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The Mirna River is the longest river in Istria with a length of 53 km. Benthic macroinvertebrates are a community of macroscopically visible aquatic invertebrates that spend most of their lives on and in the bottom of the water body. The objective of this study was to compare the benthic macroinvertebrate composition along the course of the Mirna River. Sampling was conducted once in May 2022 at 3 sites along the Mirna River. Samples were collected using a 25 x 25 cm hand net and stored in 80 % ethanol. Basic physical and chemical parameters were measured at each station. The highest diversity was recorded at the most upstream station, Kamenita Vrata, where 14 taxa of benthic macroinvertebrates were recorded, of which the order Ephemeroptera and the family Chironomidae had the highest abundance. In the sample from the next downstream station, Portonski Most, 10 taxa were detected, with Amphipoda being the most abundant. At the station near the mouth, Dionzijev Most, the lowest diversity was recorded, with 8 taxa, and the Polychaeta group was the most numerous. The highest species richness of chironomids was recorded at the station Kamenita Vrata. Chironomid species Halocladius variabilis (Staeger, 1839), characteristic of salt or brackish water, was recorded only at the station Dionizijev Most. These differences in the composition of benthic macroinvertebrate communities are the result of differences in physical and chemical water properties at the individual stations, and the strongest influence of sea water is manifested in the high conductivity at the Dionizijev Most station.

In 2017 the HEC-HMS model for the Sava River Basin was embedded under the Flood Forecasting and Warning System in the Sava River Basin (Sava FFWS) and coupled with many hydraulic models. Since the model was initially calibrated as the event-based model, a lack of accuracy has been recognized during the continuous simulations within the Sava FFWS operational use. Therefore, the Sava FFWS users organizations: ten forecasting organizations from five Sava countries, agreed to upgrade and improve this hydrological model. The activities of the model improvement were performed in period January 2019 till June 2020. It was implemented by the national experts from the Sava FFWS users’ organizations as a true joint action and coordinated by the Secretariat of the International Sava River Basin Commission. This paper presents the results of the Sava HEC-HMS model improvements and updated parameters, including a comparison of results of initial and improved models within the operational forecasting system. The paper also discusses the potentials of the remote sensing and radar- and satellite-based data that will be used for the future model improvements.

Wiedemannia oxystoma (Bezzi) (Figs 7, 8a) Clinocera (Wiedemannia) oxystoma Bezzi, 1905: 364. Type locality: Italia centralis, Gallia meridionalis (from original description). Wiedemannia bilobata Oldenberg, 1910: 349. Type locality: St. Moritz, Switzerland. Syn. nov. Type material examined. Clinocera (Wiedemannia) oxystoma Bezzi: LECTOTYPE ♁ by present designation: Italy, Acquasanta, 4.VIII. [18]97 (MSNM). PARALECTOTYPES: 2 ♀, collected with male (MSNM). Wiedemannia bilobata Oldenberg: LECTOTYPE ♁ by present designation (Fig. 8a) (slide mounted), label 1 white: St. Moritz (print), 25.7.02 (pencil, handwritten); label 2 green, print: DEI M̧ncheberg, Dip —00857; label 3 pink, printed: Syntypus; label 4 brownish: Typus (strikethrough); label 5 white, print: coll. Oldenberg; label 6 red: Wiedemannia bilobata Oldenberg Lectotypus (SDEI). PARALECTOTYPES: Switzerland. St. Moritz: 13 ♁, on individual pins with labels just as in the lectotype but with the different collection numbers: 00856, 00858, 00859, 00860, 00861, 00862, 00867, 00871, 00872, 00873, 00874, 00875; 3 ♀ on individual pins: 00863, 00864, 00876. Respectively, 1 ♁ and 1 female on single pins: 00865 00866, 00868 (all in SDEI). Remarks. The type material of W. oxystoma (Bezzi) (1 ♁, 2 ♀) was available only by photographs (Fig. 7). The original labels in the collection indicate the type locality as ‘Acquasanta’. The small community (today Acquasanta Terme) lies in the province Ascoli Piceno in Central Italy. The species has often been collected in Switzerland, Italy and France. Bezzi (1905) mentioned “ Italia centralis, Gallia meridionalis” as the distribution area. The species seems to be common in the western Alps and in the Appenines. The type series of W. bilobata were all collected on 25 July 1902., Published as part of Wagner, Rüdiger, Plant, Adrian, Ivković, Marija & Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, 2022, New synonyms and new species of European aquatic dance flies (Diptera, Empididae), pp. 427-442 in Zootaxa 5222 (5) on page 435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7471814, {"references":["Bezzi, M. (1905) Clinocerae tres novae ex Europa. Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici, 3, 362 - 366.","Oldenberg, L. (1910) Einige europaische Empididae. Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici, 8, 344 - 352."]}

Phaeobalia remschakae Wagner sp. nov. (Fig. 9c–e) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (slide mounted): red label: Phaeobalia remschakae, RW, 2021, holotypus; small white label below red label: 24 July 2019, leg. Haseke & Remschak; large white label: A[ustria], N[ational] P[ark], Hohe Tauern, [Ĝnita 05] Rieseltraufe am Langtalweg N 46.97996°, E 12.76495° (WGS 84), 2.248 m a.s.l. PARATYPE: ♁ (slide mounted): red label Phaeobalia remschakae paratypus RW 2021; white label: A[ustria], Vorarlberg, Quellbach bei Silbertal bei Schruns [=spring stream near Silbertal, near Schruns], 25.6.– 3.7.1982, leg. Zwick. The holotype will be lodged in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NHMW), the paratype remains in the collection of the senior author (RW). Description. Male. Body brown, head with circular eyes, most setae broken; mouthparts brown. Antenna with short tubular scape as wide as long, pedicel as long as scape but about 1.5 times wider than long; further antennal segments broken. Body length 5.8 mm (slide mounted specimen). Thorax broken, 6–7 pairs of dorsocentral setae recognizable on mesonotum. Legs with tarsomere 4 half as long as tarsomeres 3 or 5. Wing with brownish membrane, pterostigma elongate. Sc thinner than R 1 with short crossvein to C. Brown area between base of R 1 and M 1+2 to crossvein r-m; further patch at crossvein m-cu and broad band across wing from pterostigma along short imperfect crossvein to M 1 /M 2 fork and to M 1+2 to M 4; further small patch on R 4 /R 5 fork. Wing length 5.2 mm. Abdomen with sternites and tergites brown. Terminalia (Fig. 9d, e): with rhomboid hypandrium, corners round, phallus slightly bent forward, apical flagellum approximately 0.4 length of phallus. Epandrium triangular, higher than long, dorsal corner round; surstylus small, not outreaching epandrium edge. Clasping cercus with lateral lobe S-shaped, base to middle broad, increasingly thinner apically, inner surface at base and in middle covered with strong black setae. Inner lobe upright, almost straight, about half as wide as lateral lobe, with long setae along basal edge and on inner surface. Female. Unknown Etymology. The species named in honour of Christina Remschak, part of the scientific staff of the Austrian National Park ‘Gesäuse’. She works on the ecology and fauna of springs. Remarks. The new species belongs to the Phaeobalia trinotata -group with almost equal sized lateral and inner lobes of the clasping cercus. A curved lateral lobe also occurs in Phaeobalia montana Vaillant from the Western Alps, but the shape of the curvature is dissimilar; furthermore, the inner lobe is curved in P. montana but straight in P. remschakae sp. nov.

The Wiedemannia rhynchops group The publication ‘Revision des Empididae Hemerodromiinae de France, d’Espagne et d’Afrique du Nord’ (Vaillant 1965) created numerous nomenclatural problems due to errors in the attribution of text and figures, and figures with figure captions in the Wiedemannia rhynchops -group. The species-group is well characterized by a roundish black pterostigma and an L-shaped clasping cercus in males. The shape of the clasping cercus is the ultimate character for morphological species distinction. For decades, it was difficult to assign the correct name to species in this group because the original descriptions were often insufficient, particularly concerning the terminalia. Collin (1961) distinguished a British and a continental form or subspecies of Wiedemannia rhynchops; he named the British specimens as W. rhynchops insularis and another form from the West Alps as W. rhynchops debili s. However, Vaillant (1953) had recognized W. rhynchops debilis under the name W. alpina, but the name ‘ alpina ’ was pre-occupied by Wiedemannia alpina (Engel, 1918). Finally, a new name (W. brevilamellata) was given to that species (Wagner 1985). Wiedemannia rhynchops Nowicki was finally characterized by Niesiołowski based on Nowicki’s type material; further he raised W. insularis Collin, 1961 to species level (Niesiołowski 1992)., Published as part of Wagner, Rüdiger, Plant, Adrian, Ivković, Marija & Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, 2022, New synonyms and new species of European aquatic dance flies (Diptera, Empididae), pp. 427-442 in Zootaxa 5222 (5) on page 433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7471814, {"references":["Vaillant, F. (1965) Revision des Empididae Hemerodromiinae de France, d'Espangne et d'Afrique du Nord (Dipt.). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 133 (1964), 143 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1998.17431","Collin, J. E. (1961) Empididae. In: Verrall, G. H. (Ed.), British Flies. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 1 - 782.","Vaillant, F. (1953) Quelques Empididae de France et d'Algerie. Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie C, 11, 57 - 63.","Engel, E. O. (1918) Das Dipterengenus Atalanta Mg. (Clinocera ol.). Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, 1918, 1 - 80.","Wagner, R. (1985) Notes on Empididae (4). New replacement names in Empididae. Aquatic Insects, 7, 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650428509361207","Niesiolowski, S. (1992) Notes on the synonyms in genera Wiedemannia and Clinocera (Diptera, Empididae, Clinocerinae). Polskie pismo entomologiczne, 61, 131 - 136."]}

Hemerodromia unilineata Zetterstedt (Fig. 3) Hemerodromia unilineata Zetterstedt, 1842: 263. Hemerodromia maculata Vaillant, 1968: 85. Type locality: Nistos, Pyrénées, France. Syn. nov. Type material examined. Hemerodromia maculata: HOLOTYPE ♁ (slide mounted): Nistos, Bon Rep [aire], 470 m, 29.VII.[19]66, Pyrénées [France]. Slide no GBIFCH00601820 (MZLS). Additional material examined. France. 1 ♁, province Aude, étang de Gruisseau, 7–10 June 1980, leg. Schacht. Germany. 1 ♁, Westerwald, reared from pupa, 1954, leg. Dittmar. Greece. 1 ♁, above pass Portaria 15 June 1979, leg. Malicky (all in coll. RW). Remarks. The male terminalia of H. unilineata and H. maculata are identical. The differences mentioned by Vaillant (1968) (e.g., a non-arrowhead shaped phallus tip) are non-existent. In the holotype slide, a slight oblique view of the terminalia of H. maculata indicates a clearly arrow-head shaped tip of the phallus (Fig. 3c, red arrow). In addition, the anterior prolongation of the epandrial lobe is hidden behind the epandrium, which is why it is difficult to identify the structure in Vaillant’s slide mounted holotype. The species is distributed throughout Europe., Published as part of Wagner, Rüdiger, Plant, Adrian, Ivković, Marija & Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, 2022, New synonyms and new species of European aquatic dance flies (Diptera, Empididae), pp. 427-442 in Zootaxa 5222 (5) on page 431, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7471814, {"references":["Zetterstedt, J. W. (1842) Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta. Vol. 1. ex Officina Lundbergiana, sumtibus auctoris, Lundae [= Lund], XVI + 440 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8143","Vaillant, F. (1968) Quelques Empididae Hemerodromiinae des Pyrenees (Diptera). Annales de Limnologie, 4, 85 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1968013"]}

Hemerodromia laudatoria Collin Hemerodromia laudatoria Collin, 1927: 96. Hemerodromia slovenica Horvat & Wagner, 1989: 23. Syn. nov. Type material examined. Hemerodromia slovenica: HOLOTYPE ♁, Slovenia: river Unec, in front of the Planina cave, Planina, Postoina, 460 m a.s.l. leg. Hočevar & Horvat (SMNH). PARATYPES: 8 ♁ 6 ♀, same locality (SMNH). Additional material examined. Belgium. 1 ♁, Ciergnon, 5.VII.1937, leg. A. Collart, det. Grootaert (RBINS). Remarks. Hemerodromia laudatoria was overlooked when H. slovenica was described. The species is distributed from the British Isles, across Central Europe to at least Montenegro., Published as part of Wagner, Rüdiger, Plant, Adrian, Ivković, Marija & Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, 2022, New synonyms and new species of European aquatic dance flies (Diptera, Empididae), pp. 427-442 in Zootaxa 5222 (5) on page 430, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7471814, {"references":["Collin, J. E. (1927) Notes on the Empididae (Diptera) with additions and corrections to the British list. Entomologist's monthly magazine, 62, 20 - 29 + 61 - 67 + 93 - 98.","Horvat, B. & Wagner, R. (1989) Hemerodromia slovenica sp. n. (Diptera, Empididae: Hemeromiinae) from Slovenia (Yugoslavia). Aquatic Insects, 12, 23 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650429009361384"]}

Wiedemannia rudolfi Wagner & Ivković sp. nov. (Fig. 10a–d) Type material. HOLOTYPE ♁ (specimen slide mounted by F. Vaillant) (Fig. 10a): Labels on upperside of slide— label 1: Wiedemannia (Chamaedipsia) alpina Engel ♁ (ink) / Tête prof. (pencil) / det. F. Vaillant (ink); label 2: GBIFCH 00596430 (printed); label 3: Račkova valley, West Tatra, Tschechoslovakia, 1700 m 8.VI.1970, coll. R. Rozkošny (MZLS). On underside of slide is one red label (Fig. 10b): Wiedemannia rudolfi n. sp. Wagner, Ivković 2022; and a second red label: holotype, to this a white label with red dot is glued: holotype MZL 2021. Description. Male. Head brownish, antennae and mouthparts dark brown; gena about 0.2 of eye diameter. Body length 5.7 mm (slide mounted specimen). Mesonotum with 5–6 pairs of dorsocentral setae, with only a few short setulae interspersed. Acrostichal setae half-length of dorsocentrals, distributed along entire mesonotum. Legs dark brown covered with dark setae; all coxae with longer anterior setae. Front tibia with 2 strong setae on distal third and 2 more of similar size apically. Wing membrane slightly infuscate, pterostigma elongate, brown. Cell dm elongate, protruded. M 1 and M 2 originating together at crossvein m-m. Wing length 4.2 mm. Abdomen with tergites 6–8 covered with curled setae. Terminalia (Fig. 10c, d): hypandrium smaller than epandrium. Epandrium oval approximately two times longer than wide, with a few long setae; surstylus small. Clasping cercus with three lobes: anterior lobe pale, middle and posterior lobes dark; anterior lobe with short setae along basal edge, apical setae longer than apical diameter of lobe; inner surface of anterior lobe with few setae, middle lobe apically with strong setae from apex to base, posterior lobe with long setae, extending to base of middle lobe and covering basal and apical areas of clasping cercus. Basal part of clasping cercus covered with short setae. Phallus linear, slender; flagellum linear, without median swelling. Female. Unknown Etymology. The species is named in honour of the Czech entomologist, Rudolf Rozkošný, the collector of the specimen. Remarks. The holotype is part of the slide collection of F. Vaillant deposited in MZLS. The specimen had been determined as Wiedemannia alpina Engel, but the shape of the terminalia clearly distinguishes both species. Besides the similarity of the clasping cercus, the close relationship of W. alpina and W. rudolfi sp. nov. is evident also by the long, curled setae on abdominal tergites 6–8 in both species., Published as part of Wagner, Rüdiger, Plant, Adrian, Ivković, Marija & Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, 2022, New synonyms and new species of European aquatic dance flies (Diptera, Empididae), pp. 427-442 in Zootaxa 5222 (5) on page 440, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7471814

Chelifera subangusta Collin (Fig. 2) Chelifera subangusta Collin, 1961: 708. Chelifera berdeni Vaillant, 1978: 466. Nomen nudum. Chelifera giraudae Vaillant, 1982: 374. Type locality: Marcols (Ardèche) [France]. Syn. nov. Type material examined. Chelifera giraudae: HOLOTYPE ♁ (slide mounted): Marcols (Ardèche) [France], prairie 8. V. 1964 [800 m]. Slide no GBIFCH00601688 (MZLS). Additional material examined. Germany. 1 ♁, Attmannsweiler (westl. Ellwangen), 16.8.1974 (ZMFK); 17 ♁, Annaberger Bach (near Bonn) from emergence collections (Caspers & Wagner 1982) (in coll. RW). Remarks. Based on male terminalia, specimens of C. giraudae and C. subangusta are indistinguishable. The holotype of C. giraudae was a specimen reared from a larva collected in the freshwater spring Marcols-lesEaux, Ardèche, Massif Central, 800 m. Vaillant’s holotype slide and the eclosion date and locality fit the original description. The species is rarely collected but its distribution area covers Southwestern and Central Europe. The name C. berdeni was mentioned when RW visited F. Vaillant. At that time he suggested it as a new but undescribed species (F. Vaillant, pers. comm. 1980s)—it is most probably his C. giraudae., Published as part of Wagner, Rüdiger, Plant, Adrian, Ivković, Marija & Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, 2022, New synonyms and new species of European aquatic dance flies (Diptera, Empididae), pp. 427-442 in Zootaxa 5222 (5) on pages 429-430, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7471814, {"references":["Collin, J. E. (1961) Empididae. In: Verrall, G. H. (Ed.), British Flies. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 1 - 782.","Vaillant, F. (1978) Empididae. In: Illies, J. (Ed.), Limnofauna Europaea. 2 nd Edition. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and Swets and Zeitlinger, Amsterdam, pp. 465 - 469.","Vaillant, F. (1982) Dipteres Empididae Hemerodromiinae nouveaux ou peu connus de la region palearctique (premiere partie). Bonner zoologische Beitrage, 32 (3 & 4), 351 - 408. [1981]","Caspers, N. & Wagner, R. (1982) Emergenz-Untersuchungen an einem Mittelgebirgsbach bei Bonn. VII. Empididen- und Dolichopodiden-Emergenz 1976 (Insecta, Diptera, Brachycera). Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, 93, 209 - 237."]}

Wiedemannia mirousei Vaillant (Fig. 6) Wiedemannia mirousei Vaillant, 1956: 11. Type locality: L’Arac, France (Pyrénées ariégoises et à 750 m d’altitude). Type material examined. LECTOTYPE ♁ by present designation (slide mounted): L’Arac, Pyrénées [France], 750 m, 30.VII.1952, (GBIFCH00603176) (MZLS). Two males on slide, lectotype encircled in red (Fig. 6a, b). PARALECTOTYPES: France. 1 ♁, on lectotype slide GBIFCH00604448); 5 ♁, L’Arac, Pyrénées, 750 m, 30.VII.1952, L’Arac, Pyrénées, 750 m (GBIFCH00603175); 2 ♁, L’Arac, Pyrénées, 750 m, 30.VII.1952 (GBIFCH00603177); 3 ♁ L’Arac, Pyrénées, 750 m, 30.VII.1952 (GBIFCH00603178) (all in MZLS). Additional material examined. France. 3 ♁, Déversoir du Lac Pavin, près Besse en Chandesse (Puy de Dome), 28.VII.1952 (GBIFCH00603174) (MZLS). There are further specimens on slides without date and site of collection. Remarks. Vaillant (1956) listed 13 specimens examined in his description of this species, but did not designate a holotype (Fig. 6d). By an error in the text and figure captions, the species was mentioned as Wiedemannia rhynchops ssp. alpina in Vaillant (1965). The species is probably endemic to the Pyrenees or the Iberian Peninsula., Published as part of Wagner, Rüdiger, Plant, Adrian, Ivković, Marija & Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, 2022, New synonyms and new species of European aquatic dance flies (Diptera, Empididae), pp. 427-442 in Zootaxa 5222 (5) on page 435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7471814, {"references":["Vaillant, F. (1956) Quelques Wiedemannia de France nouveaux ou peu connus [Diptera Empididae]. L'Entomologiste, 12, 11 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1986024","Vaillant, F. (1965) Revision des Empididae Hemerodromiinae de France, d'Espangne et d'Afrique du Nord (Dipt.). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 133 (1964), 143 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1998.17431"]}

Wiedemannia erminea (Mik) (Fig. 8b–d) Philolutra erminea Mik, 1887: 161. Type locality: Carinthia, Tirolis (today Carinthia, Tyrol, Austria). Type material examined. LECTOTYPE ♁ by present designation (Fig. 8b) (slide mounted): label 1: 810 (or 819?); label 2: small rectangle: erminea det Mik (handwritten). Both labels are glued to the slide. The specimen is slide mounted in Canada balsam with additional red label, handwritten: Wiedemannia erminea Mik, Lectotypus, Wagner 2021 (NHMW). PARALECTOTYPES: 1 ♁, label 1: 582, label 2: erminea / det. Mik; 1 ♀, label 1: 824, label 2: erminea / det. Mik; 1 ♀, label 1:818, label 2: erminea / det. Mik; all labels handwritten (all in NHMW). Remarks. No type locality is stated on the labels on the pins. According to the text of the original description, the type series is from “ Carinthia, Tirolis ”. Lectotype and paralectotypes by present designation in order to fix the identity of the species., Published as part of Wagner, Rüdiger, Plant, Adrian, Ivković, Marija & Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, 2022, New synonyms and new species of European aquatic dance flies (Diptera, Empididae), pp. 427-442 in Zootaxa 5222 (5) on pages 435-438, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7471814, {"references":["Mik, J. (1887) Diagnosen neuer Dipteren. Wiener entomologische Zeitung, 6, 161 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 17747"]}

Wiedemannia hastata (Mik) (Fig. 4) Clinocera hastata Mik, 1880: 349. Type locality: Tyrolis / Achenthal (= Achental, Tirol, Austria). Wiedemannia aerea Vaillant, 1967: 271. Type locality: Torrent de la Roche Noire, Hautes Alpes, France. Syn. nov. Type material examined. Wiedemannia hastata: LECTOTYPE ♁ by present designation: label 1: Tyrolis, Achenthal, 28.7.87, Mik; label 2: 28.7.87 (3); label 3: hastata?; label 4: hastata?, det. Mik (all labels white, glued to slide) (NHMW). Slide mounted in Canada balsam with red lectotype label, handwritten: Wiedemannia hastata Mik, Lectotypus, Wagner 2022 (Fig. 4a). PARALECTOTYPES: 1 ♁, 1 ♀, on single pin: label 1 printed: Schizo (???); label 2: Robert Maq; label 3: unidentifiable; label 4, handwritten: Chamaedipsia / hastata / det. Engel; 1 ♀, label 1: Gmunden, Schiner; label 2: hastata det Mik —both labels white without date; 1 ♀, label 1: Tyrolis, Achenthal; label 2: 28.7.87 (3); label 3: hastata? / hastata? det Mik (all labels white); 1 ♀ [abdomen missing] label 1: Tyrolis / Achenthal 28.7.87 (label white) (all NHMW). Lectotype and paralectotypes by present designation in order to fix the identity of the species, all material deposited in the collection of the Natural History Museum Vienna (NHMW). Wiedemannia aerea: 2 ♁ on single slide, label 1 (pencil): gen. comparer avec sp. (change) Sp. Le Lez à Mensac, TÊTE; label 2 (ink): Wiedemannia (Chamaedipsia) aerea Vaillant ♁ ♁, Torrent de la Roche Noire, Hautes Alpes [à 2 050 m], 15.ix.1966; label 3 (printed, slide no. GBIFCH00596291). The well sclerotized male on the right side is selected as lectotype by present designation (red label: Lectotype -arrow towards specimen— Wagner 2022) (Fig. 4b). Additional material examined. 1 ♁, 1 ♀, Col du Galibier (Hautes Alpes), 15.9.1966 (ink); F. Vaillant (printed); (slide no. GBIFCH00596292); 1 ♁, label 1 (ink): Wiedemannia (Chamaedipsia) area Vaillant 1967 ♁ HOLOTYPE; label 2 (pencil and ink): Le Lez, Mensac, 1,100m, 24.viii.1974 (slide no. GBIFCH00596293, MZLS) (Fig. 4c); 1 ♁, label 1: Wiedemannia (Chamaedipsia) area (black ink), Gen profil, BBB (blue ink); label 2 white with red margin:? paratype? MZL 2021; label 3: Le Lez, Mensac, 1,100m, 24.VIII.1974 paratype 2 GG MZL 2020 (blue ink) (slide no. GBIFCH00596294, MZLS). Remarks. Only two males (on a single slide) were identified that matched the stated type locality ‘Torrent de la Roche Noire’ and date; he also collected a female (femelle) but it was not found. All other specimens are from later years from the type locality and other sites. The designation of a ‘holotype’ on the slide from Le Lez (Fig. 4c) (see above GBIFCH00596293) written later by Vaillant is invalid. Wiedemannia hastata Mik and W. aerea Vaillant are morphologically indistinguishable. Engel’s figure of W. hastata (1940, pl. XI, fig. 84) shows a small apical division of the clasping cercus; however, this was not found in any male of the type-material and a crack where it might be broken was not found. General differences in male terminalia appear to be dependent on the different treatment methods and drawing abilities of the authors. Wiedemannia hastata is probably endemic to the highest reaches of the Alps., Published as part of Wagner, Rüdiger, Plant, Adrian, Ivković, Marija & Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, 2022, New synonyms and new species of European aquatic dance flies (Diptera, Empididae), pp. 427-442 in Zootaxa 5222 (5) on pages 431-433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7471814, {"references":["Mik, J. (1880) Beschreibung neuer Dipteren. I. Elf neue europaische Clinocera - Arten. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 30, 347 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24102","Vaillant F. (1967) La repartition des Wiedemannia dans les cours d'eau et leur utilization comme indicateurs de zones ecologiques. Annales de Limnologie, 3, 267 - 293. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / limn / 1967016","Wagner, R. (2022) In memoriam Francois Vaillant (1920 - 2021). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 127, 18. https: // doi. org / 10.32475 / bsef _ 2229"]}

Wiedemannia debilis Collin (Fig. 5) Wiedemannia debilis Collin, 1961: 761. Type locality: St. Pierre de Chartreuse, Isère, France. Wiedemannia alpina Vaillant, 1953: 62. Type locality: Claix (Isère), at 350 m. Wiedemannia brevilamellata Wagner, 1985: 86 [new name for W. alpina Vaillant, 1953]. Syn. nov. Original type data. Claix (Isère) à 350 m (21 Juin 1951) (‘L’unique exemplaire quej’ai capturé ayant été conservé dans l’alcool’). Type material examined. Wiedemannia alpina Vaillant: NEOTYPE ♁ by present designation (Fig. 5a) (slide mounted): Affluent de la Gresse, près de Gresse, Vercors, Isère [France], 15.VII.1968 [GBIFCH00603116], neotype encircled in red (Fig. 5a) on slide with two specimens (MZLS). Additional material examined. France. 1 ♁, Cascade du Glaud (ieu), Bugey, Ain, 8.IX.1977 [GBIFCH00603115]; 1 ♁, Gorges du Bruyant, Vercors, Isère, 1.000 m, 5.VII.1968 [GBIFCH00603117]; 1 ♁, 3 ♀, Le Parmand à Prachillet (Savoie), 19.VI.1958, [GBIFCH00603118]; 1 ♁, Le Parmand à Prachillet (Savoie), 19.VI.1958, [GBIFCH00603119]; 1 ♁, La Drôme à 1km avant Les Cotes, 620m, 20.VIII.1971 [GBIFCH00603120]; 1 ♁, Gorges du Bruyant, Isère, 15.VIII.1963 [GBIFCH00603120] (all in MZLS). Remarks. An excellent figure was given in the original description of Wiedemannia alpina Vaillant (1953: 61); the species was also illustrated in Vaillant (1965: 166–167, figs 5g, 5h), but by error was labelled in the figure caption as W. (W.) rhynchops ssp. mirousei. The W. alpina Vaillant material is lodged in MZLS and includes specimens from various regions but not the type locality. Vaillant mentioned that the only specimen collected on 21 June 1951 near Claix (Isère, à 350 m elevation), the holotype, was kept in alcohol, which was why Vaillant could not give details on color. It is presumed that Vaillant’s alcohol collection is now lost and none of the specimens available are from the type locality “Environs de Claix, Isère”. Therefore, we concluded it appropriate to designate a neotype from the available material in order to fix the species’ identity., Published as part of Wagner, Rüdiger, Plant, Adrian, Ivković, Marija & Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, 2022, New synonyms and new species of European aquatic dance flies (Diptera, Empididae), pp. 427-442 in Zootaxa 5222 (5) on pages 433-434, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7471814, {"references":["Collin, J. E. (1961) Empididae. In: Verrall, G. H. (Ed.), British Flies. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 1 - 782.","Vaillant, F. (1953) Quelques Empididae de France et d'Algerie. Encyclopedie Entomologique, Serie C, 11, 57 - 63.","Wagner, R. (1985) Notes on Empididae (4). New replacement names in Empididae. Aquatic Insects, 7, 86. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650428509361207","Vaillant, F. (1965) Revision des Empididae Hemerodromiinae de France, d'Espangne et d'Afrique du Nord (Dipt.). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 133 (1964), 143 - 173. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1998.17431"]}

Chelifera diversicauda Collin (Fig. 1) Chelifera diversicauda Collin, 1927: 95. Chelifera pallida Vaillant, 1982: 379. Type locality: “upper reaches of Lot river, Massif Central, France ”. Syn. nov. Type material examined. Chelifera pallida: HOLOTYPE 1 ♁ (slide mounted): label 1: handwritten: Chelifera pallida Vaillant ??; label 2: GBIFCH00601690 (MZLS); handwritten on slide: “Ch. n. sp. ♁, voisin diversicauda (some letters striked through) Collin ♁, 2* Gagneur, 8.8.73”. Additional material examined. Numerous specimens from emergence collections from the Breitenbach (Germany). Slides with approximate suitable collection date, or with the name ‘ pallida ’ are housed in the F. Vaillant collection (MZLS). Remarks. Based on the genitalia, C. pallida is recognized as a synonym of C. diversicauda, a species known from the British Isles and small streams in the lowlands and low mountains ranges of Central Europe. Chelifera pallida was described from a single male specimen, but it was a difficult task to identify the holotype of this species and its probable collecting site. There are conflicting statements concerning time and date of collection between the species description (Vaillant 1982: 379) and information on the holotype slide. The confirmation that the identified slide is the holotype is based on the certain match of the drawing of the genitalia (Vaillant 1982: 383, fig. 7f) with the mounted specimen (Fig. 1c). The type locality mentioned in the original description is “le type a éte´ pris le 20.VIII.1971 en bordure des sources de la Drôme vers 1,500 m, par conséquent dans le sud des Alpes du Dauphiné”—this locality is in the Alps, east of the Rhône river, and evidently wrong. Data on the holotype slide state different and limited information (Fig. 1a). The collector given on the slide is ‘Gagneur’. In the acknowledgement section, Vaillant (1982: 405) stated that M.J. Gagneur donated a number of specimens collected in the river Lot catchment—this is west of the Rhône river. The Lot has its source in the French Central Massif (Cevennes) and runs westward to the Garonne river. The mentioned number ‘*2’ probably indicates a collection site in the upper reaches. Therefore, the type locality can be narrowed to “upper reaches of the Lot river, Massif Central, France ”., Published as part of Wagner, Rüdiger, Plant, Adrian, Ivković, Marija & Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, 2022, New synonyms and new species of European aquatic dance flies (Diptera, Empididae), pp. 427-442 in Zootaxa 5222 (5) on page 428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7471814, {"references":["Collin, J. E. (1927) Notes on the Empididae (Diptera) with additions and corrections to the British list. Entomologist's monthly magazine, 62, 20 - 29 + 61 - 67 + 93 - 98.","Vaillant, F. (1982) Dipteres Empididae Hemerodromiinae nouveaux ou peu connus de la region palearctique (premiere partie). Bonner zoologische Beitrage, 32 (3 & 4), 351 - 408. [1981]"]}

Phaeobalia pokornyi Mik (Fig. 9a, b) Phaeobalia pokornyi Mik, 1886: 22. Type locality: Val Aperta (today situated in area of Condino, a village in Trentino, South Tyrol, Italy). Type material examined. LECTOTYPE ♁ by present designation (slide mounted): Val Aperta, VIII [=August] [18]86 (handwritten); red label: ‘ Phaeobalia pokornyi Mik, lectotypus, Wagner 2021’ glued on slide (NHMW). PARALECTOTYPES: Italy. 1 ♁, label 1: Phaeobalia pokornyi Mik (handwritten); label 2: pokornyi det Mik (printed) (on pin); 1 ♁, Condino 18.VIII.85 [= 18. August 1885] (abdomen in plastic vial on pin) (all in NHMW). Remarks. Lectotype and paralectotypes by present designation in order to fix the identity of the species, specimen., Published as part of Wagner, Rüdiger, Plant, Adrian, Ivković, Marija & Gattolliat, Jean-Luc, 2022, New synonyms and new species of European aquatic dance flies (Diptera, Empididae), pp. 427-442 in Zootaxa 5222 (5) on page 438, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7471814, {"references":["Mik, J. (1886) Eine neue Dipteren-Art aus S ¸ d-Tirol. Wiener entomologische Zeitung, 5, 22 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 20549"]}

Trzalci su najraznolikija i često najbrojnija skupina makrozoobentosa u slatkim vodama. Cilj ovog istraživanja je odrediti utjecaj klimatskih promjena na sastav zajednice trzalaca sedrene barijere Kozjak–Milanovac. Istraživanje je provedeno u Nacionalnom parku Plitvička jezera koji se sastoji od 16 oligotrofnih protočnih jezera povezanih sedrenim barijerama. Odrasli trzalci su sakupljani na sedrenoj barijeri Kozjak- Milanovac od 2007. do kraja 2020. godine emergencijskim piramidama. Temperatura vode je mjerena 2 puta dnevno „data logerima“. Podaci o protoku su dobiveni od Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda, a podaci o količini organske tvari od uprave parka. Brzina strujanja vode je mjerena mjesečno tijekom sakupljanja materijala. Tijekom 14 godina sakupljeno je više od 13 000 jedinki koje pripadaju unutar više od 80 taksona. Uočen je porast vrijednosti temperature vode, protoka i brzine strujanja vode te kemijske potrošnje kisika (KPK). Tijekom godina nije došlo do promjene u brojnosti i bogatstvu vrsta trzalaca, ali je došlo do promjena u sastavu zajednice i trofičke strukture. Brojnost aktivnih filtratora i detritivora kao što su Polypedilum scalaenum i Tanytarsus signatus se smanjila dok je brojnost reofilnih pasivnih filtratora poput Rheotanytarsus reissi i R. curtistylus porasla. Iako brojnost i bogatstvo vrsta nisu ukazali na promjenu, sastav zajednice jest, što upućuje na važnost taksonomije u otkrivanju najsuptilnijih odgovora zajednica na promjene u okolišu.

Few ecologists have not used climate change to support their findings in researching the vulnerability of specific taxa, communities or ecosystems. Long term biological/ community data, with which the climate change effects on communities can be patterned over a longer period then a few years are almost non-existent. A 13-year research program with monthly sampling in the Dinaric karst region of Croatia, south Europe, aimed to comprehensively track freshwater insect (namely true fly: Diptera) emergence patterns in a pristine aquatic environment. This coincided with a severe drought that occurred in 2011/2012. This event caused the highest magnitudes of drought (low precipitation rates for an extended period of time) in the region since the beginning of the twentieth century. We presented patterns of seasonal and yearly dynamics as Euclidian distance measures of similarity in true fly community composition compared at increasing temporal distance between samples. This was done in order to determine the degree of temporal variability of similarity within the community of a specific site and define patterns of similarity change over time. Community recovery was detected and shown to still be ongoing even seven years after the event itself. This indicated not only that the freshwater habitats have not yet fully recovered, but also raised concern whether a full recovery could even be possible if a similar climate-change-influenced event was to happen in the future.

Vodene muhe plesačice (Empididae ; Clinocerinae i Hemerodromiinae) su važna sastavnica slatkovodnih zajednica, naročito u tekućicama. Ličinke i odrasli su predatori te su stoga od iznimne važnosti za razumijevanje slatkovodnih hranidbenih mreža. One nisu taksonomska, već ekološka grupa te se dijele na dvije zasebne potporodice, Clinocerinae i Hemerodromiinae. Potporodica Clinocerinae sadrži više od 350 vrsta uključenih u 16 rodova. Prijašnja klasifikacija bazirana je isključivo na morfologiji vrsta, s iznimkom roda Wiedemannia za kojeg je napravljena filogenija na temelju molekularnih podataka. U ovom radu napravljena je prva molekularna filogenija potporodice Clinocerinae koja uključuje predstavnike svih rodova. DNA je izolirana iz svježih i muzejskih jedinki iz područja svih svjetskih biogeografskih regija. Sekvencirana su dva mitohondrijalna gena, gen za podjedinicu citokrom c oksidaze I (COI) i citokrom β (Cytβ) te tri nuklearna gena, domena karbamoil fosfat sintetaze (rudimentarna CAD), gen za elongacijski factor (EF-1α) te izocitrat dehidrogenaza (IDH). Filogenetska analiza napravljena je koristeći metode najveće vjerojatnosti i Bayesian analizom na matrici spojenih sekvenci. Naši preliminarni rezultati ne pokazuju dovoljno filogenetskog signala kako bi potvrdili pripadnost rodova Proagomya i Asymphiloptera potporodici Clinocerinae, za razliku od ostalih rodova koji tvore monofiletsku grupu.

U ekološkim istraživanjima rijetke svojte obično predstavljaju „šum“ ili smetnju u sta- tističkoj obradi bioloških podataka na razini zajednice. Budući da su po svojoj definiciji ovakve svojte malobrojne, adekvatno praće- nje njihove dinamike moguće je samo kroz dugogodišnja istraživanja. Takvo istraživa- nje provedeno je u Nacionalnom parku Pli- tvička jezera s ciljem kontinuiranog praćenja (od 2007. do danas) emergencije vodenih komarčića na devet lokacija. Većina emer- gencijskih klopki u čitavom su razdoblju uzorkovane jednom mjesečno. Od ukupno 4800 uzoraka s devet lokaliteta (3-6 klopki po lokalitetu) komarčići su zabilježeni samo 90 puta (u oko 0, 02% uzoraka), a u uzorku s najvećim brojem zabilježenih jedinki udio komarčića je tek 1% od ukupnog broja. U ovom istraživanju zabilježeno je sveukupno 360 jedinki, koje su zastupljene u osam ra- zličitih rodova svih jedinki vodenih kukaca. Rarefrakcijskom krivuljom, temeljenom na Jacknife metodi procjene, utvrđeno je da i nakon gotovo 15 godina istraživanja asimp- tota teoretski konačan broj svojti komarčića na ovom području nije pronađen. Klaster analizom, temeljenom na Bray-Curtis matri- ci sličnosti među zajednicama, utvrđeno je kako su zajednice prostorno bližih postaja sličnije te su tako grupirane u prikazu mul- tidimenzionalnog skaliranja. Ova raspodje- la najvjerojatnije je posljedica mogućnosti disperzije komarčića samo na bliža staništa zbog relativno slabih letačkih sposobnosti.

Dugogodišnji biološki podaci na razini za- jednica, kojima se učinci klimatskih pro- mjena na sastav zajednice mogu pratiti kroz razdoblje dulje od nekoliko godina, gotovo da i ne postoje. Trinaestogodišnji istraživač- ki program u Nacionalnom parku Plitvička jezera s mjesečnim uzorkovanjem imao je za cilj sveobuhvatno praćenje emergencije slatkovodnih kukaca (muhe: Diptera). Istra- živanje se poklopilo s velikom sušom koja se dogodila 2011./2012. Ovaj događaj izazvao je najveće razmjere suše u regiji od počet- ka dvadesetog stoljeća smanjivši protok na istraživanim postajama u prosjeku za pola. Obrasci sezonske i godišnje dinamike zajed- nice dvokrilaca prikazani su kao mjere eu- klidske udaljenosti za sličnost u sastavu za- jednice usporedno s povećanjem vremenske udaljenosti između uzoraka. Sastav zajed- nica analiziran je tzv. change point analizom, koja je za sve istraživane postaje pokazala oš- tru promjenu u sastavu zajednice povezanu sa sušnim periodom. Analizom indikator- skih vrsta utvrđeno je da su indikatorske vr- ste različite u vremenskim periodima prije, za vrijeme i nakon suše na svim istraživanim postajama. Otkriveno je da je oporavak za- jednice od posljedica suše još uvijek u tijeku čak i sedam godina nakon samog događa- ja. Rezultati također izazivaju i zabrinutost hoće li potpuni oporavak uopće biti moguć ukoliko bi se u budućnosti dogodio sličan događaj pod utjecajem klimatskih promjena.

Rod Wiedemannia Zetterstedt vodenih muha plesačica (Empididae) jedan je od dominantnih rodova u potocima i malim rijekama Europe. Grupa Wiedemannia zetterstedti revidirana je nakon pregleda svih dostupnih tipskih primjeraka i uključuje jednu novu vrstu (Wiedemannia ulrichi Ivković & Sinclair sp. nov.) i četiri ponovno opisane vrste (Wiedemannia czernyi (Bezzi), Wiedemannia longipennis (Mik) rev., Wiedemannia rufipes (Oldenberg) stat. rev. i Wiedemannia zetterstedti (Fallén)). Predlažu se sljedeći novi sinonimi: Wiedemannia (Roederella) ouedorum Vaillant, 1952 = Wiedemannia czernyi (Bezzi, 1905) ; Paramesia riparia Robert, 1836 = Wiedemannia zetterstedti (Fallén, 1826). Lektotipovi označeni su za sljedeće vrste: Atalanta hirtiloba Speiser, Brachystoma escheri Zetterstedt, Clinocera czernyi Bezzi, Clinocera longipennis Mik, Paramesia riparia Robert i Roederia czernyi rufipes Oldenberg. Uz morfološke dokaze, koncepti molekularnih vrsta istraživani su korištenjem molekularne filogenetske divergencije temeljene na razgraničenju vrsta (bPTP) i rezultati su potvrdili morfološke zaključke. Napravljen je ključ za tu skupinu vrsta i geografska je rasprostranjenost svih vrsta u Europi mapirana.

Chironomids are the most diverse and usually most abundant macroinvertebrates in freshwater ecosystems. Plitvice Lakes National Park is located in the Dinaric Western Balkan Ecoregion of Croatia and it consists of 16 oligotrophic, dimictic and fluvial lakes divided by tufa barriers. The goal of this study is to evaluate effects of climate change on the chironomid composition of tufa barrier Kozjak- Milanovac. The study was conducted in Plitvice Lakes NP due to minimal anthropogenic impact on the system. Adult chironomids were collected monthly from 2007 to 2020 using emergence traps. Traps were pyramid- shaped with a 45x45 cm base and 50 cm height, with 1 mm mesh walls A collection container was placed on top of each trap, filled with a 2 % formaldehyde solution. The larvae were free to enter and exit the base of the trap. Water temperature was recorded 2 times a day with data loggers. Current velocity was measured monthly during collection of the animals. Discharge values were provided by Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service and data on organic material by Plitvice Lakes NP. In 14 years more than 13, 000 adults were collected belonging to more than 80 taxa. In this time span, water temperature, velocity, discharge and amount of organic material increased, while chironomid abundance and number of species did not change significantly. On the other hand, community structure changed. Specifically, decreasing abundance of active filter feeders and detritivores like Polypedilum scalaenum and Tanytarsus signatus and increasing abundance of rheophilic passive filter feeders like Rheotanytarsus reissi and R. curtistylus was observed. Overall abundance of predators decreased but abundance of Rheopelopia maculipennis, a predatory species that is usually found among tubes of Rheotanytarsus genus, increased in these new conditions characterized by increase in frequency and strength of spates. Number of species and abundance did not indicate any change over the years however community structure did, directing us towards high-level taxonomy and its impact on fine resolution of community response.

Trzalci (Chironomidae) su najraznolikija i često najbrojnija skupina makrozoobentosa u slatkim vodama. Cilj ovog istraživanja je odrediti utjecaj klimatskih promjena na sastav zajednice trzalaca sedrene barijere Kozjak–Milanovac. Istraživanje je provedeno u Nacionalnom parku Plitvička jezera koji se sastoji od 16 oligotrofnih protočnih jezera povezanih sedrenim barijerama. Odrasli trzalci su sakupljani na sedrenoj barijeri Kozjak- Milanovac od 2007. do kraja 2020. godine emergencijskim piramidama. Temperatura vode je mjerena 2 puta dnevno „data logerima“. Podaci o protoku su dobiveni od Državnog hidrometeorološkog zavoda, a podaci o količini organske tvari od uprave parka. Brzina strujanja vode je mjerena mjesečno tijekom sakupljanja materijala. Tijekom 14 godina sakupljeno je više od 13 000 jedinki koje pripadaju unutar više od 80 taksona. Uočen je porast vrijednosti temperature vode, količine organskih tvari, protoka i brzine strujanja vode. Tijekom godina nije došlo do promjene u brojnosti i bogatstvu vrsta trzalaca, ali je došlo do promjena u sastavu zajednice i trofičke strukture. Brojnost aktivnih filtratora i detritivora kao što su Polypedilum scalaenum i Tanytarsus signatus se smanjila dok je brojnost reofilnih pasivnih filtratora poput Rheotanytarsus reissi i R. curtistylus porasla. Iako brojnost i bogatstvo vrsta nisu ukazali na promjenu, sastav zajednice jest, što upućuje na važnost taksonomije u otkrivanju najsuptilnijih odgovora zajednica na promjene u okolišu.

Rod Wiedemannia Zetterstedt vodenih muha plesačica (Empididae) jedan je od dominantnih rodova u potocima i malim rijekama Europe. Grupa Wiedemannia zetterstedti revidirana je nakon pregleda svih dostupnih tipskih primjeraka i uključuje jednu novu vrstu (Wiedemannia ulrichi Ivković & Sinclair sp. nov.) i četiri ponovno opisane vrste (Wiedemannia czernyi (Bezzi), Wiedemannia longipennis (Mik) rev., Wiedemannia rufipes (Oldenberg) stat. rev. i Wiedemannia zetterstedti (Fallén)). Predlažu se sljedeći novi sinonimi: Wiedemannia (Roederella) ouedorum Vaillant, 1952 = Wiedemannia czernyi (Bezzi, 1905) ; Paramesia riparia Robert, 1836 = Wiedemannia zetterstedti (Fallén, 1826). Lektotipovi su označeni za sljedeće vrste: Atalanta hirtiloba Speiser, Brachystoma escheri Zetterstedt, Clinocera czernyi Bezzi, Clinocera longipennis Mik, Paramesia riparia Robert i Roederia czernyi rufipes Oldenberg. Uz morfološke dokaze, koncepti molekularnih vrsta istraživani su korištenjem molekularne filogenetske divergencije temeljene na razgraničenju vrsta (bPTP) te su potvrđeni morfološki zaključci. Napravljen je ključ za tu skupinu vrsta i geografska rasprostranjenost svih vrsta u Europi je kartirana.