative survival rates were analyzed. The coated liposomes were found to yield the highest survival rate.

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of mixed extracts of Achyranthes japonica Nakai (AJ) and Aralia continentalis Kitagawa (AC) (ratios of 1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 2:1, 3:1 and 5:1) on RAW264.7 macrophages and evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of the mixed extracts of AJ and AC by measuring IL-1 β , IL-6, and TNF α using the ELISA kit assay. In particular, the formation of nitric oxide (NO) was found to decrease in the group treated with the combined extracts of AJ and AC at all ratios. In particular, extracts of ratio of 2:1 (AJ:AC) deceased the formation of NO level that is approximately 60% of the group treated with only lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Also, extracts of ratio of 2:1 (AJ:AC) reduced the production of IL-1 β , IL-6, TNF α and PGE2 with statistical significance. Volunteers over the age of 50 who complain of discomfort in knee joints were selected as the experimental subjects. The subjects took daily administration of 2000 mg of the combined extracts of ratio of 2:1 (AJ:AC) for 12 weeks. A survey (VAS (Visual Analog Scale), WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index)) was conducted after the 12 weeks of oral administration. The experimental group showed the change between each visit and baseline time compared with the control group. In the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, VAS score and WOMAC stiffness score decreased significantly. And the WOMAC total score and function score tended to decrease. In the per-protocol (PP) analysis, the WOMAC stiffness score was significantly decreased and the VAS and WOMAC total and function scores were decreased. There was no significant difference in all parameters of ITT and PP in radiological examinations.

A frequency reconfigurable dipole antenna based on a silicon radiator is presented. The silicon radiator is activated with the aid of highly dense solid-state plasma by injecting carriers into the intrinsic region of p-i-n diodes. The fabrication and design guideline of the reconfigurable dipole antenna with this plasma radiator are described. When the plasma radiator is activated or deactivated, the length of the dipole arm changes, which means that the operating frequency of the dipole antenna is reconfigurable. When all the channels in the plasma radiator are activated, the operating frequency is tuned from 6.3 GHz to 4.9 GHz. The measured tunable bandwidth of our fabricated dipole antenna is approximately 31%, which is a practical value in comparison to conventional frequency reconfigurable antennas whose tunable bandwidth is in a range from 20% to 50%. To further support the validity of our results, we provide the well-matched simulation results from an antenna simulation. These results demonstrate that silicon with its commercial technology, which has not attracted attention in comparison to a metal antennas, is a promising tunable material for a frequency reconfigurable antenna. This plasma-based reconfigurable antenna has great potential for use in the dynamic communication environment.

Two new diastereomeric chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid as a chiral tethering group and a Π-basic chiral unit such as (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (CSP 1) or (S)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (CSP 2) were prepared. The two CSPs were applied to the enantiomeric separation of N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-1-phenylalkylamines and N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)-α-amino acid derivatives using 20% isopropyl alcohol in hexane as a normal mobile phase. To elucidate the effect of the two chiral units on the chiral recognition, the chiral recognition abilities of the two CSPs were compared with each other and with that of a CSP (CSP 3) based on (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine. From the chromatographic chiral recognition results, (R)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine and (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid constituting CSP 1 were concluded to show a cooperative ("matched") effect on the chiral recognition while (S)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine and (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid constituting CSP 2 were concluded to show an uncooperative ("mismatched") effect on the chiral recognition. From these results, it was concluded that (+)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid can be successfully used as a chiral tethering group for the preparation of new CSPs.