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Introduction: A rational way of nourishment, combined with adequate physical activity, are the basic components of maintaining proper body condition. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate nutritional status among children and adolescents with different levels of physical activity. Methods: The study group consisted of 1,013 students of both genders aged between 7 and 18 years attending elementary and post-primary schools (general and sports profile) in Siemianowice Slaskie. Results: The crude body mass index (BMI) values ranged from 12.78 to 35.3. Body mass within the limits of arbitrary standard referred to 70% of the examined group, overweight or obesity was found in over 25%. Percentage of body fat (FATP) values ranged from 5.7 to 45.2%. Conclusions: A significant number of children and adolescents were overweight or obese based on BMI categories and FATP values. Overweight and obesity were most common among younger children, particularly boys. Higher torso FATP levels were more common among sports-oriented class students. BMI is not a good tool for the determination of the nutritional status of children and adolescents, while the bioelectric impedance method enables one to conduct a precise analysis of adipose tissue content and location. Sports-oriented elementary school students from the study group were characterized by higher FATP values.

Summary Background & aims Abnormalities of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) secretion may cause calcium-phosphate (Ca–P) metabolism disorders in nephrolithiasis. Post-phosphate-load alterations in serum Ca, P and PTH, phosphaturia and calciuria enable monitoring hormonal regulation of Ca–P homeostasis. Our study aimed to determine differences in: 1.selected Ca–P metabolism parameters between healthy and kidney-stone-forming individuals, 2.PTH and FGF23 secretion induced by sodium-phosphate-load(NaP-load) in patients with/without hypercalciuria, 3.secretion of Ca–P related hormones in patients with low and normal/high serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3). Methods Sodium phosphates NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4-100mmol were administered orally for five days in 19 hypercalciuric [urinary Ca(U–Ca) 6.5 ± 1.7 mmol/d]–HSF, 35 normocalciuric (2.5±1 mmol/d)–NSF stone-forming patients and 19 controls (U–Ca 2.5 ± 1.4 mmol/d)–CG. On days 1 and 5 PTH-,FGF23-,Ca-,P were determined before and after NaP-load. The areas under PTH, FGF23 curves (AUC) were calculated. U–Ca, urinary phosphate (U–P) and sodium (U–Na) were also determined. Results Following NaP-load, patients and controls exhibited expected alterations in Ca–P homeostasis. Despite changes in phosphate and PTH, no differences in FGF23 concentrations were observed. Patients differed from controls in having higher AUCPTH, calciuria and natriuresis, taking longer for PTH and P to normalize and lack of correlation between AUCPTH and phosphaturia. Post-NaP-load hypocalciuric effect of PTH secretion in NSF was less pronounced than in CG. In the HSFs, the hypocalciuric effect was more pronounced than in NSFs, but insufficient to correct hypercalciuria. In all stone-formers with low 25OHD3 concentrations, the AUCFGF23 was significantly increased on first (1215 ± 605vs766 ± 315 p = 0.0457) and fifth days (1211 ± 641vs777 ± 299 p = 0.041) of NaP-load, compared to normal/high 25OHD3-patients. Hypercalciuric patients with low 25OHD3 concentrations had greater AUCPTH5 than those with normal/high 25OHD3 (1005 ± 401vs835 ± 220 p = 0.0341). Conclusions Compared to controls, kidney-stone-forming patients exhibited enhanced PTH secretion after NaP-load. The HSFs showed a more pronounced hypocalciuric effect than NSFs, but insufficient to correct hypercalciuria. In hypercalciuric stone-formers with low 25OHD3, FGF23 engagement in hyperphosphatemia reduction increased.

Background Bacterial reinfection of dental cavities remains an unsolved clinical problem. The search for methods enabling the limitation of the bacterial factor has become the fundamental goal of the dental materials research. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used as disinfection agents. An incomplete polymerization of the polymer resins combined with AgNPs, along with the increase of the release of the unbound monomers, have been found. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the vitality of the human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in response to a disinfection agent containing silver and gold nanoparticles (NPs), different bonding systems, glass-ionomer cement (GIC), and their combinations with the disinfection agent. Also, the influence of these materials both on the secretory function of DPSCs and on their antibacterial properties was established. Material and methods Cytotoxicity (MTT assay) and genotoxicity (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - ELISA) assays were used in the study. Antibacterial features were assessed with the optical density (OD) measurement of the bacteria (Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius and Lactobacillus acidophilus) kept in dental materials. Results The disinfection liquid proved to be biocompatible. However, it relevantly interfered with the total-etch bonding system in terms of vitality, which may have serious clinical implications. Its combination with the self-etching system was biocompatible, yet it impaired the antibacterial action of the system. An enhancement of antibacterial action of GIC with AgNPs was found. Conclusions The disinfection liquid and GIC were biocompatible toward the DPSCs in terms of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Simultaneous usage of AgNPs with other dental materials did not affect the biocompatibility of the used materials. The disinfection liquid and GIC acted as antibacterial agents against all studied bacteria species. Used together with GIC and the total-etch bonding system, the disinfection liquid seemed to be efficient toward bacteria, yet it relevantly impaired the antibacterial action of self-etching systems.

An early stage of dentine formation and its later appropriate mineralization require the deposition of collagen type I and subsequent deposition of multiple non-collagenous proteins. The most critical non-collagenous proteins for dentineogenesis belong to two families, the Small Leucine Rich Proteoglycans (SLRP) and the Small Integrin-Binding Ligands (SIBLING). The threepart manuscript summarizes current knowledge of the molecular mechanism of dentineogenesis. It argues the confirmed but also speculative theses about the function of non-collagenous proteins and their potential role in the formation of sclerotic dentine. In the opinion of the authors this may play a key role in the planning of prosthetic treatment. Considering the current knowledge of dentine a number of opponents speculate that long-lasting teeth grinding and clenching might modify the level of expression of the non-collagenous proteins in dentine, and thus invalidate or impair further prosthetic treatment. The first part of the manuscript contains a short introduction to dentine formation and roles of the SLRP family proteoglycans in the process of�dentineogenesis. The emphasis has been put on two proteoglycans: decorin and biglycan and their ability to interfere with the process of spatial orientation of the collagenous fibres in dentine.

Turner syndrome (TS) is characterized by the partial or complete loss of one sex chromosome and results in growth failure, gonadal insufficiency and cardiac anomalies. Treatment with growth hormone (GH) during childhood has indisputable benefits when taking into account the low stature of TS women. Medical records and biochemical findings of 33 TS women treated with GH in childhood (GH+) were compared to those of 124 TS women who did not receive GH (GH−). It seems that the GH-treated group might have had a more severe initial phenotype than the untreated group, as evidenced by higher FSH, more feeding issues in infancy, more lymphedema cases and urinary system malformations. GH+ women were significantly taller and had a better lipid profile and lower prevalence of arterial hypertension than GH− . However, they also had lower thrombocyte counts, a greater prevalence of retrognathism and nail anomalies, especially when the GH treatment was delayed. Long-term GH use was not as effective for growth as GH treatment during the initial period and seemed to have resulted in elevated creatinine levels. GH treatment in childhood has benefits in adulthood; however, adverse effects may occur, especially in individuals with treatment that is delayed or is too long.

Multiple studies showed that the cessation of TWIST1 expression is the prerequisite for osteoblasts' maturation. However, recent reports revealed that the function of TWIST1 is different in the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), where a high level of TWIST1 expression promoted DPSCs' differentiation. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of TWIST1 and ID1 on the differentiation process in the human DPSCs. Methods TWIST1 and ID1 expression in the DSPCs was modulated by lentivirus transduction. Genes expression was assessed with qRT-PCR. The proteins level was evaluated by Western blot. The DPSCs differentiation was assessed with the proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and calcium concentration assays. Results TWIST1 silencing suppressed the expression of ID1 and both the early and late markers of odontoblasts' differentiation detected at the transcript and protein level. The forced overexpression of ID1 increased the expression of the late markers of odontoblasts differentiation but diminished the expression of the early markers. DPCSs with the silenced TWIST1 and subsequent ID1 overexpression displayed an increase in the expression of the late markers of odontoblasts differentiation. Cells with silenced TWIST1 and overexpressing ID1 had increased activity of ALP, higher calcium concentration and decreased proliferation rate. The high level of ID1 expression might be a critical factor stimulating DPSCs differentiation and it might compensate the repressed differentiation of DPSCs caused by TWIST1 silencing. Conclusion The mutual correlation between the expression level of TWIST1 and ID1 might be a critical factor driving the process of the human odontoblasts' differentiation.

The 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-based adjuvant chemotherapy improves the survival of patients with colorectal cancer, however the main obstacle affecting its effectiveness is a drug resistance. Our study aimed to investigate the impact of TWIST1 silencing on the sensitivity of cancer cells to 5FU. The suppression of TWIST1 expression in human colon cancer HT29 and HCT116 cell lines was achieved by transduction with lentiviral vector carrying the TWIST1 silencing sequence (pLL3.7-shTWIST1). The suppression of TWIST1 expression induced changes in the expression pattern of epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers, reduced the cells proliferation rate, increased their sensitivity to serum withdrawn, and increased the cytotoxic effect of 5FU. However, significantly higher 5FU cytotoxicity was observed in HT29 cell cultures. Cells with silenced TWIST1 displayed altered expression of enzymes metabolizing 5FU. The expression level of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, and thymidylate synthase decreased significantly in HT29 shTWIST1 cells, but not in HCT116 shTWIST1 cells. On the other hand, significant increases in the expression levels of thymidine phosphorylase, and uridine phosphorylase 1 were seen in both cell lines with suppressed expression of TWIST1. The changes in enzymes expression were mirrored by enzymatic activities. In conclusion, our observations point to TWIST1 as a target protein to enhance the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to 5FU.

Background/Aim: Currently, it has been proposed that combination of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) with inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway might enhance the efficacy of 5FU-based chemotherapy in colon cancer. Our study aimed to investigate an impact of TWIST1 silencing on the sensitivity of cancer cells to 5FU and selected MAPK inhibitors. Materials and Methods: The suppression of TWIST1 expression in human colon cancer HT29 and HCT116 cell lines was achieved by transduction with lentiviral vector carrying the TWIST1 silencing sequence (pLL3.7-sh TWIST1). The statistical calculation was performed with analysis of variance or Dunnett's test for comparison to control group. Paired Student's t-test was performed when two groups were analyzed. Results: Suppression of TWIST1 reduced the proliferation rate of colon cancer cells and enhanced their sensitivity to 5FU and MAPKs inhibitors. The sensitivity of HT29 cells to examined compounds was more dependent on TWIST1 expression level compared to HCT116 cells. The most noticeable effect of TWIST1 suppression on sensitivity of both colon cancer cell lines to combined treatment of 5FU and the MAPKs inhibitors was observed for inhibitors of p38α/β and JNK1-3. We also noted that the suppression of TWIST1 significantly sensitized both cell lines to combined treatment of 5FU and Rac inhibitor. Conclusions: Our observations point to TWIST1 expression level as a marker of colon cancer sensitivity to combined treatment of 5FU and MAPKs inhibitors.

Wstep: Leptyna reguluje odpowiedź immunologiczną organizmow. Mlodziencze idiopatyczne zapalenie stawow (MIZS) jest przewleklą chorobą stawow u dzieci prowadzącą do przewleklych zmian w narządach ukladu ruchu. Material i metody: U dzieci z MIZS (n = 42) i zdrowych osobnikow (n = 28) analizowano nastepujące parametry: stezenie leptyny (LEP), wskaźnik masy ciala (BMI), hematokryt (HTC), zawartośc hemoglobiny (HB), liczba elementow morfotycznych krwi (WBC, LYMPH), odczyn OB i obecnośc przeciwcial ANA Hep-2. Grupe MIZS podzielono na: dzieci dluzej chorujące (51–148 miesiecy) n = 22 (IA) i krocej chorujące (2–18 miesiecy) n = 20 (IB). Wyniki: Tylko u 58,3% dzieci grupy IA i 50% dzieci grupy IB potwierdzono obecnośc przeciwcial przeciwjądrowych ANA Hep-2. U chorych dzieci wykazano wyzsze poziomy LYMPH i OB oraz wieksze zroznicowanie wynikow, w porownaniu do dzieci zdrowych. Najwyzsze stezenie LEP dla grupy IA wynosilo 37,50 ng/cm3, (Me 5,85) dla IB 40,10 ng/cm3, (Me2,46), w porownaniu z IC, gdzie wynosilo odpowiednio 3,74 ng/cm3 (Me 2,85). Średnia wartośc BMI dla grupy IA wynosila 16,61 kg/m2, dla IC 18,91 kg/m2, a mediana dla IB 15,89 kg/m2 . U dzieci z BMI l 23 kg/m2, grupy IA i IB, stwierdzono nizsze stezenia leptyny w porownaniu z grupą kontrolną (p = 0,04). Stwierdzono wplyw schorzenia na zroznicowanie stezenia leptyny w przeliczeniu na BMI w obu grupach dzieci chorych. U chorych dzieci, z krotszym czasem trwania choroby, wykazano wieksze zroznicowanie wartości stezenia leptyny w przeliczeniu na BMI, niz u zdrowych. Wnioski: Dzieci z mlodzienczym idiopatycznym zapaleniem stawow z BMIl23 kg/m2 mają nizsze stezenie leptyny niz dzieci grupy kontrolnej. Dzieci z MIZS z krotszym czasem trwania choroby, charakteryzują sie wiekszym zroznicowaniem stezenia leptyny w przeliczeniu na jednostke BMI, w porownaniu ze zdrowymi dziecmi. (Endokrynol Pol 2015; 66 (5): 417–421)

Objective To assess possible changes in leptin and ghrelin secretion due to etanercept in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Methods 50 patients with JIA and 16 age-matched controls were enrolled into this prospective, cross-sectional study. Serum leptin, total and acyl ghrelin were measured in addition to white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts. Results 25 patients received etanercept and 25 conventional therapies (including methotrexate) for JIA. There was no difference between treatment and control groups in leptin or ghrelin levels and no evidence of a relationship between leptin and ghrelin in patients with JIA. In all children with JIA there was a correlation between leptin and body mass index (BMI). However, compared with children in the conventional treatment group, children in the etanercept group showed a positive correlation between total ghrelin and BMI and those with a low BMI showed a negative correlation between acyl ghrelin and BMI. Conclusion No differences in leptin and ghrelin concentrations were found when patients with JIA and controls were compared or when patients who received etanercept were compared with those who received conventional treatment for JIA.

Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil remains the basic treatment for patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. The major obstacle in successful treatment is an ability of CRC cells to acquire chemoresistance. Here we examined the impact of ID1 silencing on the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU. To suppress ID1 expression in HT-29 and HCT-116 cells the cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector carrying the ID1 silencing sequence. Cells with silenced ID1 showed altered expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers and exhibited increased proliferation rate compared to the parental cells. HCT-116 cells with suppressed ID1 became sensitized to 5-FU and this was not observed in HT-29 cells. Silencing ID1 resulted in altered expression of genes encoding enzymes metabolizing 5-FU. HT-29 cells with suppressed ID1 had significantly reduced mRNA level for thymidine phosphorylase, uridine-cytydine kinase 2 and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. ID1 suppression in HCT-116 cells resulted in an increase of mRNA level for thymidine phosphorylase, thymidyne kinase and uridine-cytydine kinase 2 with concurrent drop of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidylate synthetase mRNA levels. In conclusion ID1 expression impacts the sensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-FU and may be considered as potential predictive marker in CRC treatment.

Small-and Medium-Sized Audit Practices (SMP) in Poland face many challenges nowadays which are related to the legislation framework, public demands on quality of services, expectation of customers regarding high quality of services and customers demands on law prices, competitors and impact of globalization of businesses and new technologies on accounting, financial reporting and auditing. To meet requirements of International Audit Standards (ISA) which will be obligatory for polish SMP soon the special attention should be paid to an audit quality. The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) has developed a Framework for Audit Quality that describe the input, process and output factors that contribute the audit quality at the engagement, audit firm and national level for financial statement audits1. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board has published on May 2013 the list of Audit Quality Indicators which is a result of the Standing Advisory Group Meeting2. IT has been identified as an important factor which will have an influence on the profession of certified public accountants (CPA) 3. This paper aims to identify the processes and procedures in audit engagement which could be supported by CAAT in order to meet ISA requirements regarding audit quality.

Background: Ghrelin is a stomach-produced polypeptide hormone that stimulates hunger and secretion of growth hormone. Abnormalities in ghrelin secretion are well documented in obese patients, but explored little in patients with various forms of hypertension. Notably, ghrelin is indirectly involved in blood pressure regulation in pregnancy induced hypertension. Material and methods: The present study aimed to assess ghrelin concentration in venous blood of 19 nonpregnant (NP), 20 healthy pregnant (HP) and 20 hypertensive pregnant (PIH). It also included assessing blood ghrelin concentration of 21 obese hypertensive pregnant (OPIH) women before and one hour after eating. Ghrelin secretion was estimated 1-3 days before delivery. Results: All experimental groups of pregnant women (HP, PIH, and OPIH) showed significantly reduced ghrelin plasma level as compared with NP (812 ± 83, 716 ± 66, and 717 ± 52 vs 1057 ± 74, respectively). We found no significant ghrelin reduction after eating in obese hypertensive pregnant women. The blood ghrelin concentration in pregnant women negatively correlated with mean arterial pressure. In spite of the differences in ghrelin concentration in women, whom a decrease in ghrelin concentration after a standard meal was observed compared to women, who didn’t reduce of ghrelin secretion no differences were found in mean arterial pressure. Conclusion: The relationship between arterial hypertension and ghrelin secretion disorders during hypertensive pregnancy is uncertain and requires further examination.