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Modern systems, civilian (e.g. automotive), and military (manned and unmanned aircraft, surface vehicles, submerged vessels), suffer initial design faults or failure modes (FMs), including software bugs, which detrimentally affect the system's reliability and availability. FMs must be removed or mitigated in impact during initial testing, including accelerated testing, in order for the system to meet its reliability requirements and operate satisfactorily in the field. This paper concerns models for reliability growth in which the behaviors of FMs are assumed independent, but of different types. Test effort is guided by prior information, expressed probabilistically, on the random number and tenacities of such FMs that are of various origins in the designs. Estimation of the numbers of FMs that will ultimately activate while in the field is considered here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is one person's view of human cytogenetics over the past 5 0 years. The flowering of human cytogenetics led the way to the establishment of clinical genetics as one of the most important developments in medicine in the twentieth century. The article is written from the viewpoint of a scientist who never tired of analyzing the images of dividing cells on the light microscope and interpreting the wealth of information contained in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]