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3 results on '"Isnard"'

1. Political Reason and the Language of Change

Author

Luna-Fabritius, Adriana, Nokkala, Ere, Seppel, Marten, and Tribe, Keith

Subjects
ESHET, History of Economic Thought, Isnard, Northern Europe, Richard van den Berg, Routledge Historical Resources, reform
Abstract

FORTHCOMING OPEN ACCESS TITLE This collection of essays re-examines ideas of change and movements for change in early modern Europe without presuming that "progressive" change was the outcome of "reforms". "Reform" today implies rational, incremental change to public institutions and procedures. "Improvement" has a more general application, emphasising the positive outcome to which "reform" is oriented. But the language of reform is today used of historical personalities and movements that did not themselves use the term, and who in many cases were not necessarily seeking the progressive change that we would understand today. The activities of "reform" were embedded in contemporary politics, and while "improvement" was part of a contemporary vocabulary, its real presence has been obscured by the range of natural languages in which it was expressed. Contributors to this volume seek to establish what was meant by contemporary usage. Bringing together scholars of Russia, Southern, Western, Central and Northern Europe, this collection sheds new light on both common and divergent features of a political process too often treated as a uniform movement towards modernity. This volume is a useful resource for students and scholars interested in Enlightenment studies, intellectual history, and conceptual history in early modern Europe.

Published
2023
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2. Distinct Features of Germinal Center Reactions in Macaques Infected by SIV or Vaccinated with a T-Dependent Model Antigen

Author

Nathalie Bosquet, Yolande Richard, Stephane Isnard, Gwenoline Borhis, Maria Trovato, Roger Le Grand, Hany M. Ibrahim, and Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale INSERM U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR8104, F-75014 Paris.

Subjects
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Male, 0301 basic medicine, Transmembrane Activator and CAML Interactor Protein, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, lcsh:QR1-502, TFH, Isnard, lcsh:Microbiology, M, 0302 clinical medicine, Ibrahim, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Tetanus Toxoid, Cytotoxic T cell, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Borhis, Y. Distinct B-cells, GC, B-Lymphocytes, CXCL10, CXCL13, 3. Good health, Bosquet, Infectious Diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, SIV, Le Grand, Trovato, BAFF, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, Antibody, S, T Follicular Helper Cells, H.M, B-cells, Spleen, memory B-cells, Biology, Article, Richard, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigen, Virology, G, medicine, Animals, Inflammation, R, Follicular dendritic cells, Germinal center, Germinal Center, N, Macaca mulatta, Immunity, Humoral, T FH, 030104 developmental biology, Immunology, biology.protein, Immunologic Memory, B-Cell Activation Factor Receptor, 030215 immunology
Abstract

B-cell follicles constitute large reservoirs of infectious HIV/SIV associated to follicular dendritic cells and infecting follicular helper (TFH) and regulatory (TFR) T-cells in germinal centers (GCs). Thus, follicular and GC B-cells are persistently exposed to viral antigens. Despite recent development of potent HIV immunogens, numerous questions are still open regarding GC reaction during early HIV/SIV infection. Here, we dissect the dynamics of B- and T-cells in GCs of macaques acutely infected by SIV (Group SIV+) or vaccinated with Tetanus Toxoid (Group TT), a T-dependent model antigen. Systemic inflammation and mobilization of antigen-presenting cells in inguinal lymph nodes and spleen are lower in Group TT than in Group SIV+. Despite spleen GC reaction of higher magnitude in Group SIV+, the development of protective immunity could be limited by abnormal helper functions of TFH massively polarized into TFH1-like cells, by inflammation-induced recruitment of fCD8 (either regulatory or cytotoxic) and by low numbers of TFR limiting TFH/TFR competition for high affinity B-cells. Increased GC B-cells apoptosis and accumulation of CD21lo memory B-cells, unable to further participate to GC reaction, likely contribute to eliminate SIV-specific B-cells and decrease antibody affinity maturation. Surprisingly, functional GCs and potent TT-specific antibodies develop despite low levels of CXCL13.

Published
2021
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3. Tableaux and Systemes : Early French contributions to linear production models

Author

Albert E. Steenge, Richard Van Den Berg, and Research programme GEM

Subjects
Economics and Econometrics, Input-Output theory, Production model, simultaneous equations mnodels, Isnard, Leontief, Sociology, economics, history, Social science, Quesnay, Humanities
Abstract

L’histoire des modeles lineaires de production commence veritablement a partir de la seconde moitie du XVIIIeme siecle. Une comparaison entre les Tableaux Economiques de Francois Quesnay et les Systemes de Richesses d’Achilles-Nicolas Isnard permet de comprendre les differentes perspectives de cette branche naissante de l’analyse economique. Quesnay presente un modele idealise de l’economie francaise, en faisant un certain nombre de presupposes contraignants, pour etudier la croissance et le declin economiques. L’analyse d’Isnard est plus abstraite et generale, et se concentre sur les relations entre reproduction, prix et repartition. Les limites conceptuelles de leurs travaux, comme le presuppose implicite de prix constants pour Quesnay ou l’absence de regle pour la repartition du surproduit pour Isnard ont ete retrouvees plus tard et resolues, de maniere differentes, par des theoriciens posterieurs tels que Leontief, von Neumann et Straffa.

Published
2016

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