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Background: Mechanisms of benefit with SGLT2is (sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors) in heart failure (HF) remain incompletely characterized. Dapagliflozin alters ketone and fatty acid metabolism in HF with reduced ejection fraction though similar effects have not been observed in HF with preserved ejection fraction. We explore whether metabolic effects of SGLT2is vary across the left ventricular ejection fraction spectrum and their relationship with cardiometabolic end points in 2 randomized trials of dapagliflozin in HF., Methods: Metabolomic profiling of 61 metabolites was performed in 527 participants from DEFINE-HF (Dapagliflozin Effects on Biomarkers, Symptoms and Functional Status in Patients With HF With Reduced Ejection Fraction) and PRESERVED-HF (Dapagliflozin in PRESERVED Ejection Fraction HF; 12-week, placebo-controlled trials of dapagliflozin in HF with reduced ejection fraction and HF with preserved ejection fraction, respectively). Linear regression was used to assess changes in principal components analysis-defined metabolite factors with treatment from baseline to 12 weeks, as well as the relationship between changes in metabolite clusters and HF-related end points., Results: The mean age was 66±11 years, 43% were female, and 33% were self-identified as Black. Two principal components analysis-derived metabolite factors (which were comprised of ketone and short-/medium-chain acylcarnitines) increased with dapagliflozin compared with placebo. Ketosis (defined as 3-hydroxybutyrate >500 μM) was achieved in 4.5% with dapagliflozin versus 1.2% with placebo ( P =0.03). There were no appreciable treatment effects on amino acids, including branched-chain amino acids. Increases in several acylcarnitines were consistent across LVEF ( P interaction >0.10), whereas the ketogenic effect diminished at higher LVEF ( P interaction =0.01 for 3-hydroxybutyrate). Increases in metabolites reflecting mitochondrial dysfunction (particularly long-chain acylcarnitines) and aromatic amino acids and decreases in branched-chain amino acids were associated with worse HF-related outcomes in the overall cohort, with consistency across treatment and LVEF., Conclusions: SGLT2is demonstrate common (fatty acid) and distinct (ketogenic) metabolic signatures across the LVEF spectrum. Changes in key pathways related to fatty acid and amino acid metabolism are associated with HF-related end points and may serve as therapeutic targets across HF subtypes., Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique Identifiers: NCT03030235 and NCT02653482.

Aims: Patients with heart failure (HF) with improved ejection fraction (HFimpEF) may face residual risks of clinical events that are comparable to those experienced by patients with HF whose left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) has consistently been above 40%. However, little is known about the clinical course of patients with HFimpEF during hospitalization for HF., Methods and Results: DELIVER randomized patients with HF and LVEF >40% to dapagliflozin or placebo, including HFimpEF (LVEF previously ≤40%). We evaluated all HF hospitalizations adjudicated by the clinical endpoints committee with available data for determination of in-hospital course. Complicated hospitalization was defined as any hospitalization requiring intensive care unit stay, intravenous vasopressors/inotropes/vasodilators, invasive or non-invasive ventilation, mechanical fluid removal, ultrafiltration, or mechanical circulatory support. LVEF changes were extracted using a validated GPT-3.5, a large language model, via a secure private endpoint. Of the 6263 patients enrolled in DELIVER, 1151 (18%) had HFimpEF. During a median follow-up of 2.3 years, there were 224 total HF hospitalizations in 144 patients with HFimpEF and 985 in 603 patients with LVEF consistently >40%. Patients with HFimpEF experienced higher rates of complicated HF hospitalization as compared with patients with LVEF consistently >40% (39% vs. 27%; p < 0.001). Among those who experienced a first HF hospitalization, there was no significant difference in length of stay or in-hospital mortality between patients with HFimpEF versus LVEF consistently >40%. In a subset of participants who had at least one LVEF measurement available during HF hospitalization, 66% of those with HFimpEF and 29% of patients with LVEF consistently >40% experienced a reduction in their LVEF to ≤40% from the time of enrolment (p < 0.001). In the entire DELIVER cohort, dapagliflozin reduced total uncomplicated and complicated HF hospitalizations, irrespective of HFimpEF status (p interaction ≥0.30)., Conclusions: Among patients hospitalized for HF in DELIVER, those with HFimpEF experienced a more adverse in-hospital clinical course, necessitating higher resource utilization beyond standard diuretic therapy compared with patients with HF and LVEF consistently >40%, but had similar in-hospital mortality. Treatment benefits of dapagliflozin were not modified by hospitalization type., (© 2024 The Author(s). European Journal of Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.)

Background: Patients recently hospitalized for heart failure (HF) are at a higher risk of adverse clinical outcomes, but they may experience a greater absolute and relative benefit from effective therapies than individuals who are considered more "stable.", Objectives: The authors examined the effects of dapagliflozin according to the timing of prior HF hospitalization in a patient-level pooled analysis of DAPA-HF (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure) and DELIVER (Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure)., Methods: A total of 11,007 patients were randomized in DAPA-HF and DELIVER. The primary outcome was the composite of worsening HF or cardiovascular death., Results: In total, 12.4% were hospitalized for HF within 3 months of randomization, 14.2% between 3 and 12 months, and 16.8% more than 1 year before randomization, whereas 56.5% had not been hospitalized. The risk of the primary endpoint was inversely associated with time from prior HF hospitalization, and patients with a recent HF hospitalization had the highest risk. Compared with placebo, dapagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary outcome across HF hospitalization category (0-3 months, HR: 0.66 [95% CI: 0.55-0.81]; 3-12 months, HR: 0.73 [95% CI: 0.59-0.90]; >1 year, HR: 0.91 [95% CI: 0.74-1.12]; and no prior hospitalization, HR: 0.83 [95% CI: 0.73-0.94]; P interaction  = 0.09). The number of patients needed to treat with dapagliflozin to prevent 1 event over the median follow-up of 22 months was 13, 20, 23, and 28, respectively. The beneficial effect was consistent across the range of LVEF regardless of HF hospitalization category., Conclusions: The relative benefits of dapagliflozin were consistent across the range of LVEF regardless of the timing of the most recent HF hospitalization with a greater absolute benefit in patients with recent hospitalization., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures The DAPA-HF and DELIVER trials were funded by AstraZeneca. Profs McMurray and Jhund are supported by a British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Grant RE/18/6/34217 and the Vera Melrose Heart Failure Research Fund. Dr Butt has received Advisory Board honoraria from Bayer; has received consultant honoraria from Novartis and AstraZeneca; and has received travel grants from AstraZeneca. Dr Jhund’s employer the University of Glasgow has been remunerated by AstraZeneca for working on the DAPA-HF and DELIVER trials; he has received personal fees from Novartis and Cytokinetics, and has received grants from Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Docherty has received honoraria from AstraZeneca; and has received a research grant to his institution from Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Claggett has received consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Vaduganathan has received research grant support, has served on Advisory Boards, or had speaker engagements with American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Baxter Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cytokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Relypsa, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Tricog Health; and has participated on clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by AstraZeneca, Galmed, Novartis, Bayer AG, Occlutech, and Impulse Dynamics. Dr Bachus is an employee and shareholder of AstraZeneca. Dr Hernandez has received research support from American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Verily; and has served as a consultant or on the Advisory Board for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Myokardia, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Vifor. Dr Lam is supported by a Clinician Scientist Award from the National Medical Research Council of Singapore; has received research support from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boston Scientific, and Roche Diagnostics; has served as a consultant or on the Advisory Board/Steering Committee/Executive Committee for Actelion, Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Darma Inc, Us2.ai, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Medscape, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Radcliffe Group Ltd, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and WebMD Global LLC; and serves as the cofounder and nonexecutive director of Us2.ai. Dr Inzucchi has served on clinical trial committees or as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, and Bayer; and has given lectures sponsored by AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Martinez has received personal fees from AstraZeneca. Dr de Boer’s institution has received research grants and fees (outside the submitted work) from AstraZeneca, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardio Pharmaceuticals Gmbh, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Novo Nordisk, and Roche. Dr de Boer has received speaker fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis, and Roche (outside of the submitted work). Dr Kosiborod has received research grant support from AstraZeneca, and Boehringer Ingelheim; has served as a consultant or on an Advisory Board for Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Esperion Therapeutics, Janssen, Merck (Diabetes and Cardiovascular), Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Vifor Pharma; has received other research support from AstraZeneca; and has received honorarium from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novo Nordisk. Dr Desai has received grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca during the conduct of the study; has received personal fees from Abbott, Biofourmis, Boston Scientific, Boehringer Ingelheim, Corvidia, DalCor Pharma, Relypsa, Regeneron, and Merck; has received grants and personal fees from Alnylam and Novartis; and has received personal fees from Amgen outside the submitted work. Dr Køber has received compensation from Novartis for other services; has received compensation from Novo Nordisk for other services; and has received compensation from AstraZeneca for other services. Dr Ponikowski has received compensation from AstraZeneca for consultant services; has received compensation from Boehringer Ingelheim for consultant services; has received compensation from Servier for consultant services; has received compensation from AstraZeneca for other services; has received compensation from Pfizer for other services; has received compensation from Amgen for consultant services; has received compensation from Vifor Pharma for consultant services; has received compensation from Novartis for other services; and has received compensation from Abbott Vascular for other services. Dr Sabatine has received research grant support through Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Abbott, Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Intarcia, IONIS, Medicines Company, MedImmune, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Quark Pharmaceuticals; and has received consulting honoraria for Althera, Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CVS Caremark, DalCor, Dr Reddy’s Laboratories, Fibrogen, IFM Therapeutics, Intarcia, MedImmune, Merck, Moderna, and Novo Nordisk. Dr Solomon has received research grants from Actelion, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lilly, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/NHLBI, Neurotronik, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Theracos, and US2.AI; and has consulted for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Cardurion, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi-Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellPro-Thera, Moderna, American Regent, and Sarepta. Dr McMurray has received payments through Glasgow University from work on clinical trials, consulting, and other activities from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, KBP Biosciences, and Novartis; has received personal consultancy fees from Alnylam Pharma, Bayer, BMS, George Clinical PTY Ltd, Ionis Pharma, Novartis, Regeneron Pharma, and River 2 Renal Corporation; has received personal lecture fees Abbott, Alkem Metabolics, AstraZeneca, Blue Ocean Scientific Solutions Ltd, Boehringer Ingelheim, Canadian Medical and Surgical Knowledge, Emcure Pharma Ltd, Eris Lifesciences, European Academy of CME, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Imagica Health, Intas Pharma, J.B. Chemicals & Pharma Ltd, Lupin Pharma, Medscape/Heart.Org, ProAdWise Communications, Radcliffe Cardiology, Sun Pharma, The Corpus, Translation Research Group, and Translational Medicine Academy; and is a director of Global Clinical Trial Partners Ltd., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Mechanisms underlying kidney benefits with sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibition in heart failure and/or type 2 diabetes (T2D) with established cardiovascular disease are currently unclear., Methods: We evaluated post hoc the factors mediating the effect of empagliflozin on a composite kidney outcome (first sustained estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥40% reduction from baseline, initiation of renal replacement therapy or death due to kidney disease) in EMPA-REG OUTCOME (Empagliflozin Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients). Variables, calculated as change from baseline or updated mean, were evaluated as time-dependent covariates and using a landmark approach (at Week 12) in Cox regression analyses. In multivariable analyses, variables with the greatest mediating effect were added using a step-up procedure., Results: In univariable time-dependent updated mean covariate analyses, the strongest mediator was hematocrit (99.5% mediation). Hemoglobin, uric acid and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio mediated 79.4%, 33.2% and 31.0%, respectively. Multivariable analyses were not performed due to the very strong mediation effect of hematocrit. In univariable Week 12 landmark change from baseline analyses, the strongest mediators included hematocrit (40.7%), glycated hemoglobin (28.3%), systolic blood pressure (16.8%) and free fatty acids (16.5%), which yielded a combined mediation of 78.9% in multivariable analysis., Conclusions: Changes in hematocrit and hemoglobin were the strongest mediators of empagliflozin's kidney benefits in EMPA-REG OUTCOME participants with T2D and cardiovascular disease., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the ERA.)

Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures Dr Inzucchi has served on clinical trial committees and/or as an advisor to Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, and Bayer; and has received speakers fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and AstraZeneca. Dr Arai has reported that he has no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.

Background: SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists both improve cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. We sought to evaluate whether the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors are consistent in patients receiving and not receiving GLP-1 receptor agonists., Methods: We conducted a collaborative meta-analysis of trials included in the SGLT2 Inhibitor Meta-Analysis Cardio-Renal Trialists' Consortium, restricted to participants with diabetes. Treatment effects from individual trials were obtained from Cox regression models and pooled using inverse variance weighted meta-analysis. The two main cardiovascular outcomes assessed included major adverse cardiovascular events (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death), and hospitalisation for heart failure or cardiovascular death. The main kidney outcomes assessed were chronic kidney disease progression (≥40% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR], kidney failure [eGFR <15 mL/min/1·73 m 2 , chronic dialysis, or kidney transplantation], or death due to kidney failure), and the rate of change in eGFR over time. Safety outcomes were also assessed., Findings: Across 12 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, 3065 (4·2%) of 73 238 participants with diabetes were using GLP-1 receptor agonists at baseline. SGLT2 inhibitors reduced the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in participants both receiving and not receiving GLP-1 receptor agonists (hazard ratio [HR] 0·81, 95% CI 0·63-1·03 vs 0·90, 0·86-0·94; p-heterogeneity=0·31). Effects on hospitalisation for heart failure or cardiovascular death (0·76, 0·57-1·01 vs 0·78, 0·74-0·82; p-heterogeneity=0·90) and chronic kidney disease progression (0·65, 0·46-0·94 vs 0·67, 0·62-0·72; p-heterogeneity=0·81) were also consistent regardless of GLP-1 receptor agonist use, as was the effect on the chronic rate of change in eGFR over time (heterogeneity=0·92). Fewer serious adverse events occurred with SGLT2 inhibitors compared with placebo, irrespective of GLP-1 receptor agonist use (relative risk 0·87, 95% CI 0·79-0·96 vs 0·91, 0·89-0·93; p-heterogeneity=0·41)., Interpretation: The effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes are consistent regardless of the background use of GLP-1 receptor agonists. These findings suggest independent effects of these evidence-based therapies and support clinical practice guidelines recommending the use of these agents in combination to improve cardiovascular and kidney metabolic outcomes., Funding: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and the Ramaciotti Foundation., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests BLN reports fees for travel support, advisory boards, scientific presentations, and steering committee roles from AstraZeneca, Alexion, Bayer, Boehringer and Ingelheim, Cambridge Healthcare Research, Cornerstone Medical Education, Janssen, the limbic, Medscape, Novo Nordisk, and Travere Therapeutics with all honoraria paid to The George Institute for Global Health. RAF has received studentship awards from the HDR-UK-Turing Wellcome Programme in Health Data Science. SDA reports grants and personal fees from Vifor and Abbott Vascular; and personal fees for consultancies, trial committee work or lectures, or a combination, from Actimed, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Brahms, Cardiac Dimensions, Cardior, Cordio, CVRx, Cytokinetics, Edwards, Farraday Pharmaceuticals, GSK, HeartKinetics, Impulse Dynamics, Occlutech, Pfizer, Regeneron, Repairon, Scirent, Sensible Medical, Servier, Vectorious, and V-Wave; and is the named co-inventor of two patent applications regarding MR-proANP (patent numbers DE 102007010834 and DE 102007022367), but he does not benefit personally from the related issued patents. DLB is on an advisory board for Angiowave, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CellProthera, Cereno Scientific, Elsevier Practice Update Cardiology, High Enroll, Janssen, Level Ex, McKinsey, Medscape Cardiology, Merck, MyoKardia, NirvaMed, Novo Nordisk, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, Stasys; is on the board of directors for American Heart Association New York City, Angiowave (stock options), Bristol Myers Squibb (stock), DRS. LINQ (stock options), High Enroll (stock); is a consultant for Broadview Ventures, GlaxoSmithKline, Hims, SFJ, Youngene; is on a data monitoring committee for Acesion Pharma, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Baim Institute for Clinical Research (formerly Harvard Clinical Research Institute, for the PORTICO trial, funded by St Jude Medical, now Abbott), Boston Scientific (chair for the PEITHO trial), Cleveland Clinic, Contego Medical (chair for the PERFORMANCE 2 trial), Duke Clinical Research Institute, Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai School of Medicine (for the ENVISAGE trial, funded by Daiichi Sankyo; for the ABILITY-DM trial, funded by Concept Medical; and for ALLAY-HF, funded by Alleviant Medical), Novartis, Population Health Research Institute, Rutgers University (for the National Institutes for Health-funded MINT trial); receives honoraria from the American College of Cardiology (senior associate editor for Clinical Trials and News for ACC.org; chair for the American College of Cardiology Accreditation Oversight Committee), Arnold and Porter law firm (work related to Sanofi and Bristol-Myers Squibb clopidogrel litigation), Baim Institute for Clinical Research (formerly Harvard Clinical Research Institute; for the RE-DUAL PCI clinical trial steering committee funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; and the AEGIS-II executive committee funded by CSL Behring), Belvoir Publications (editor in chief for Harvard Heart Letter), Canadian Medical and Surgical Knowledge Translation Research Group (clinical trial steering committees), CSL Behring (American Heart Association lecture), Cowen and Company, Duke Clinical Research Institute (clinical trial steering committees, including for the PRONOUNCE trial, funded by Ferring Pharmaceuticals), HMP Global (editor in chief for the Journal of Invasive Cardiology), Journal of the American College of Cardiology (guest editor and associate editor), K2P (co-chair for interdisciplinary curriculum), Level Ex, Medtelligence/ReachMD (Continuing Medical Education steering committees), MJH Life Sciences, Oakstone CME (course director for Comprehensive Review of Interventional Cardiology), Piper Sandler, Population Health Research Institute (for the COMPASS operations committee, publications committee, steering committee, and USA national co-leader, funded by Bayer), WebMD (Continuing Medical Education steering committees), Wiley (steering committee), and Clinical Cardiology (deputy editor); is named on a patent for sotagliflozin assigned to Brigham and Women's Hospital who assigned to Lexicon (neither DLB nor Brigham and Women's Hospital receive any income from this patent); receives research funding from Abbott, Acesion Pharma, Afimmune, Aker Biomarine, Alnylam, Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beren, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cardax, CellProthera, Cereno Scientific, Chiesi, CinCor, Cleerly, CSL Behring, Eisai, Ethicon, Faraday Pharmaceuticals, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Forest Laboratories, Fractyl, Garmin, HLS Therapeutics, Idorsia, Ironwood, Ischemix, Janssen, Javelin, Lexicon, Lilly, Medtronic, Merck, Moderna, MyoKardia, NirvaMed, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, Owkin, Pfizer, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, Recardio, Regeneron, Reid Hoffman Foundation, Roche, Sanofi, Stasys, Synaptic, The Medicines Company, Youngene, 89Bio; receives royalties from Elsevier (editor for Braunwald's Heart Disease); is a site co-investigator for Abbott, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, CSI, Endotronix, St Jude Medical (now Abbott), Philips, SpectraWAVE, Svelte, Vascular Solutions; is a trustee for the American College of Cardiology; and has conducted unfunded research with FlowCo. JB reports consulting fees from Abbott, American Regent, Amgen, Applied Therapeutic, AskBio, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardiac Dimension, Cardiocell, Cardior, CSL Bearing, CVRx, Cytokinetics, Daxor, Edwards, Element Science, Faraday, Foundry, G3P, Innolife, Impulse Dynamics, Imbria, Inventiva, Ionis, Lexicon, Lilly, LivaNova, Janssen, Medtronics, Merck, Occlutech, Owkin, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Pharmain, Pfizer, Prolaio, Regeneron, Renibus, Roche, Salamandra, Sanofi, SC Pharma, Secretome, Sequana, SQ Innovation, Tenex, Tricog, Ultromics, Vifor, and Zoll. DZIC has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim-Lilly, Merck, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Abbvie, Janssen, Bayer, Prometic, BMS, Maze, Gilead, CSL-Behring, Otsuka, Novartis, Youngene, Lexicon, and Novo-Nordisk; and received operational funding for clinical trials from Boehringer Ingelheim-Lilly, Merck, Janssen, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, CSL-Behring, and Novo-Nordisk. WGH reports funding from the UK Medical Research Council, Kidney Research UK, and Health Data Research UK; and grants to the University of Oxford from Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly for the EMPA-KIDNEY trial. SEI reports serving as an advisor or consultant to Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, and Bayer; and delivering lectures sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim and AstraZeneca. MJJ is supported by an National Health and Medical Research Council investigator grant; is responsible for research projects that have received funding from Amgen, Baxter, CSL, Dimerix, Eli Lilly, Gambro, and MSD; and has received fees for advisory, steering committee, or scientific presentations, or a combination, from Akebia, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Baxter, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cesas Linx, Chinook, CSL, Janssen, Medscape, MSD, Occuryx, Roche, and Vifor, with any consultancy, honoraria, or travel support paid to her institution. C-CL is an employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme, a subsidiary of Merck & Co. KWM has received research support from Afferent, Amgen, Apple, AstraZeneca, Cardiva Medical, Daiichi, Ferring, Google (Verily), Johnson & Johnson, Luitpold, Medtronic, Merck, National Institutes of Health, Novartis, Sanofi, St Jude, and Tenax; and has served as a consultant (speaker fees for continuing medical education events only) for Abbott, Ablynx, AstraZeneca, Baim Institute, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Elsevier, GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, MedErgy, Medscape, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Myokardia, the National institutes for Health, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Portola, Radiometer, Regeneron, Springer Publishing, and the University of California, San Francisco. DKM has received honoraria for trial leadership from Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Esperion, Lilly USA, CSL Behring, Eidos, and NewAmsterdam; and honoraria for consultancy from Lilly USA, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck & Co, Novo Nordisk, Applied Therapeutics, CSL Behring, Bayer, Altimmune, Intercept, Alynlam, and Pfizer. JJVM has received payments through Glasgow University from work on clinical trials, consulting, and other activities from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, GSK, KBP Biosciences, and Novartis; has received personal consultancy fees from Alnylam Pharma, Bayer, BMS, George Clinical PTY, Ionis Pharma, Novartis, Regeneron Pharma, and River 2 Renal Corporation; has received personal lecture fees from Abbott, Alkem Metabolics, AstraZeneca, Blue Ocean Scientific Solutions, Boehringer Ingelheim, Canadian Medical and Surgical Knowledge, Emcure Pharma, Eris Lifesciences, European Academy of Continuing Medical Education, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Imagica health, Intas Pharma, JB Chemicals & Pharma, Lupin Pharma, Medscape or Heart. Org, ProAdWise Communications, Radcliffe Cardiology, Sun Pharma, The Corpus, Translation Research Group, and Translational Medicine Academy; and is a director of Global Clinical Trial Partners. BN has received grants for CANVAS and CREDENCE; is on an advisory board and has received honoraria and travel reimbursement all from Janssen and all paid to his institution; has received research support from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Principal Research Fellowship and Janssen; and has served on advisory boards or has had involvement in continuing medical education programmes for Janssen, with any consultancy, honoraria, or travel support paid to his institution; and has institutional relationships with AbbVie, Actelion, and Janssen. MP reports consulting to 89bio, AbbVie, Altimmune, Alnylam, Amarin, Amgen, Ardelyx, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Caladrius, Casana, CSL Behring, Cytokinetics, Imara, Lilly, Medtronic, MSD, Novartis, Reata, Relypsa, and Salamandra. VP serves as a board director for St Vincent's Health Australia, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, and Mindgardens; and has received honoraria for Steering Committee roles, scientific presentations, or advisory board attendance, or a combination, from Abbvie, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Baxter, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chinook, Durect, Eli Lilly, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Mundipharma, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, Pharmalink, Pfizer, Reata, Travere, Relypsa, Roche, Sanofi, Servier, and Tricida. MSS reports research grant support through the Brigham and Women's Hospital from Abbott, Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Ionis, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Saghmos Therapeutics, and Verve Therapeutics; and consulting for Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Beren Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dr Reddy's Laboratories, Merck, Moderna, Novo Nordisk, Precision BioSciences, and Silence Therapeutics. SDS has received research grants from Actelion, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lilly, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Neurotronik, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Theracos, and US2.AI; and has consulted for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Cardurion, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi-Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellPro-Thera, Moderna, American Regent, and Sarepta. NS reports institutional grant support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, and Novo Nordisk. MS serves as a consultant for, or has received research support from, or both, Lexicon, Esperion, Amarin, NewAmsterdam, Silence, Sanofi, Tourmaline, and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. MV has received research grant support, served on advisory boards, or had speaker engagements with American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Baxter Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cytokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Relypsa, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Tricog Health; and participates on clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by AstraZeneca, Galmed, Novartis, Bayer AG, Occlutech, and Impulse Dynamics. CW reports personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, MSD, and Bayer. DCW reports honoraria or consultancy fees, or both, from Amgen, AstraZeneca (ongoing), Astellas, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Mundipharma, MSD, Napp, Dohme, Takeda, Vifor Fresenius, and Zydus. SDW reports research grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Merck, and Pfizer; and consulting fees or honoraria from Icon Clinical and Novo Nordisk, Varian, and Harvard Medical School. SDW's spouse, Dr Caroline Fox is an employee of Vertex, and former employee of Flagship Pioneering and Merck. MSS and SDW are members of the TIMI Study Group, which has received institutional grant support through Brigham and Women's Hospital from Abbott, Abiomed, Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, ARCA Biopharma, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Research and Development, MedImmune, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Roche, Saghmos Therapeutics, Softcell Medical, The Medicines Company, Verve Therapeutics, and Zora Biosciences. FZ reports personal fees from 89Bio, Abbott, Acceleron, Applied Therapeutics, Bayer, Betagenon, Boehringer, BMS, CVRx, Cambrian, Cardior, Cereno Pharmaceutical, Cellprothera, CEVA, Inventiva, KBP, Merck, NovoNordisk, Owkin, Otsuka, Roche Diagnostics, Northsea, and USa2; having stock options at G3Pharmaceutical; having equities at Cereno, Cardiorenal, and Eshmoun Clinical Research; and being the founder of Cardiovascular Clinical Trialists. HJLH has received grants or contracts from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, and Novo Nordisk; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Behring, Dimerix, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, and Travere Therapeutics; and payment or honoraria for speaking from AstraZeneca and Novo Nordisk. EMA and NJ declare no competing interests., (Copyright © Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.)

Aims: The primary aim was to evaluate the effect of dapagliflozin according to QRS duration across the spectrum of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), given that prolongation of QRS duration is associated with less favourable ventricular remodelling with pharmacological therapy and worse outcomes., Methods and Results: A pooled analysis of the DAPA-HF and DELIVER trials, excluding patients with a paced rhythm and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Overall, 4008 patients had heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and 5816 had HF with mildly reduced/preserved ejection fraction (HFmrEF/HFpEF). QRS duration was <120 ms in 7039 patients (71.7%), 120-149 ms in 1725 (17.6%), and ≥150 ms in 1060 patients (10.8%). The median follow-up time was 23 months. The rate of the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular death or worsening HF was 9.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.7-9.7), 14.3 (13.0-15.7), and 15.9 (14.1-17.9) per 100 patient-years in the <120, 120-149, and ≥150 ms groups, respectively. This gradient in event rates was observed both in HFrEF and HFmrEF/HFpEF. Dapagliflozin, compared with placebo, reduced the risk of the primary outcome consistently across the QRS duration subgroups (hazard ratio [95% CI] 0.75 [0.67-0.85], 0.79 [0.65-0.96], and 0.89 [0.70-1.13] in the <120, 120-149, and ≥150 ms groups, respectively; p for interaction = 0.28). The effect of dapagliflozin on the primary outcome was consistent across the QRS duration regardless of HF phenotype that is, HFrEF or HFmrEF/HFpEF., Conclusions: Prolongation of QRS duration is associated with worse outcomes irrespective of HF phenotype. Dapagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary outcome, regardless of QRS duration, in DAPA-HF and DELIVER., (© 2024 The Author(s). European Journal of Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.)

Background: The effect of empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose-co-transporter-2 inhibitor, on risk for myocardial infarction has not been fully characterized., Methods: This study comprised prespecified and post-hoc analyses of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial in which 7020 people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease [mostly atherosclerotic (ASCVD)] were randomized to empagliflozin or placebo and followed for a median 3.1 years. We assessed the effect of empagliflozin on total (first plus recurrent) events of centrally adjudicated fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) using a negative binomial model with robust confidence intervals (CI) that preserves randomization and accounts for the within-patient correlation of multiple events. Post hoc, we analyzed types of MI: type 1 (related to plaque-rupture/thrombus), type 2 (myocardial supply-demand imbalance), type 3 (sudden-death related, i.e. fatal MI), type 4 (percutaneous coronary intervention-related), and type 5 (coronary artery bypass graft-related). MIs could be assigned to > 1 type., Results: There were 421 total MIs (including recurrent); 299, 86, 26, 19, and 1 were classified as type 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 events, respectively. Overall, empagliflozin reduced the risk of total MI events by 21% [rate ratio for empagliflozin vs. placebo, 0.79 (95% CI, 0.620-0.998), P = 0.0486], largely driven by its effect on type 1 [rate ratio, 0.79 (95% CI, 0.61-1.04)] and type 2 MIs [rate ratio, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.41-1.10)]., Conclusions: In T2D patients with ASCVD, empagliflozin reduced the risk of MIs, with consistent effects across the two most common etiologies, i.e. type 1 and 2., Trail Registration: URL: https://www., Clinicaltrials: gov ; Unique identifier: NCT01131676., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Aims: Although much is known about the usefulness of heart failure (HF)-specific instruments for assessing patient well-being, less is known about the value of generic instruments for the measurement of health-related quality of life (HRQL) in HF. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level (EQ-5D-5L) visual analogue scale (VAS) and index scores, clinical characteristics, and outcomes in patients with HF and the effect of dapagliflozin on these scores., Methods and Results: We performed a patient-level pooled analysis of the DAPA-HF and DELIVER trials, which investigated the effectiveness and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and mildly reduced/preserved ejection fraction (HFmrEF/HFpEF), respectively. Patients reporting higher (better) EQ-5D-5L VAS and index scores had a lower prevalence of comorbidities, including atrial fibrillation and hypertension, than patients with a worse score. They were also more likely to have better investigator-reported (New York Heart Association class) and patient-self-reported (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire) health status and lower median N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels. Compared to patients with the lowest scores (Q1), those with higher EQ-5D-5L VAS scores had better outcomes: the hazard ratio for the composite of cardiovascular death or worsening HF was 0.81 (95% confidence interval 0.72-0.91) in Q2, 0.74 (0.65-0.84) in Q3, and 0.62 (0.54-0.72) in Q4. The risk of each component of the composite outcome, and all-cause death, was also lower in patients with better scores. Similar findings were observed for the index score. Treatment with dapagliflozin improved both EQ-5D-5L VAS and index scores across the range of ejection fraction., Conclusions: Both higher (better) EQ-5D-5L VAS and index scores were associated with better outcomes. Dapagliflozin treatment improved EQ-5D-5L VAS and index scores, irrespective of ejection fraction., (© 2024 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.)

Aims: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and heart failure (HF) frequently coexist, but whether clinical outcomes and treatment effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) vary in relation to background glucose-lowering therapy (GLT) in this population is uncertain., Methods and Results: DELIVER randomized patients with HF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >40% to dapagliflozin or placebo. The primary outcome was a composite of worsening HF (HF hospitalization or urgent HF visit) or cardiovascular death. In this pre-specified analysis of participants with T2D, treatment effects were assessed by number and class of background GLT(s). Of 3150 participants with T2D at baseline, 22.9% were on no GLT, 36.5% were treated with 1 GLT, and 40.6% with ≥2 GLTs. During follow-up (median: 2.3 years), treatment benefits of dapagliflozin (vs. placebo) on the primary outcome were consistent irrespective of the number of background GLTs (0 GLTs: hazard ratio [HR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50-1.00; 1 GLT: HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.80-1.34; ≥2 GLTs: HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56-0.90; p interaction  = 0.59). Similar findings were observed among participants with (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.59-0.92) and without background metformin use (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.72-1.11; p interaction  = 0.22) and in participants with (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.69-1.16) and without background insulin use (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.65-0.95; p interaction  = 0.45). Dapagliflozin was well-tolerated irrespective of the number of background GLTs., Conclusions: Dapagliflozin safely and consistently improved clinical outcomes among individuals with T2D and HF with LVEF >40% irrespective of the number and class of background GLTs, and the benefits were not influenced by concomitant metformin or insulin use. These data bolster contemporary guidelines supporting first-line SGLT2i among individuals with T2D and HF, irrespective of background GLT., (© 2024 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.)

Background: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) consistently improve heart failure and kidney-related outcomes; however, effects on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) across different patient populations are less clear., Methods: This was a collaborative trial-level meta-analysis from the SGLT2i Meta-analysis Cardio-Renal Trialists Consortium, which includes all phase 3, placebo-controlled, outcomes trials of SGLT2i across 3 patient populations (patients with diabetes at high risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure [HF], or chronic kidney disease). The outcomes of interest were MACE (composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction , or stroke), individual components of MACE (inclusive of fatal and nonfatal events), all-cause mortality, and death subtypes. Effect estimates for SGLT2i versus placebo were meta-analyzed across trials and examined across key subgroups (established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, previous myocardial infarction, diabetes, previous HF, albuminuria, chronic kidney disease stages, and risk groups)., Results: A total of 78 607 patients across 11 trials were included: 42 568 (54.2%), 20 725 (26.4%), and 15 314 (19.5%) were included from trials of patients with diabetes at high risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, HF, or chronic kidney disease, respectively. SGLT2i reduced the rate of MACE by 9% (hazard ration [HR], 0.91 [95% CI, 0.87-0.96], P <0.0001) with a consistent effect across all 3 patient populations ( I 2 =0%) and across all key subgroups. This effect was primarily driven by a reduction in cardiovascular death (HR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.81-0.92], P <0.0001), with no significant effect for myocardial infarction in the overall population (HR, 0.95 [95% CI, 0.87-1.04], P =0.29), and no effect on stroke (HR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.91-1.07], P =0.77). The benefit for cardiovascular death was driven primarily by reductions in HF death and sudden cardiac death (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.46-1.02] and HR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.78-0.95], respectively) and was generally consistent across subgroups, with the possible exception of being more apparent in those with albuminuria ( P interaction =0.02)., Conclusions: SGLT2i reduce the risk of MACE across a broad range of patients irrespective of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, diabetes, kidney function, or other major clinical characteristics at baseline. This effect is driven primarily by a reduction of cardiovascular death, particularly HF death and sudden cardiac death, without a significant effect on myocardial infarction in the overall population, and no effect on stroke. These data may help inform selection for SGLT2i therapies across the spectrum of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic disease., Competing Interests: Disclosures Drs Patel, Kang, Im, Sabatine, and Wiviott are members of the TIMI Study Group, which has received institutional grant support through Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Abbott, Abiomed, Inc., Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, ARCA Biopharma, Inc., AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Janssen Research and Development, LLC, MedImmune, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Roche, Saghmos Therapeutics, Inc., Softcell Medical Limited, The Medicines Company, Verve Therapeutics, Inc., and Zora Biosciences. Dr Patel reports consulting fees from Janssen. Dr Neuen reports fees for travel support, advisory boards, scientific presentations, and steering committee roles from AstraZeneca, Alexion, Bayer, Boehringer and Ingelheim, Cambridge Healthcare Research, Cornerstone Medical Education, Janssen, the limbic, Medscape, and Travere Therapeutics with all honoraria paid to The George Institute for Global Health. Dr Anker reports grants and personal fees from Vifor and Abbott Vascular, and personal fees for consultancies, trial committee work, or lectures from Actimed, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Brahms, Cardiac Dimensions, Cardior, Cordio, CVRx, Cytokinetics, Edwards, Farraday Pharmaceuticals, GSK, HeartKinetics, Impulse Dynamics, Occlutech, Pfizer, Regeneron, Repairon, Scirent, Sensible Medical, Servier, Vectorious, and V-Wave. Named co-inventor of 2 patent applications regarding MR-proANP (DE 102007010834 and DE 102007022367), but he does not benefit personally from the related issued patents. Dr Bhatt discloses the following relationships: advisory boards for: Angiowave, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CellProthera, Cereno Scientific, Elsevier Practice Update Cardiology, High Enroll, Janssen, Level Ex, McKinsey, Medscape Cardiology, Merck, MyoKardia, NirvaMed, Novo Nordisk, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, and Stasys; boards of directors: American Heart Association New York City, Angiowave (stock options), Bristol Myers Squibb (stock), DRS.LINQ (stock options), and High Enroll (stock); consultant: Broadview Ventures, GlaxoSmithKline, Hims, SFJ, and Youngene; data monitoring committees: Acesion Pharma, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Baim Institute for Clinical Research (formerly Harvard Clinical Research Institute, for the PORTICO trial [Portico Re-sheathable Transcatheter Aortic Valve System US IDE Trial]), funded by St. Jude Medical, now Abbott), Boston Scientific (chair, PEITHO trial [Pulmonary Embolism International Thrombolysis Trial]), Cleveland Clinic, Contego Medical (chair, PERFORMANCE 2 [Protection Against Emboli During Carotid Arter Stenting Using the Neuroguard IEP System]), Duke Clinical Research Institute, Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai School of Medicine (for the ENVISAGE trial [Edoxaban Versus Standard of Care and Their Effects on Clinical Outcomes in Patients Having Undergone Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation–Atrial Fibrillation], funded by Daiichi Sankyo; for the ABILITY-DM trial (Randomized Comparison of Abluminus DSE+ Sirolimus-Eluting Stents Versus Everolimus-Eluting Stents in Coronary Artery Disease Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Global), funded by Concept Medical; for ALLAY-HF (Safety and Efficacy of the Alleviant System for No-Implant Interatrial Shunt Creation in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure), funded by Alleviant Medical), Novartis, Population Health Research Institute; Rutgers University (for the National Institutes of Health–funded MINT Trial [Myocardial Ischemia and Transfusion]); Honoraria: American College of Cardiology (senior associate editor, Clinical Trials and News, ACC.org; chair, ACC accreditation oversight committee), Arnold and Porter law firm (work related to Sanofi/Bristol-Myers Squibb clopidogrel litigation), Baim Institute for Clinical Research (formerly Harvard Clinical Research Institute; RE-DUAL PCI clinical trial [Evaluation of Dual Therapy With Dabigatran vs Triple Therapy With Warfarin in Patients With AF That Undergo a PCI With Stenting] steering committee funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; AEGIS-II [Study to Investigate CSL112 in Subjects With Acute Coronary Syndrome] executive committee funded by CSL Behring), Belvoir Publications (editor in chief, Harvard Heart Letter), Canadian Medical and Surgical Knowledge Translation Research Group (clinical trial steering committees), CSL Behring (AHA lecture), Cowen and Company, Duke Clinical Research Institute (clinical trial steering committees, including for the PRONOUNCE trial [A Trial Comparing Cardiovascular Safety of Degarelix Versus Leuprolide in Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease], funded by Ferring Pharmaceuticals), HMP Global (editor in chief, Journal of Invasive Cardiology), Journal of the American College of Cardiology (guest editor; associate editor), K2P (co-chair, interdisciplinary curriculum), Level Ex, Medtelligence/ReachMD (CME steering committees), MJH Life Sciences, Oakstone CME (course director, Comprehensive Review of Interventional Cardiology), Piper Sandler, Population Health Research Institute (for the COMPASS [Cardiovascular Outcomes for People Using Anticoagulation Strategies] operations committee, publications committee, steering committee, and USA national co-leader, funded by Bayer), WebMD (CME steering committees), Wiley (steering committee); Other: Clinical Cardiology (deputy editor); Patent: Sotagliflozin (named on a patent for sotagliflozin assigned to Brigham and Women’s Hospital who assigned to Lexicon; neither I nor Brigham and Women’s Hospital receive any income from this patent); Research Funding: Abbott, Acesion Pharma, Afimmune, Aker Biomarine, Alnylam, Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beren, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cardax, CellProthera, Cereno Scientific, Chiesi, CinCor, Cleerly, CSL Behring, Eisai, Ethicon, Faraday Pharmaceuticals, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Forest Laboratories, Fractyl, Garmin, HLS Therapeutics, Idorsia, Ironwood, Ischemix, Janssen, Javelin, Lexicon, Lilly, Medtronic, Merck, Moderna, MyoKardia, NirvaMed, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, Owkin, Pfizer, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, Recardio, Regeneron, Reid Hoffman Foundation, Roche, Sanofi, Stasys, Synaptic, The Medicines Company, Youngene, and 89Bio; Royalties: Elsevier (editor, Braunwald’s Heart Disease); site co-investigator: Abbott, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, CSI, Endotronix, St. Jude Medical (now Abbott), Philips, SpectraWAVE, Svelte, Vascular Solutions; trustee: American College of Cardiology; Unfunded Research: FlowCo. Dr Butler reports consulting fees from Abbott, American Regent, Amgen, Applied Therapeutic, AskBio, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardiac Dimension, Cardiocell, Cardior, CSL Bearing, CVRx, Cytokinetics, Daxor, Edwards, Element Science, Faraday, Foundry, G3P, Innolife, Impulse Dynamics, Imbria, Inventiva, Ionis, Lexicon, Lilly, LivaNova, Janssen, Medtronics, Merck, Occlutech, Owkin, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Pharmain, Pfizer, Prolaio, Regeneron, Renibus, Roche, Salamandra, Sanofi, SC Pharma, Secretome, Sequana, SQ Innovation, Tenex, Tricog, Ultromics, Vifor, and Zoll. Dr Cherney has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim-Lilly, Merck, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Abbvie, Janssen, Bayer, Prometic, BMS, Maze, Gilead, CSL-Behring, Otsuka, Novartis, Youngene, Lexicon and Novo-Nordisk, and received operational funding for clinical trials from Boehringer Ingelheim-Lilly, Merck, Janssen, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, CSL-Behring, and Novo-Nordisk. Dr Claggett has received consulting fees from Amgen, Cardurion, Corvia, and Novartis. Dr Anand reported receiving personal fees from AstraZeneca during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Amgen, ARCA, Boston Scientific Corporation, Boehringer Ingelheim, LivaNova, and Zensun outside the submitted work. D. Herrington reports funding from the UK Medical Research Council, Kidney Research UK, and Health Data Research UK; and grants to the University of Oxford from Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly for the EMPA-KIDNEY trial. Dr Inzucchi reports serving as an advisor or consultant to Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, Lexicon, Abbott, VTV Therapeutics, and Esperion, and delivering lectures sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim and AstraZeneca. Dr Jardine is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council investigator grant; is responsible for research projects that have received funding from Amgen, Baxter, CSL, Dimerix, Eli Lilly, Gambro, and MSD; has received fees for advisory, steering committee and scientific presentations from Akebia, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Baxter, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cesas Linx, Chinook, CSL, Janssen, Medscape, MSD, Occuryx, Roche, and Vifor, with any consultancy, honoraria, or travel support paid to her institution. Dr Mahaffey’s financial disclosures can be viewed at http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/kenneth-mahaffey. Dr McGuire has received honoraria for trial leadership from Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Esperion, Lilly USA, CSL Behring, and Eidos and NewAmsterdam; and honoraria for consultancy from Lilly USA, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck & Co, Novo Nordisk, Applied Therapeutics, CSL Behring, Bayer, Altimmune, Intercept, Alynlam, and Pfizer. Dr McMurray has received payments through Glasgow University from work on clinical trials, consulting, and other activities from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, GSK, KBP Biosciences, and Novartis; has received personal consultancy fees from Alnylam Pharma, Bayer, BMS, George Clinical PTY Ltd, Ionis Pharma, Novartis, Regeneron Pharma, and River 2 Renal Corporation; has received personal lecture fees from Abbott, Alkem Metabolics, AstraZeneca, Blue Ocean Scientific Solutions Ltd., Boehringer Ingelheim, Canadian Medical and Surgical Knowledge, Emcure Pharma. Ltd, Eris Lifesciences, European Academy of CME, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Imagica health, Intas Pharma, J.B. Chemicals & Pharma Ltd, Lupin Pharma, Medscape/Heart.Org, ProAdWise Communications, Radcliffe Cardiology, Sun Pharma, The Corpus, Translation Research Group, and Translational Medicine Academy; and is a director of Global Clinical Trial Partners Ltd. Dr Nunez has received personal fees from or is on advisory boards for Alleviant, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Cytokinetics, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Rovi, and Vifor Pharma. Dr Neal has received grants for CANVAS and CREDENCE, advisory board, honoraria, travel reimbursement, all from Janssen and all paid to his institution. He has received research support from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council principal research fellowship and from Janssen, and he has served on advisory boards or has had involvement in continuing medical education programs for Janssen, with any consultancy, honoraria, or travel support paid to his institution. He also notes institutional relationships with AbbVie, Actelion, and Janssen. Dr Packer reports consulting to 89bio, Abbvie, Altimmune, Alnylam, Amarin, Amgen, Ardelyx, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Caladrius, Casana, CSL Behring, Cytokinetics, Imara, Lilly, Medtronic, Moderna, Novartis, Reata, Relypsa, and Salamandra. Dr Staplin has consulted for and received speaker fees from Abbott Laboratories, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Hanmi Pharmaceuticals, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Roche Diagnostics, and Sanofi; and received grant support paid to his University from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, and Roche Diagnostics outside the submitted work. Dr Perkovic has received fees for advisory boards, steering committee roles and travel support from AstraZeneca, Bayer, and Janssen, with all honoraria paid to his employer. Dr Solomon has received research grants from Actelion, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lilly, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Neurotronik, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Theracos, and US2.AI; and has consulted for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Cardurion, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi-Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellPro-Thera, Moderna, American Regent, and Sarepta. Dr Staplin reports institutional grant support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, and Novo Nordisk. Dr Vaduganathan has received research grant support, served on advisory boards, or had speaker engagements with American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Baxter Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cytokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Relypsa, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Tricog Health, and participates on clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by AstraZeneca, Galmed, Novartis, Bayer AG, Occlutech, and Impulse Dynamics. Dr Wanner reports personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, and Company, MSD, and Bayer. Dr Wheeler reports honoraria and consultancy fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca (ongoing), Astellas, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Mundipharma, Merck Sharp, Napp, and Dohme, Takeda, Vifor Fresenius, and Zydus. Dr Zannad reports personal fees from 89Bio, Abbott, Acceleron, Applied Therapeutics, Bayer, Betagenon, Boehringer, BMS, CVRx, Cambrian, Cardior, Cereno pharmaceutical, Cellprothera, CEVA, Inventiva, KBP, Merck, NovoNordisk, Owkin, Otsuka, Roche Diagnostics, Northsea, USa2, having stock options at G3Pharmaceutical and equities at Cereno, Cardiorenal, Eshmoun Clinical research and being the founder of Cardiovascular Clinical Trialists. Dr Zhao is an employee of Merck & Co, Inc. and holds Merck stock. Dr Heerspink has received grants or contracts from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, and Novo Nordisk; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Behring, Dimerix, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, and Travere Therapeutics; payment or honoraria for speaking from AstraZeneca and Novo Nordisk. Dr Sabatine reports research grant support through Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Abbott; Amgen; Anthos Therapeutics, Inc.; AstraZeneca; Boehringer Ingelheim; Daiichi-Sankyo; Ionis; Merck; Novartis; Pfizer; Saghmos Therapeutics; Verve Therapeutics, and consulting for Amgen; Anthos Therapeutics, Inc.; AstraZeneca; Beren Therapeutics; Boehringer Ingelheim; Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories; Merck; Moderna; Novo Nordisk; Precision BioSciences; and Silence Therapeutics. Dr Wiviott reports research grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Merck, and Pfizer, consulting fees or honoraria from Icon Clinical and Novo Nordisk, Varian and Harvard Medical School. Dr Wiviott’s spouse, Dr Caroline Fox, is an employee of Vertex, and a former employee of Flagship Pioneering and Merck.

In EMPA-REG OUTCOME, empagliflozin reduced the composite of total events leading to/prolonging hospitalisation for any cause and all-cause mortality by 24 % versus placebo in patients with T2DM and ASCVD, with 67.7 events prevented/1000 patient-years and a low NNT. Effects were sustained and were consistent regardless of the reason for hospitalisation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: SEI has served as a consultant and/or member of clinical trial steering committees for AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Novo Nordisk, and Pfizer. He has delivered lectures sponsored by AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. CW has served as a consultant and/or member of clinical trial steering committees for AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim and Merck Sharp & Dohme. He has delivered lectures sponsored by AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Mitsubishi. DF has received financial support from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Merck & Co., and Sanofi. BZ has received financial support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. SDA has received research support from Abbott Vascular and Vifor International, and personal fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardiac Dimensions, Impulse Dynamics, Novartis, Respicardia, Servier, St Jude Medical, Thermo Fisher Scientific, and Vifor International. SJP reports personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim during the conduct of the study. MM and SH are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim. SSL is an employee of Boehringer Ingelheim and owns shares in Novo Nordisk and shares in dynamically traded investment funds, which might own stocks from pharmaceutical companies., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Despite improvements in glucose monitoring technologies, insulin formulations and insulin delivery systems, too many patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) continue to struggle to meet their glycemic goals. As a result, they suffer from high rates of microvascular and macrovascular disease. Titration of insulin therapy, while essential to the care of these patients, is often limited by undesirable side effects of hypoglycemia and weight gain. Sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors have been proposed as a potential adjunctive therapy to insulin that may offset some of these effects, while simultaneously enabling patients with T1D to potentially reap the cardiovascular and renal benefits afforded by these agents in those with type 2 diabetes. This review summarizes and contextualizes the clinical trial data that has emerged with these agents in this specific population., Methods: A clinical review based on current literature was generated by the authors., Results: This review summarizes the data from several clinical trial programs investigating the use of SGLT inhibitors in T1D, describing the potential benefits and the ketosis-related adverse events of these agents (including euglycemic DKA), along with a discussion of possible mitigation strategies to reduce this risk., Conclusion: Although theoretically SGLT inhibitors have the potential to improve metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal outcomes in patients with T1D, the risks of diabetic ketoacidosis currently represent an important limitation to the widespread use of these agents. If treatment is undertaken, caution must be taken, with implementation of effective mitigation strategies being essential., Competing Interests: Disclosure Silvio Inzucchi received grant funding from NIDDK, consultation fees from clinical trial committees and/or advisory boards (AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, and Bayer), lecture fees from AstraZeneca and Boehringer-Ingelheim. The other author has no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 AACE. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Conventional time-to-first-event analyses cannot incorporate recurrent hospitalizations and patient well-being in a single outcome., Objectives: To overcome this limitation, we tested an integrated measure that includes days lost from death and hospitalization, and additional days of full health lost through diminished well-being., Methods: The effect of dapagliflozin on this integrated measure was assessed in the DAPA-HF (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure) trial, which examined the efficacy of dapagliflozin, compared with placebo, in patients with NYHA functional class II to IV heart failure and a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%., Results: Over 360 days, patients in the dapagliflozin group (n = 2,127) lost 10.6 ± 1.0 (2.9%) of potential follow-up days through cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization, compared with 14.4 ± 1.0 days (4.0%) in the placebo group (n = 2,108), and this component of all measures of days lost accounted for the greatest between-treatment difference (-3.8 days [95% CI: -6.6 to -1.0 days]). Patients receiving dapagliflozin also had fewer days lost to death and hospitalization from all causes vs placebo (15.5 ± 1.1 days [4.3%] vs 20.3 ± 1.1 days [5.6%]). When additional days of full health lost (ie, adjusted for Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-overall summary score) were added, total days lost were 110.6 ± 1.6 days (30.7%) with dapagliflozin vs 116.9 ± 1.6 days (32.5%) with placebo. The difference in all measures between the 2 groups increased over time (ie, days lost by death and hospitalization -0.9 days [-0.7%] at 120 days, -2.3 days [-1.0%] at 240 days, and -4.8 days [-1.3%] at 360 days)., Conclusions: Dapagliflozin reduced the total days of potential full health lost due to death, hospitalizations, and impaired well-being, and this benefit increased over time during the first year. (Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on the Incidence of Worsening Heart Failure or Cardiovascular Death in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure; NCT03036124)., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures Drs Jhund and McMurray are supported by a British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Grant RE/18/6/34217 and the Vera Melrose Heart Failure Research Fund. DAPA-HF was funded by AstraZeneca. Dr Kondo has received speaker fees from Abbott, Ono Pharma, Otsuka Pharma, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Abiomed. Drs Gasparyan, Bengtsson, and Sabatine are employees and shareholders of AstraZeneca. Dr Campbell has received speakers’ honoraria from AstraZeneca; has served on an advisory board for Bayer AG; and has received grant support from AstraZeneca (paid to his institution). Dr Docherty has received honoraria from AstraZeneca; and has received a research grant to his institution from Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr de Boer has received research grants and fees from AstraZeneca, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardio Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, and Roche (outside the submitted work); and has received speaker fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis, and Roche (outside the submitted work). Dr Inzucchi has served on clinical trial committees or as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Lexicon, Merck, Pfizer, vTv Therapeutics, Abbott, Esperion, and Bayer; and has given lectures sponsored by AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Køber has received financial support from AstraZeneca; and has received personal fees from Novartis and Bristol Myers Squibb as a speaker. Dr Kosiborod has received research grant support from AstraZeneca, and Boehringer Ingelheim; has served as a consultant or on an advisory board for Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Esperion Therapeutics, Janssen, Merck (Diabetes and Cardiovascular), Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Vifor Pharma; has received other research support from AstraZeneca; and has received honorarium from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novo Nordisk. Dr Martinez has received personal fees from AstraZeneca. Dr Sabatine has received grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca during the conduct of the study; has received grants and personal fees from Amgen, Intarcia, Janssen Research and Development, The Medicines Company, MedImmune, Merck, and Novartis; has received personal fees from Anthos Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, CVS Caremark, DalCor, Dyrnamix, Esperion, IFM Therapeutics, and Ionis; has received grants from Daiichi-Sankyo, Bayer, Pfizer, Poxel, Eisai, GlaxoSmithKline, Quark Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda outside the submitted work; and is a member of the TIMI Study Group, which has also received institutional research grant support through Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Abbott, Aralez, Roche, and Zora Biosciences. Dr Vaduganathan has received research grant support or served on advisory boards for American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Baxter Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cytokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Relypsa, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Tricog Health; has had speaker engagements with AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Roche Diagnostics; and has participated on clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by AstraZeneca, Occlutech, Impulse Dynamicx, Galmed, and Novartis. Dr Solomon has received research grants from Actelion, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lilly, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/NHLBI, Neurotronik, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Theracos, and US2.AI; and has consulted for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Cardurion, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi-Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellPro- Thera, Moderna, American Regent, and Sarepta. Dr Jhund has received speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Alkem Metabolics, ProAdWise Communications, Sun Pharmaceuticals, and Intas Pharmaceuticals; has received advisory board fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novartis; has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Analog Devices Inc; his employer the University of Glasgow has been remunerated for clinical trial work from AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Novartis, and NovoNordisk; and he is a Director of the Global Clinical Trial Partners (GCTP). Dr McMurray has received payments through Glasgow University from work on clinical trials, consulting, and other activities from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, KBP Biosciences, and Novartis; has received personal consultancy fees from Alnylam Pharma., Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, George Clinical PTY Ltd, Ionis Pharma, Novartis, Regeneron Pharma, and River 2 Renal Corporation; has received personal lecture fees from Abbott, Alkem Metabolics, AstraZeneca, Blue Ocean Scientific Solutions Ltd, Boehringer Ingelheim, Canadian Medical and Surgical Knowledge, Emcure Pharma. Ltd, Eris Lifesciences, European Academy of CME, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Imagica health, Intas Pharma, J.B. Chemicals & Pharma. Ltd, Lupin Pharma, Medscape/Heart.Org, ProAdWise Communications, Radcliffe Cardiology, Sun Pharma, The Corpus, Translation Research Group, and Translational Medicine Academy; and is a director of Global Clinical Trial Partners Ltd. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The implementation of preventive therapies among patients with stroke remains inadequately explored, especially when compared with patients with myocardial infarction (MI), despite sharing similar vascular risk profiles. We tested the hypothesis that participants with a history of stroke have a worse cardiovascular prevention profile in comparison to participants with MI., Methods and Results: In cross-sectional analyses within the UK Biobank and All of Us Research Program, involving 14 760 (9193 strokes, 5567 MIs) and 7315 (2948 strokes, 4367 MIs) participants, respectively, we evaluated cardiovascular prevention profiles assessing low-density lipoprotein (<100 mg/dL), blood pressure (systolic, <140 mm Hg; and diastolic, <90 mm Hg), statin and antiplatelet use, and a cardiovascular prevention score that required meeting at least 3 of these criteria. The results revealed that, within the UK Biobank, patients with stroke had significantly lower odds of meeting all the preventive criteria compared with patients with MI: low-density lipoprotein control (odds ratio [OR], 0.73 [95% CI, 0.68-0.78]; P <0.001), blood pressure control (OR, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.59-0.68]; P <0.001), statin use (OR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.42-0.48]; P <0.001), antiplatelet therapy use (OR, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.27-0.32]; P <0.001), and cardiovascular prevention score (OR, 0.42 [95% CI, 0.39-0.45]; P <0.001). Similar patterns were observed in the All of Us Research Program, with significant differences across all comparisons ( P <0.05), and further analysis suggested that the odds of having a good cardiovascular prevention score were influenced by race and ethnicity as well as neighborhood deprivation levels (interaction P <0.05 in both cases)., Conclusions: In 2 independent national cohorts, patients with stroke showed poorer cardiovascular prevention profiles and lower adherence to guideline-directed therapies compared with patients with MI. These findings underscore the need to explore the reasons behind the underuse of secondary prevention in vulnerable stroke survivors.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for peripheral artery disease. The association of DM with major adverse limb events (MALE) after lower extremity revascularization remains controversial, as patients with diabetes are typically analyzed as a single, homogenous group. Using a large national database, this study examines the impact of insulin use and glycemic control on the outcomes following infrainguinal bypass. The hypothesis is that prevalent insulin therapy and elevated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are associated with an increased risk of MALEs after infrainguinal bypass in patients with DM and could therefore be used for risk stratification., Methods: The Vascular Quality Initiative database files for infrainguinal bypass (2007-2021) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with DM undergoing bypass for peripheral artery disease were included. Patients on dialysis or with prior kidney transplantation were excluded. The characteristics and outcomes of patients with insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus (IRDM) were compared to those of patients not requiring insulin (noninsulin-requiring diabetes mellitus [NIRDM]) prior to the bypass procedure., Results: A total of 9,686 patients with DM (56% IRDM) underwent bypass. Patients with IRDM were significantly younger than patients with NIRDM, more likely to be female (P < 0.01), African American (P < 0.01), and Hispanic (P = 0.031), and more likely to have comorbidities and be categorized into American Society of Anesthesiologist classes IV-V. They were more likely to be treated for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (P < 0.001). Patients with IRDM had significantly higher perioperative complications with no difference in perioperative mortality between the 2 groups. Beyond the perioperative period, with a mean follow-up of 427 days, patients with IRDM had significantly lower crude rates of primary patency and higher crude rates of major amputation, MALE, and mortality compared to patients with NIRDM. Regression analyses demonstrated that insulin requirement, but not HbA1c, was independently associated with a higher risk of MALE (hazard ratio = 1.17 [1.06-1.29]) and mortality (hazard ratio = 1.28 [1.16-1.43])., Conclusions: Insulin requirement, but not HbA1c, is significantly associated with MALEs and survival after infrainguinal bypass in the Vascular Quality Initiative. Stratification of patients with DM based on their prevalent insulin use prior to infrainguinal bypass surgery could improve the prediction of outcomes of peripheral arterial bypass surgery in patients with diabetes., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Importance: Accurate risk prediction of morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) may help clinicians risk stratify and inform care decisions., Objective: To develop and validate a novel prediction model for clinical outcomes in patients with HFpEF using routinely collected variables and to compare it with a biomarker-driven approach., Design, Setting, and Participants: Data were used from the Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure (DELIVER) trial to derive the prediction model, and data from the Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibition in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (PARAGON-HF) and the Irbesartan in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Study (I-PRESERVE) trials were used to validate it. The outcomes were the composite of HF hospitalization (HFH) or cardiovascular death, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death. A total of 30 baseline candidate variables were selected in a stepwise fashion using multivariable analyses to create the models. Data were analyzed from January 2023 to June 2023., Exposures: Models to estimate the 1-year and 2-year risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure, cardiovascular death, and all-cause death., Results: Data from 6263 individuals in the DELIVER trial were used to derive the prediction model and data from 4796 individuals in the PARAGON-HF trial and 4128 individuals in the I-PRESERVE trial were used to validate it. The final prediction model for the composite outcome included 11 variables: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level, HFH within the past 6 months, creatinine level, diabetes, geographic region, HF duration, treatment with a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, transient ischemic attack/stroke, any previous HFH, and heart rate. This model showed good discrimination (C statistic at 1 year, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.71-0.75) in both validation cohorts (C statistic at 1 year, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.69-0.74 in PARAGON-HF and 0.75; 95% CI, 0.73-0.78 in I-PRESERVE) and calibration. The model showed similar discrimination to a biomarker-driven model including high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T and significantly better discrimination than the Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic (MAGGIC) risk score (C statistic at 1 year, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.58-0.63; delta C statistic, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.10-0.15; P < .001) and NT-proBNP level alone (C statistic at 1 year, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.64-0.68; delta C statistic, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.05-0.08; P < .001). Models derived for the prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular death also performed well. An online calculator was created to allow calculation of an individual's risk., Conclusions and Relevance: In this prognostic study, a robust prediction model for clinical outcomes in HFpEF was developed and validated using routinely collected variables. The model performed better than NT-proBNP level alone. The model may help clinicians to identify high-risk patients and guide treatment decisions in HFpEF.

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the bidirectional relationship between kidney and cardiovascular (CV) events in trial participants with type 2 diabetes and CV disease., Methods and Results: Post hoc analyses of EMPA-REG OUTCOME using Cox regression models were performed to assess the association of baseline factors with risk of a kidney event and bidirectional associations of incident kidney events and CV events. Among placebo-treated participants, baseline factors significantly associated with greater kidney event risk included lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, higher uric acid, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and prior heart failure (HF). Coronary artery disease was not associated with increased risk. In placebo-treated participants, occurrence of an incident non-fatal kidney event increased the subsequent risk of hospitalization for HF (HHF) but not 3-point major adverse CV events (non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and CV death). Vice versa, HHF (but not myocardial infarction/stroke) increased the risk of subsequent kidney events. These associations were generally also seen in empagliflozin-treated participants and in the overall population. Interestingly, the risk of kidney events following HHF was not significantly increased in the relatively small number of placebo-treated participants already diagnosed with HF at baseline., Conclusions: These findings demonstrate a bidirectional inter-relationship between HHF and kidney events. Further exploration of this relationship and strategies to optimize the use of therapies to reduce both kidney and HF outcomes is warranted., (© 2023 The Authors. ESC Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.)

Aims: Patients with heart failure (HF) and history of myocardial infarction (MI) face a higher risk of disease progression and clinical events. Whether sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors may modify clinical trajectory in such individuals remains incompletely understood., Methods and Results: The DAPA-HF and DELIVER trials compared dapagliflozin with placebo in patients with symptomatic HF with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40% and > 40%, respectively. In this pooled participant-level analysis, we assessed efficacy and safety outcomes by history of MI. The primary outcome in both trials was the composite of cardiovascular death or worsening HF. Of the total of 11 007 patients, 3731 (34%) had a previous MI and were at higher risk of the primary outcome across the spectrum of LVEF in covariate-adjusted models (hazard ratio [HR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.24). Dapagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary outcome to a similar extent in patients with (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72-0.96) and without previous MI (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.68-0.85; p interaction  = 0.36), with consistent benefits on key secondary outcomes as well. Serious adverse events did not occur more frequently with dapagliflozin, irrespective of previous MI., Conclusion: History of MI confers increased risks of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HF across the LVEF spectrum, even among those with preserved ejection fraction. Dapagliflozin consistently and safely reduces the risk of cardiovascular death or worsening HF, regardless of previous MI., (© 2024 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.)

Background: Although beta-blockers are not recommended for the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) according to the latest European Society of Cardiology and American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Heart Failure Society of America guidelines, these therapies remain commonly used for comorbidity management. There has been concern that beta-blockers may adversely influence clinical outcomes by limiting chronotropic response in HFpEF., Objectives: This study sought to examine the contemporary use and implications of beta-blockers in patients with heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) or HFpEF., Methods: In the DELIVER (Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure) trial, a total of 6,263 patients with symptomatic heart failure (HF) with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >40% were randomized to dapagliflozin or placebo across 20 countries. In this prespecified analysis, efficacy and safety outcomes were examined according to beta-blocker use at randomization. The primary outcome was cardiovascular death or worsening HF., Results: Overall, beta-blockers were used in 5,177 patients (83%), with wide variation by geographic region. Beta-blocker use was associated with a lower risk of the primary outcome in covariate-adjusted models (HR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.60-0.83). Dapagliflozin consistently reduced the risk of the primary outcome in patients taking beta-blockers (HR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.72-0.94) and in patients not taking beta-blockers (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.61-1.03; P interaction  = 0.85), with similar findings for key secondary endpoints. Adverse events were balanced between patients randomized to dapagliflozin and placebo, regardless of background beta-blocker use., Conclusions: In patients with HFmrEF or HFpEF who were enrolled in DELIVER, 4 out of 5 participants were treated with a beta-blocker. Beta-blocker use was not associated with a higher risk of worsening HF or cardiovascular death. Dapagliflozin consistently and safely reduced clinical events, irrespective of background beta-blocker use. (Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure [DELIVER]; NCT03619213)., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures The DELIVER trial was funded by AstraZeneca. Dr Peikert has received a research grant from the German Research Foundation. Dr Bart has received research grant support (paid to institution) from AstraZeneca, Cardurion, and Daxor; and has participated in clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by Daxor and Nuwellis. Dr Vaduganathan has received research grant support, served on advisory boards, or had speaker engagements with American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Baxter Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cytokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Relypsa, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Tricog Health; and has participated on clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by AstraZeneca, Galmed, Novartis, Bayer AG, Occlutech, and Impulse Dynamics. Dr Claggett has received consulting fees from Alnylam, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Intellia, and Rocket. Dr Kosiborod has received research grant support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Pfizer; has served as a consultant or on an advisory board for 35 Pharma, Alnylam, Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, Esperion Therapeutics, Imbria Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Lexicon, Merck (Diabetes and Cardiovascular), Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Pfizer, scPharmaceuticals Structure Therapeutics, Vifor Pharma, and Youngene Therapeutics; has received other research support from AstraZeneca; and has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novo Nordisk. Dr Desai has received institutional research grants from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Alnylam, Bayer, Novartis, and Pfizer; and has received personal consulting fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Alnylam, Avidity, Axon Therapeutics, Bayer, Biofourmis, GlaxoSmithKline, Medpace, Merck, Novartis, Parexel, Regeneron, River2Renal, Veristat, Verily, and Zydus. Dr Jhund has received speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Alkem Metabolics, ProAdWise Communications, Sun Pharmaceuticals; has received advisory board fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis; has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Analog Devices Inc; has received personal fees from Roche and Intas Pharma; has served as Director of Global Clinical Trial Partners (GCTP); and his employer, the University of Glasgow, has been remunerated for clinical trial work from AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Novartis, and Novo Nordisk. Dr Lam has received supported from a Clinician Scientist Award from the National Medical Research Council of Singapore; has received research support from Bayer and Roche Diagnostics; has served as consultant or on the advisory board/steering committee/executive committee for Actelion, Alleviant Medical, Allysta Pharma, Amgen, AnaCardio AB, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Darma Inc, EchoNous, Eli Lilly, Impulse Dynamics, Ionis Pharmaceutical, Janssen Research and Development, Medscape/WebMD Global, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Prosciento, Radcliffe Group, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, and us2.ai; and has served as cofounder and nonexecutive director of us2.ai. Dr Inzucchi has served on clinical trial committees or as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Lexicon, Merck, Pfizer, vTv Therapeutics, Abbott, and Esperion; and has given lectures sponsored by AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Martinez has received personal fees from AstraZeneca. Dr de Boer has received research grants and/or fees from AstraZeneca, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardior Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, and Roche; and has had speaker engagements with Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, and Roche. Dr Hernandez has received research grants from American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Novartis, Somologic and Verily; and has served as a consultant or on the advisory board for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Intercept, Merck, and Novartis. Dr Shah has received research grants from the National Institutes of Health (U54 HL160273, R01 HL107577, R01 HL127028, R01 HL140731, and R01 HL149423), Actelion, AstraZeneca, Corvia, Novartis, and Pfizer; and has received consulting fees from Abbott, Actelion, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Aria CV, Axon Therapies, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cardiora, Coridea, CVRx, Cyclerion, Cytokinetics, Edwards Lifesciences, Eidos, Eisai, Imara, Impulse Dynamics, GlaxoSmithKline, Intellia, Ionis, Ironwood, Eli Lilly, Merck, MyoKardia, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Prothena, Regeneron, Rivus, Sanofi, Sardocor, Shifamed, Tenax, Tenaya, and United Therapeutics. Dr Petersson is an employee and shareholder of AstraZeneca. Dr Langkilde is an employee and shareholder of AstraZeneca. Dr McMurray has received payments through Glasgow University from work on clinical trials, consulting, and other activities from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, KBP Biosciences, and Novartis; has received personal consulting fees from Alnylam Pharma, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, George Clinical PTY, Ionis Pharma, Novartis, Regeneron Pharma, River 2 Renal Corporation; has received personal lecture fees from Abbott, Alkem Metabolics, AstraZeneca, Blue Ocean Scientific Solutions, Boehringer Ingelheim, Canadian Medical and Surgical Knowledge, Emcure Pharma, Eris Lifesciences, European Academy of CME, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Imagica Health, Intas Pharma, J.B. Chemicals and Pharma, Lupin Pharma, Medscape/Heart.Org, ProAdWise Communications, Radcliffe Cardiology, Sun Pharma, The Corpus, Translation Research Group, Translational Medicine Academy; and has served as a director of Global Clinical Trial Partners. Dr Solomon has received research grants (paid to institution) from Actelion, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Eli Lilly, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Neurotronik, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Theracos, and us2.ai; and has served as a consultant for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Cardurion, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi-Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellProThera, Moderna, American Regent, Sarepta, Lexicon, Anacardio, and Valo. Dr Vardeny has received research support from AstraZeneca, Bayer, and Cardurion; and has received personal consulting fees from Cardior. Mr Kulac has reported that he has no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. The effects of glucose-lowering medications on cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes and low cardiovascular risk are unclear. We investigated cardiovascular outcomes by treatment group in participants randomly assigned to insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin, added to baseline metformin, in GRADE (Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Type 2 Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study)., Methods: A total of 5047 participants with a mean±SD age of 57.2±10.0 years, type 2 diabetes duration of 4.0±2.7 years, and low baseline prevalence of cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, 5.1%; cerebrovascular accident, 2.0%) were followed for a median of 5 years. Prespecified outcomes included between-group time-to-first event analyses of MACE-3 (composite of major adverse cardiovascular events: cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke), MACE-4 (MACE-3+unstable angina requiring hospitalization or revascularization), MACE-5 (MACE-4+coronary revascularization), MACE-6 (MACE-5+hospitalization for heart failure), and the individual components. MACE outcomes and hospitalization for heart failure in the liraglutide-treated group were compared with the other groups combined using Cox proportional hazards models. MACE-6 was also analyzed as recurrent events using a proportional rate model to compare all treatment groups., Results: We observed no statistically significant differences in the cumulative incidence of first MACE-3, MACE-4, MACE-5, or MACE-6, or their individual components, by randomized treatment group. However, when compared with the other treatment groups combined, the liraglutide-treated group had a significantly lower risk of MACE-5 (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.54-0.91]; P =0.021), MACE-6 (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.55-0.90]; P =0.021), and hospitalization for heart failure (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.28-0.86]; P =0.022). Compared with the liraglutide group, significantly higher rates of recurrent MACE-6 events occurred in the groups treated with glimepiride (rate ratio, 1.61 [95% CI, 1.13-2.29]) or sitagliptin (rate ratio 1.75; [95% CI, 1.24-2.48])., Conclusions: This comparative effectiveness study of a contemporary cohort of adults with type 2 diabetes, largely without established cardiovascular disease, suggests that liraglutide treatment may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients at relatively low risk compared with other commonly used glucose-lowering medications., Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01794143., Competing Interests: Disclosures Dr Green reports research support from Boehringer Ingelheim/Lilly, Merck, Bluedrop, Sanofi/Lexicon, and Roche, and serving as an advisor or consultant for Boehringer Ingelheim/Lilly, Bayer, AstraZeneca, Merck, Hawthorne Effect, Sanofi/Lexicon, Pfizer, Valo, Anji, Vertex, and Novo Nordisk. Dr Everett reports research support from Novo Nordisk and PCORI; consulting fees from the American Heart Association, Eli Lilly and Company, Ipsen Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Novo Nordisk; and royalties from UpToDate. Dr Desouza reports serving as a consultant for Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Asahi, and Bayer. Dr Inzucchi reports serving as an advisor or consultant to Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, Lexicon, Abbott, VTV Therapeutics, and Esperion, and delivering lectures sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim and AstraZeneca. Dr Tan is a retiree of and receives a pension from Eli Lilly and Company. Dr Utzschneider reports personal fees from Nevro Corporation, research support from Eli Lilly and Company, and research support from AVID, outside the submitted work. Dr Mudaliar reports serving as a speaker for AstraZeneca and a consultant for Bayer. The other authors have nothing to disclose.

Importance: Heart failure with improved ejection fraction (HFimpEF), defined as prior left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 40% or lower that has increased to greater than 40%, is understudied., Objective: To examine mode of death and the association of dapagliflozin with reductions in cause-specific death in patients with HFimpEF., Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a post hoc analysis from the Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure (DELIVER) randomized clinical trial, conducted from August 2018 to December 2020. The trial randomly assigned patients with HF with LVEF greater than 40%, New York Heart Association class II to IV symptoms, and elevated natriuretic peptides to treatment with dapagliflozin (10 mg, once daily) or placebo. The presence of HFimpEF was captured through study case report forms. The primary outcome was a composite of worsening HF events (hospitalization or urgent HF visits) or cardiovascular death. Clinical outcomes were adjudicated by a blinded clinical end points committee. Data were analyzed from May 2022 to August 2023., Intervention: Dapagliflozin vs placebo., Main Outcomes and Measures: The mode of death in relation to HFimpEF status was examined, as well as the association of randomized treatment with cause-specific death in Cox regression models., Results: Of 1151 patients with HFimpEF in DELIVER, 190 (16.5%) died, compared with 833 patients (16.3%) of 5112 with LVEF consistently greater than 40%. The overall distribution of mode of death was similar in those with HFimpEF compared with those with LVEF consistently greater than 40% (noncardiovascular death: 103 of 190 [54%] vs 428 of 833 [51%]; cardiovascular death: 87 of 190 [46%] vs 405 of 833 [49%], respectively). Most deaths in individuals with HFimpEF were noncardiovascular (103 of 180 [54%]). For cardiovascular deaths, sudden deaths were most common (36 of 190 events [19%]), followed by HF-related (29 of 190 events [15%]). Among patients with HFimpEF, treatment with dapagliflozin was associated with lower rates of cardiovascular death relative to placebo, a difference primarily due to lower rates of sudden death (hazard ratio, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.18-0.79; P for interaction = .01)., Conclusions and Relevance: The findings in this study support current guideline recommendations for use of sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitor therapy, and further suggest that the addition of a sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitor therapy to other guideline-directed medical therapies may help reduce cardiovascular mortality in patients with HFimpEF., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03619213.

Background: Sleep apnea is more common in patients with heart failure (HF) than in the general population, but little is known about its association with clinical outcomes in various HF phenotypes or how it might modify the effect of HF therapy., Objectives: To examine the prevalence of sleep apnea, its association with outcomes and the effects of dapagliflozin in patients with HF with and without sleep apnea in a pooled analysis of 2 trials comparing dapagliflozin to placebo in HFrEF (DAPA-HF trial) and HFmrEF/HFpEF (DELIVER trial)., Methods: A history of sleep apnea was investigator-reported. The primary outcome was a composite of worsening HF or cardiovascular death., Results: The prevalence of sleep apnea was 5.7% and 7.8% in patients with HFrEF and HFmrEF/HFpEF, respectively. The primary outcome occurred at a rate of 16.0 in participants with sleep apnea compared to 10.6 per 100 person-years in those without (adjusted HR 1.29 [95%CI, 1.10-1.52]). Compared with placebo, dapagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary endpoint to the same extent in patients with (HR 0.78 [95% CI, 0.59-1.03]) and without sleep apnea (HR 0.79 [0.72-0.87]) [P interaction  = 0.93]. The beneficial effects of dapagliflozin on other clinical outcomes and symptom burden, physical function, and quality of life were consistent in participants with and without sleep apnea., Conclusions: In DAPA-HF and DELIVER, the true prevalence of sleep apnea was likely underestimated. An investigator-reported history of sleep apnea was associated with higher rates of worsening HF events. The benefits of dapagliflozin on clinical outcomes were consistent in patients with and without sleep apnea., Clinical Trial Registration: Unique identifiers: NCT01920711 CONDENSED ABSTRACT: In a pooled analysis of the DAPA-HF and DELIVER trials of more than 11,000 patients with heart failure (HF) across the range of ejection fractions, an investigator-reported history of sleep apnea was associated with higher rates of worsening HF events but not mortality. The beneficial effects of dapagliflozin on clinical outcomes were consistent in patients with and without sleep apnea. These findings provide further evidence for dapagliflozin as a new treatment option for patients with heart failure across the range of ejection fractions., Competing Interests: Disclosures JHB reports advisory board honoraria from AstraZeneca and Bayer, consultant honoraria from Novartis and AstraZeneca and travel grants from AstraZeneca. RADB has received research grants and/or fees from AstraZeneca, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardior Pharmaceuticals, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, and Roche and has had speaker engagements with Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, and Roche. BLC has received consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim. ASD has received grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca during the conduct of the study, personal fees from Abbott, Biofourmis, Boston Scientific, Boehringer Ingelheim, Corvidia, DalCor Pharma, Relypsa, Regeneron, and Merck, grants and personal fees from Alnylam and Novartis, and personal fees from Amgen, outside the submitted work. AFH has received research support from American Regent, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Novartis, and Verily and has served as a consultant or on the advisory boards of Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Myokardia, Merck, Novartis, and Vifor. SEI has served on clinical trial committees or as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Lexicon, Merck, Pfizer, vTv Therapeutics, Abbott, and Esperion and has given lectures sponsored by Astra-Zeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. PSJ's employer, the University of Glasgow, has been remunerated by Astrazeneca for working on the DAPA-HF and DELIVER trials, and he has received personal fees from Novartis and Cytokinetics and grants from Boehringer Ingelheim. LK reports compensation from Novartis, Novo Nordisk and AstraZeneca for other services. MNK has received research grant support from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim, has served as a consultant or on an advisory board for Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Esperion Therapeutics, Janssen, Merck (Diabetes and Cardiovascular), Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Vifor Pharma and has received other research support from AstraZeneca and honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Novo Nordisk. CSPL is supported by a Clinician Scientist Award from the National Medical Research Council of Singapore, has received research support from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boston Scientific, and Roche Diagnostics, has served as a consultant or on the advisory board/steering committee/executive committee for Actelion, Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Darma, Us2.ai, Janssen Research & Development, Medscape, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Radcliffe Group, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and WebMD Global and serves as the cofounder and nonexecutive director of Us2.ai. FAM has received personal fees from AstraZeneca. PP reports compensation from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Servier for consultant services, compensation from AstraZeneca and Pfizer for other services, compensation from Amgen and Vifor Pharma for consultant services; compensation from Novartis and Abbott Vascular for other services. MSS reports research grant support through Brigham and Women's Hospital from Abbott, Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Intarcia, IONIS, Medicines Company, MedImmune, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Quark Pharmaceuticals and consulting fees from Althera, Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CVS Caremark, DalCor, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories, Fibrogen, IFM Therapeutics, Intarcia, MedImmune, Merck, Moderna, and Novo Nordisk. SJS has received either personal or institutional research support for DELIVER from AstraZeneca. MV has received research grant support or served on advisory boards for American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Baxter Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, and Relypsa, has had speaker engagements with Novartis and Roche Diagnostics and participates on clinical endpoint committees for studies sponsored by Galmed and Novartis. AML, OB, MP, MS, and UWkilde are employees of and shareholders in AstraZeneca. SDS has received research grants from Actelion, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lilly, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/NHLBI, Neurotronik, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Theracos, US2.AI and has consulted for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Cardurion, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi-Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellPro-Thera, Moderna, American Regent, and Sarepta. JJVM has received payments through Glasgow University for work on clinical trials, consulting and other activities from Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, Dal-Cor, GSK, Ionis, KBP Biosciences, Novartis, Pfizer, Theracos and lecture fees: the Corpus, Abbott, Hikma, Sun Pharmaceuticals, Medscape/Heart.Org, Radcliffe Cardiology, Servier Director, Global Clinical Trial Partners., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Importance: An initial decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is expected after initiating a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) and has been observed across patients with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and heart failure., Objective: To examine the implications of initial changes in eGFR among patients with heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) or preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) enrolled in the Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure (DELIVER) trial., Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a prespecified analysis of the results of the DELIVER randomized clinical trial, which was an international multicenter study of patients with EF greater than 40% and eGFR greater than or equal to 25. The DELIVER trial took place from August 2018 to March 2022. Data for the current prespecified study were analyzed from February to October 2023., Intervention: Dapagliflozin, 10 mg per day, or placebo., Main Outcomes and Measures: In this prespecified analysis, the frequency of an initial eGFR decline (baseline to month 1) was compared between dapagliflozin and placebo. Cox models adjusted for baseline eGFR and established prognostic factors were fit to estimate the association of an initial eGFR decline with cardiovascular (cardiovascular death or heart failure event) and kidney (≥50% eGFR decline, eGFR<15 or dialysis, death from kidney causes) outcomes, landmarked at month 1, stratified by diabetes., Results: Study data from 5788 participants (mean [SD] age, 72 [10] years; 3253 male [56%]) were analyzed. The median (IQR) change in eGFR level from baseline to month 1 was -1 (-6 to 5) with placebo and -4 (-9 to 1) with dapagliflozin (difference, -3; P < .001). A higher proportion of patients assigned to dapagliflozin developed an initial eGFR decline greater than 10% vs placebo (1144 of 2892 [40%] vs 737 of 2896 [25%]; odds ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.7-2.1; P difference <.001). An initial eGFR decline of greater than 10% (vs ≤10%) was associated with a higher risk of the primary cardiovascular outcome among those randomized to placebo (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.33; 95% CI, 1.10-1.62) but not among those randomized to dapagliflozin (aHR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.74-1.09; P for interaction = .01). Similar associations were observed when alternative thresholds of initial eGFR decline were considered and when analyzed as a continuous measure. An initial eGFR decline of greater than 10% was not associated with adverse subsequent kidney composite outcomes in dapagliflozin-treated patients (aHR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.49-1.82)., Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with HFmrEF or HFpEF treated with dapagliflozin, an initial eGFR decline was frequent but not associated with subsequent risk of cardiovascular or kidney events. These data reinforce clinical guidance that SGLT2is should not be interrupted or discontinued in response to an initial eGFR decline., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03619213.

Significance Statement: The effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on regional tubular sodium handling is poorly understood in humans. In this study, empagliflozin substantially decreased lithium reabsorption in the proximal tubule (PT) (a marker of proximal tubular sodium reabsorption), a magnitude out of proportion to that expected with only inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2. This finding was not driven by an "osmotic diuretic" effect; however, several parameters changed in a manner consistent with inhibition of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3. The large changes in proximal tubular handling were acutely buffered by increased reabsorption in both the loop of Henle and the distal nephron, resulting in the observed modest acute natriuresis with these agents. After 14 days of empagliflozin, natriuresis waned due to increased reabsorption in the PT and/or loop of Henle. These findings confirm in humans that SGLT2i have complex and important effects on renal tubular solute handling., Background: The effect of SGLT2i on regional tubular sodium handling is poorly understood in humans but may be important for the cardiorenal benefits., Methods: This study used a previously reported randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study of empagliflozin 10 mg daily in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Sodium handling in the PT, loop of Henle (loop), and distal nephron was assessed at baseline and day 14 using fractional excretion of lithium (FELi), capturing PT/loop sodium reabsorption. Assessments were made with and without antagonism of sodium reabsorption through the loop using bumetanide., Results: Empagliflozin resulted in a large decrease in sodium reabsorption in the PT (increase in FELi=7.5%±10.6%, P = 0.001), with several observations suggesting inhibition of PT sodium hydrogen exchanger 3. In the absence of renal compensation, this would be expected to result in approximately 40 g of sodium excretion/24 hours with normal kidney function. However, rapid tubular compensation occurred with increased sodium reabsorption both in the loop ( P < 0.001) and distal nephron ( P < 0.001). Inhibition of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 did not attenuate over 14 days of empagliflozin ( P = 0.14). However, there were significant reductions in FELi ( P = 0.009), fractional excretion of sodium ( P = 0.004), and absolute fractional distal sodium reabsorption ( P = 0.036), indicating that chronic adaptation to SGLT2i results primarily from increased reabsorption in the loop and/or PT., Conclusions: Empagliflozin caused substantial redistribution of intrarenal sodium delivery and reabsorption, providing mechanistic substrate to explain some of the benefits of this class. Importantly, the large increase in sodium exit from the PT was balanced by distal compensation, consistent with SGLT2i excellent safety profile., Clinical Trial Registry Name and Registration Number: ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT03027960 )., (Copyright © 2023 by the American Society of Nephrology.)

Background: Apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH) is prevalent and associated with adverse outcomes in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Less is known about the potential role of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition in this high-risk population. In this post hoc analysis of the DELIVER trial (Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure), we evaluated clinical profiles and treatment effects of dapagliflozin among participants with aTRH., Methods: DELIVER participants were categorized on the basis of baseline blood pressure (BP), with aTRH defined as BP ≥140/90 mm Hg (≥130/80 mm Hg if diabetes) despite treatment with 3 antihypertensive drugs including a diuretic. Nonresistant hypertension was defined as BP above threshold but not meeting aTRH criteria. Controlled BP was defined as BP under threshold. Incidence of the primary outcome (cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure event), key secondary outcomes, and safety events was assessed by baseline BP category., Results: Among 6263 DELIVER participants, 3766 (60.1%) had controlled BP, 1779 (28.4%) had nonresistant hypertension, and 718 (11.5%) had aTRH at baseline. Participants with aTRH had more cardiometabolic comorbidities and tended to have higher left ventricular ejection fraction and worse kidney function. Rates of the primary outcome were 8.7 per 100 patient-years in those with controlled BP, 8.5 per 100 patient-years in the nonresistant hypertension group, and 9.5 per 100 patient-years in the aTRH group. Relative treatment benefits of dapagliflozin versus placebo on the primary outcome were consistent across BP categories ( P interaction =0.114). Participants with aTRH exhibited the greatest absolute reduction in the rate of primary events with dapagliflozin (4.1 per 100 patient-years) compared with nonresistant hypertension (2.7 per 100 patient-years) and controlled BP (0.8 per 100 patient-years). Irrespective of assigned treatment, participants with aTRH experienced a higher rate of reported vascular events, including myocardial infarction and stroke, over study follow-up. Dapagliflozin modestly reduced systolic BP (by ≈1 to 3 mm Hg) without increasing risk of hypotension, hypovolemia, or other serious adverse events, irrespective of BP category, but did not improve the proportion of participants with aTRH attaining goal BP over time., Conclusions: aTRH was identified in >1 in 10 patients with heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction >40% in DELIVER. Dapagliflozin consistently improved clinical outcomes and was well-tolerated, including among those with aTRH., Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03619213., Competing Interests: Disclosures Dr Vaduganathan has received research grant support, served on advisory boards, or had speaker engagements with American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Baxter Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cytokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Relypsa, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Tricog Health, and participates on clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by AstraZeneca, Galmed, Novartis, Bayer AG, Occlutech, and Impulse Dynamics. Dr Selvaraj was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (grant K23HL161348), American Heart Association (grant 935275), Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (grant 2020061), Mandel Foundation, and Duke Heart Center. Dr Claggett has received consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr de Boer has received research grant support from AstraZeneca, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardior Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Novo Nordisk, and Roche, and had speaker engagements with Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis, and Roche. Dr Hernandez reports research grant support from American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Novartis, Somologic, and Verily; and consulting fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biofourmis, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Merck, Novartis, and Novo Nordisk. Dr Desai reports institutional grant support from Abbott, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis, and Pfizer; and consulting fees from Abbott, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Avidity, Axon Therapeutics, Bayer, Biofourmis, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Medpace, Merck, New Amsterdam, Novartis, Parexel, Regeneron, River2Renal Roche, Veristat, Verily, and Zydus. Dr Jhund reports speakers’ fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Alkem Metabolics, ProAdWise Communications, Sun Pharmaceuticals, and Intas Pharmaceuticals; advisory board fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novartis; and research funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Analog Devices Inc; and is director of Global Clinical Trial Partners. Dr Jhund’s employer, the University of Glasgow, has been remunerated for clinical trial work from AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Novartis, and Novo Nordisk. Dr Inzucchi has served on clinical trial committees or as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Lexicon, Merck, Pfizer, vTv Therapeutics, Abbott, and Esperion; and has given lectures sponsored by AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Kosiborod reports research grant support from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim and consulting fees from Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Esperion, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Lexicon, Merck (Diabetes and Cardiovascular), Pharmacosmos, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Vifor. Dr Lam is supported by a Clinician Scientist Award from the National Medical Research Council of Singapore; has received research support from Bayer and Roche Diagnostics; has served as consultant or on the Advisory Board, Steering Committee, or Executive Committee for Actelion, Alleviant Medical, Allysta Pharma, Amgen, AnaCardio AB, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Darma Inc, EchoNous Inc, Eli Lilly, Impulse Dynamics, Ionis Pharmaceutical, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Medscape/WebMD Global LLC, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Prosciento Inc, Radcliffe Group Ltd, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics and Us2.ai; and serves as cofounder and non–executive director of Us2.ai. Drs Langkilde, Lindholm, and Petersson are employees of AstraZeneca. Dr Martinez has received personal fees from AstraZeneca. Dr O’Meara has received research funds (paid to her institution) for clinical trials from American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, Novartis, and Pfizer; and has received consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Eli Lilly, and Janssen, as well as speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Shah reports research grants from the National Institutes of Health (grants U54 HL160273, R01 HL107577, R01 HL127028, R01 HL140731, and R01 HL149423), Actelion, AstraZeneca, Corvia, Novartis, and Pfizer, and consulting fees from Abbott, Actelion, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Aria CV, Axon Therapies, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardiora, Coridea, CVRx, Cyclerion, Cytokinetics, Edwards Lifesciences, Eidos, Eisai, Imara, Impulse Dynamics, Intellia, Ionis, Ironwood, Lilly, Merck, MyoKardia, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Prothena, Regeneron, Rivus, Sanofi, Shifamed, Tenax, Tenaya, and United Therapeutics. Dr McMurray has received funding to his institution, Glasgow University, for his work on clinical trials, consulting, and other activities from Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Pfizer, and Theracos; and has received personal lecture fees from the Corpus, Abbott, Hickma, Sun Pharmaceuticals, and Medsca. Dr Solomon has received research grants from Actelion, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lilly, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Neurotronik, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Theracos, and us2.ai; and has consulted for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Merck, MyoKardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Cardurion, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi-Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellProThera, Moderna, American Regent, and Sarepta. The other authors report no disclosures.

Background: Patients with heart failure (HF) with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction in Asia may have different clinical characteristics and outcomes compared with patients from other parts of the world., Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics, safety, and efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients in Asia vs outside Asia in the DELIVER (Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure) trial., Methods: In the DELIVER trial, patients with HF and left ventricular ejection fraction >40% were enrolled across 353 sites in 20 countries. The effects of dapagliflozin vs placebo on primary (composite of worsening HF or cardiovascular death) and secondary outcomes were compared in patients from Asia vs outside Asia., Results: Among 6,263 participants, 1,226 (19.6%) were enrolled in Asia. Participants from Asia were less likely to have diabetes, hypertension, history of myocardial infarction, or obesity. After adjusting for clinically relevant characteristics, those in Asia had similar risks of primary composite outcome compared with those from outside Asia (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.82-1.15). Those in Asia had a lower risk of all-cause mortality compared with those enrolled outside Asia (HR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.44-0.66). Enrollment from Asia did not modify the effect of dapagliflozin on the primary outcome ( P interaction  = 0.54). Serious adverse events and rates of drug discontinuation were also balanced in both treatment arms, irrespective of enrollment in Asia vs outside Asia., Conclusions: In the global DELIVER trial, dapagliflozin reduced the risk of CV death or worsening HF events and was well tolerated among participants enrolled in both Asia and other geographic regions., Competing Interests: AstraZeneca was the sponsor and funder of the DELIVER trial. Dr Wang is supported by a T32 postdoctoral training grant from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32 HL094301), and by the Scott Schoen and Nancy Adams First.In.Women Cardiovascular Fellowship, Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Dr Lam has received research support from NovoNordisk and Roche Diagnostics; has received consulting fees from Alleviant Medical, Allysta Pharma, Amgen, AnaCardio AB, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, CardioRenal, Cytokinetics, Darma Inc, EchoNous Inc, Eli Lilly, Impulse Dynamics, Intellia Therapeutics, Ionis Pharmaceutical, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Medscape/WebMD Global LLC, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Prosciento Inc, Quidel Corporation, Radcliffe Group Ltd, Recardio Inc, ReCor Medical, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, and Us2.ai; and is a co-founder and non-executive director of Us2.ai. Dr Vaduganathan has received research grant support, served on advisory boards, or had speaker engagements with American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Baxter Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cytokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Relypsa, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Tricog Health, and participates on clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by AstraZeneca, Galmed, Novartis, Bayer AG, Occlutech, and Impulse Dynamics. Dr Kondo receives lecture fees from Abbott Medical Japan LLC, Ono Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Novartis Pharma K.K., AstraZeneca K.K., Bristol Myers Squibb Co, and Abiomed Japan K.K. Dr Yang reports travel grants from AstraZeneca. Dr Vinh received financial support as PI of DAPA-HF, DELIVER trials from AZ, and honoraria as speakers from AZ, Boehringer Ingelheim, Servier, Roche, Abbott, and Menarini. Dr Chiang received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, Menarini, MSD, Novartis, Sanofi, and Viatris. Dr Kitakaze reports grants from the Japanese government, Japan Heart Foundation, Japan Cardiovascular Research Foundation, Kowa, Novartis, and Takeda; personal fees from Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Otsuka, and Viatris; and grants and personal fees from Ono, Tanabe-Mitsubishi, AstraZeneca, and Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work. Dr Jhund reported speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Alkem Metabolics, ProAdWise Communications, Sun Pharmaceuticals; advisory board fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis; research funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Analog Devices Inc. Dr Jhund’s employer the University of Glasgow has been remunerated for clinical trial work from AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Novartis, and NovoNordisk; Director Global Clinical Trial Partners (GCTP). Dr Desai reports being the named recipient on institutional research grants to Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Abbott, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Bayer, and Novartis as well as personal consulting fees from Abbott, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Avidity Biopharma, Axon Therapeutics, Bayer, Biofourmis, Cytokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Medpace, Merck, Novartis, Parexel, River2Renal, Roche, Veristat, Verily, and Zydus. Dr Inzucchi has served on clinical trial committees or as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, and Bayer, and has delivered lectures sponsored by AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr De Boer has received research grants and/or fees from AstraZeneca, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardior Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Novo Nordisk, and Roche; and has had speaker engagements with Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novartis, and Roche. Dr Martinez receives consulting fees from AstraZeneca. Dr Kosiborod receives consulting fees from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Eli Lilly, Esperion Therapeutics, Janssen Global Services, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Sanofi, Vifor Pharma; he also receives grant/contract or travel fees from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Hernandez has received research grants from American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Novartis, Somologic and Verily; and has served as a consultant or on the Advisory Board for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Intercept, Merck, and Novartis. Dr Claggett reported receiving consulting fees from Alnylam, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Intellia, and Rocket outside of the submitted work. Dr Langkilde is employed by and holds stock in AstraZeneca. Dr McMurray is supported by a British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence Grant RE/18/6/34217. He has received payments through Glasgow University from work on clinical trials, consulting, and other activities from Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, Dal-Cor, GSK, Ionis, KBP Biosciences, Novartis, Pfizer, and Theracos; and personal lecture fees from the Corpus, Abbott, Hikma, Sun Pharmaceuticals, Medscape/Heart.Org, Radcliffe Cardiology, Servier Director, Global Clinical Trial Partners (GCTP). Dr Solomon has received research grants from Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, BMS, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gossamer, GSK, Ionis, Lilly, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Theracos, US2.AI and has consulted for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi Sankyo, GSK, Lilly, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Cardurion, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellProThera, Moderna, American Regent, Sarepta, Lexicon, Anacardio, Akros, and Valo. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Background: Although elevated resting heart rate (HR) is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in sinus rhythm (SR), the relationship between HR and outcomes among patients with heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction/heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and in those with atrial fibrillation (AF) is uncertain. The aims of this study were to examine the association between baseline HR and outcomes across the range of left ventricular ejection fraction, in patients with and without AF, and evaluate the effect of dapagliflozin according to HR., Methods: A patient-level pooled analysis of the DAPA-HF (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure; heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) and DELIVER (Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure trial; heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction/heart failure with preserved ejection fraction) trials. The primary outcome of each was the composite of worsening heart failure or cardiovascular death., Results: Among patients with SR (n=6401, 64%), the rate of the primary outcome was higher in those with higher HR: 16.8 versus 7.7 per 100 person-years for ≥80 bpm versus <60 bpm. The relationship between HR and risk was steeper in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction versus heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction/heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. HR was not associated with outcomes in patients in AF for either heart failure phenotype. The benefit of dapagliflozin on the primary outcome was consistent across the HR range in both SR ( P interaction =0.28) and AF ( P interaction =0.56), for example, for SR <60 bpm, hazard ratio for dapagliflozin versus placebo 0.72 (95% CI, 0.55-0.95); 60 to 69 bpm, 0.78 (0.63-0.97); 70 to 79 bpm, 0.73 (0.59-0.91); ≥80 bpm, 0.77 (0.61-0.97). The benefit was consistent across HR range in both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction/heart failure with preserved ejection fraction., Conclusions: The risk of worsening heart failure or cardiovascular death increased with increasing baseline HR among patients in SR, but this association was not seen among patients in AF, irrespective of left ventricular ejection fraction. The benefit of dapagliflozin was consistent across HR range, irrespective of left ventricular ejection fraction or rhythm., Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifiers: NCT03036124 and NCT03619213., Competing Interests: Disclosures Dr Kondo received speaker fees from Abbott, Ono Pharma, Otsuka Pharma, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Abiomed. Dr Butt reports advisory board honoraria from Bayer. Dr Jhund reports speakers’ fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Alkem Metabolics, ProAdWise Communications, Sun Pharmaceuticals, and Intas Pharmaceuticals; advisory board fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novartis; and research funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Analog Devices Inc. Dr Jhund’s employer, the University of Glasgow, has been remunerated for clinical trial work from AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Novartis, and Novo Nordisk. Dr Jhund is also a director of Global Clinical Trial Partners Ltd. Dr Docherty reports receiving honoraria from AstraZeneca and a research grant to his institution from Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Claggett has received consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Vaduganathan has received research grant support or served on advisory boards for American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Baxter Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cytokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Relypsa, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Tricog Health; speaker engagements with AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Roche Diagnostics; and participates on clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by AstraZeneca, Occlutech, Impulse Dynamicx, Galmed, and Novartis. Dr Bachus is an employee and shareholder of AstraZeneca. Dr Hernandez has received research support from American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, and Verily and has served as a consultant or on the advisory board for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Myokardia, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Prolaio, and Vifor. Dr Lam is supported by a Clinician Scientist Award from the National Medical Research Council of Singapore; has received research support from Novo Nordisk and Roche Diagnostics; has served as consultant or on the advisory board/steering committee/executive committee for Alleviant Medical, Allysta Pharma, Amgen, AnaCardio AB, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, CardioRenal, Cytokinetics, Darma Inc, EchoNous Inc, Eli Lilly, Impulse Dynamics, Intellia Therapeutics, Ionis Pharmaceutical, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Medscape/WebMD Global LLC, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Prosciento Inc, Radcliffe Group Ltd, Recardio Inc, ReCor Medical, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, and Us2.ai; and serves as cofounder and nonexecutive director of Us2.ai. Dr Inzucchi has served on clinical trial committees or as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Lexicon, Merck, Pfizer, vTv Therapeutics, Abbott, Esperion, and Bayer and has given lectures sponsored by AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Martinez has received personal fees from AstraZeneca. Dr de Boer has received research grants and fees from AstraZeneca, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardio Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, and Roche (outside the submitted work) and received speaker fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis, and Roche (outside the submitted work). Dr Kosiborod has received research grant support from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim; has served as a consultant or on an advisory board for Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Esperion Therapeutics, Janssen, Merck (Diabetes and Cardiovascular), Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Vifor Pharma; has received other research support from AstraZeneca; and has received honorarium from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novo Nordisk. Dr Desai has received grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Abbott, Biofourmis, Boston Scientific, Boehringer Ingelheim, Corvidia, DalCor Pharma, Relypsa, Regeneron, and Merck; grants and personal fees from Alnylam and Novartis; and personal fees from Amgen, outside the submitted work. Dr Køber has received financial from AstraZeneca and personal fees from Novartis and Bristol Myers Squibb as a speaker. Dr Ponikowski has received personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Servier, Bristol Myers Squib, Amgen, Novartis, Merck, Pfizer, and Berlin Chemie and has received grants and personal fees from Vifor Pharma. Dr Sabatine has received grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca during the conduct of the study; has received grants and personal fees from Amgen, Intarcia, Janssen Research and Development, Medicines Company, MedImmune, Merck, and Novartis; has received personal fees from Anthos Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, CVS Caremark, DalCor, Dyrnamix, Esperion, IFM Therapeutics, and Ionis; has received grants from Daiichi-Sankyo, Bayer, Pfizer, Poxel, Eisai, GlaxoSmithKline, Quark Pharmaceuticals, and Takeda outside the submitted work; and is a member of the TIMI Study Group, which has also received institutional research grant support through Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Abbott, Aralez, Roche, and Zora Biosciences. Dr Solomon has received research grants from Actelion, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lilly, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Neurotronik, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi-Pasteur, Theracos, and US2.AI and has consulted for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Cardurion, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi-Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellPro-Thera, Moderna, American Regent, and Sarepta. Dr McMurray reports payments through Glasgow University from work on clinical trials; consulting and other activities from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, KBP Biosciences, and Novartis; personal consultancy fees from Alnylam Pharma, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, George Clinical PTY Ltd, Ionis Pharma, Novartis, Regeneron Pharma, and River 2 Renal Corporation; and receives personal lecture fees from Abbott, Alkem Metabolics, AstraZeneca, Blue Ocean Scientific Solutions Ltd, Boehringer Ingelheim, Canadian Medical and Surgical Knowledge, Emcure Pharma Ltd, Eris Lifesciences, European Academy of CME, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, Imagica Health, Intas Pharma, J.B. Chemicals & Pharma Ltd, Lupin Pharma, Medscape/Heart.Org, ProAdWise Communications, Radcliffe Cardiology, Sun Pharma, The Corpus, Translation Research Group, and Translational Medicine Academy. Dr McMurray is a director of Global Clinical Trial Partners Ltd.

Aim: COVID-19 may affect clinical risk in patients with heart failure. DELIVER began before and was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate the association between COVID-19 and clinical outcomes among DELIVER participants., Methods and Results: Participants with chronic heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction (HFmrEF/HFpEF) were randomized to dapagliflozin or placebo across 350 sites in 20 countries. COVID-19 was investigator-reported and the contribution of COVID-19 to death was centrally adjudicated. We assessed (i) the incidence of COVID-19, (ii) event rates before/during the pandemic, and (iii) risks of death after COVID-19 diagnosis compared to risks of death in participants without COVID-19. Further, we performed a sensitivity analysis assessing treatment effects of dapagliflozin vs. placebo censored at pandemic onset. Of 6263 participants, 589 (9.4%) developed COVID-19, of whom 307 (52%) required/prolonged hospitalization. A total of 155 deaths (15% of all deaths) were adjudicated as definitely/possibly COVID-19-related. COVID-19 cases and deaths did not differ by randomized assignment. Death rate in the 12 months following diagnosis was 56.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 48.0-65.6) versus 6.4 (95% CI 6.0-6.8)/100 participant-years among trial participants with versus without COVID-19 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 8.60, 95% CI 7.18-10.30). Risk was highest 0-3 months following diagnosis (153.5, 95% CI 130.3-180.8) and remained elevated at 3-6 months (12.6, 95% CI 6.6-24.3/100 participant-years). After excluding investigator-reported fatal COVID-19 events, all-cause death rates in the 12 months following diagnosis among COVID-19 survivors (n = 458) remained higher (aHR 2.46, 95% CI 1.83-3.33) than rates for all trial participants from randomization, with censoring of participants who developed COVID-19 at the time of diagnosis. Dapagliflozin reduced cardiovascular death/worsening HF events when censoring participants at COVID-19 diagnosis (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.72-0.91) and pandemic onset (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.58-0.89). There were no diabetic ketoacidosis or major hypoglycaemic events within 30 days of COVID-19., Conclusion: DELIVER is one of the most extensive experiences with COVID-19 of any cardiovascular trial, with >75% of follow-up time occurring during the pandemic. COVID-19 was common, with >50% of cases leading to hospitalization or death. Treatment benefits of dapagliflozin persisted when censoring at COVID-19 diagnosis and pandemic onset. Patients surviving COVID-19 had a high early residual risk., Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03619213., (© 2023 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.)

Background: Hospitalization is recognized as a sentinel event in the disease trajectory of patients with heart failure (HF), but not all patients experiencing clinical decompensation are ultimately hospitalized. Outpatient intensification of diuretics is common in response to symptoms of worsening HF, yet its prognostic and clinical relevance, specifically for patients with HF with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction, is uncertain., Methods: In this prespecified analysis of the DELIVER trial (Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure), we assessed the association between various nonfatal worsening HF events (those requiring hospitalization, urgent outpatient visits requiring intravenous HF therapies, and outpatient oral diuretic intensification) and rates of subsequent mortality. We further examined the treatment effect of dapagliflozin on an expanded composite end point of cardiovascular death, HF hospitalization, urgent HF visit, or outpatient oral diuretic intensification., Results: In DELIVER, 4532 (72%) patients experienced no worsening HF event, whereas 789 (13%) had outpatient oral diuretic intensification, 86 (1%) required an urgent HF visit, 585 (9%) had an HF hospitalization, and 271 (4%) died of cardiovascular causes as a first presentation. Patients with a first presentation manifesting as outpatient oral diuretic intensification experienced rates of subsequent mortality that were higher (10 [8-12] per 100 patient-years) than those without a worsening HF event (4 [3-4] per 100 patient-years) but similar to rates of subsequent death after an urgent HF visit (10 [6-18] per 100 patient-years). Patients with an HF hospitalization as a first presentation of worsening HF had the highest rates of subsequent death (35 [31-40] per 100 patient-years). The addition of outpatient diuretic intensification to the adjudicated DELIVER primary end point (cardiovascular death, HF hospitalization, or urgent HF visit) increased the overall number of patients experiencing an event from 1122 to 1731 (a 54% increase). Dapagliflozin reduced the need for outpatient diuretic intensification alone (hazard ratio, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.64-0.82]) and when analyzed as a part of an expanded composite end point of worsening HF or cardiovascular death (hazard ratio, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.69-0.84])., Conclusions: In patients with HF with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction, worsening HF requiring oral diuretic intensification in ambulatory care was frequent, adversely prognostic, and significantly reduced by dapagliflozin., Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03619213., Competing Interests: Disclosures Dr Chatur is supported by the Canadian Arthur J.E. Child’s Cardiology Fellowship. Dr Vaduganathan has received research grant support, has served on advisory boards, or has had speaker engagements with American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Baxter Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cytokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Relypsa, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Tricog Health; and has participated on clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by AstraZeneca, Galmed, Novartis, Bayer AG, Occlutech, and Impulse Dynamics. Dr Claggett has been a consultant for Amgen, AO Biome, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Corvia, Gilead, Myokardia, Cardurion, and Novartis. Dr Cunningham has been a consultant for Roche Diagnostics, Occlutech, and KCK. Dr Docherty reports receiving grant support from Novartis and lecture fees from Eli Lilly. Dr Desai has received research grant support from AstraZeneca, Alnylam, and Novartis; and has received consulting fees and honoraria from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Alnylam, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Biofourmis, Corvidia, DalCor Pharma, Novartis, Relypsa, and Regeneron. Dr Jhund has received consulting fees, advisory board fees, and lecture fees from Novartis, advisory board fees from Cytokinetics, and grant support from Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr de Boer’s institution, the University Medical Centre Groningen, has received research grants and fees (outside the submitted work) from AstraZeneca, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardio Pharmaceuticals Gmbh, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Novo Nordisk, and Roche. Dr de Boer has received speaker fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis, and Roche (outside the submitted work). Dr Hernandez has received research grant support from American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Suib, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Intercept, Merck, and Novartis. Dr Lam is supported by a clinician scientist award from the National Medical Research Council of Singapore; has received research support from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boston Scientific, and Roche Diagnostics, has served as a consultant or was on the advisory board/steering committee/executive committee for Actelion, Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Darma Inc, Us2.ai, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Medscape, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Radcliffe Group Ltd, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and WebMD Global LLC; and serves as the cofounder and nonexecutive director of Us2.ai. Dr Inzucchi has served on clinical trial committees or as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim/Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer and Bayer; and has given lectures sponsored by AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Kosiborod has received research grant support from AstraZeneca, and Boehringer Ingelheim; has served as a consultant or on an advisory board for Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Esperion Therapeutics, Janssen, Merck (Diabetes and Cardiovascular), Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Vifor Pharma; has received other research support from AstraZeneca; and has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novo Nordisk. Dr Martinez has received personal fees from AstraZeneca. Dr Shah has received either personal or institutional research support for DELIVER from AstraZeneca. Dr Solomon has received either personal or institutional research support for DELIVER from AstraZeneca. Drs Petersson and Langkilde are employees and shareholders of AstraZeneca. Dr McMurray has received grants from, and his employer was paid by, AstraZeneca, Theracos, and GlaxoSmithKline during the conduct of the study. His employer was paid by Novartis, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bayer, Abb-vie, Dal-Cor, Kidney Research UK, and Cardurion, and he received grants from the British Heart Foundation. Dr Solomon has received research grants from Actelion, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, BMS, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GSK, Ionis, Lilly, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Neurotronik, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Theracos, and US2.AI, and has consulted for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boeringer-Ingelheim, BMS, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, GSK, Lilly, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Cardurion, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi-Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellProThera, Moderna, American Regent, Sarepta, Lexicon, Anacardio, Akros, and Puretech Health.

Background: The SCORED (Effect of Sotagliflozin on Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Moderate Renal Impairment Who Are at Cardiovascular Risk) and SOLOIST-WHF (Effect of Sotagliflozin on Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Post Worsening Heart Failure) trials demonstrated that sotagliflozin, an SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitor, improves outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes who have heart failure (HF) or kidney disease., Objectives: We assessed the efficacy of sotagliflozin on HF clinical outcomes in individuals with differing baseline glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels., Methods: We included all adults from SCORED and SOLOIST-WHF. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, hospitalizations for HF, and urgent visits for HF. The efficacy of sotagliflozin compared with placebo was evaluated by baseline HbA1c using competing-risk marginal proportional hazards models., Results: We identified 11,744 adults. Individuals with HbA1c ≤7.5% experienced the primary outcome at a lower rate in the sotagliflozin group (11.2 per 100 person-years) than the placebo group (15.5 per 100 person-years) (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.57-0.93). Similarly, individuals with HbA1c of 7.6% to 9.0% experienced the primary outcome at a lower rate in the sotagliflozin group (7.3 per 100 person-years) than the placebo group (9.4 per 100 person-years) (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.63-0.96). These findings were also consistent among individuals with HbA1c >9.0%, with a primary outcome rate in the sotagliflozin group (7.8 per 100 person-years) that was lower than the placebo group (11.6 per 100 person-years) (HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.50-0.84). The efficacy of sotagliflozin was consistent by baseline HbA1c level (P for interaction = 0.58)., Conclusions: In individuals with type 2 diabetes and either HF or kidney disease, sotagliflozin reduced HF outcomes irrespective of baseline HbA1c., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures This study was supported by Sanofi and Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr Aggarwal has served as an investigator in a study funded by the Bristol Myers Squibb-Pfizer Alliance; and has served as a consultant for Lexicon. Dr Bhatt is the Chair of SCORED and of SOLOIST-WHF with research funding paid by Lexicon to Brigham and Women’s Hospital; has served on the Advisory Board of Angiowave, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardax, CellProthera, Cereno Scientific, Elsevier Practice Update Cardiology, High Enroll, Janssen, Level Ex, McKinsey, Medscape Cardiology, Merck, MyoKardia, NirvaMed, Novo Nordisk, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, Regado Biosciences, and Stasys; has served on the Board of Directors of Angiowave (stock options), Boston VA Research Institute, Bristol Myers Squibb (stock), DRS.LINQ (stock options), High Enroll (stock), Society of Cardiovascular Patient Care, and TobeSoft; has served as Inaugural Chair of the American Heart Association Quality Oversight Committee; has served as a consultant for Broadview Ventures and Hims; has served on Data Monitoring Committees for Acesion Pharma, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Baim Institute for Clinical Research (formerly Harvard Clinical Research Institute, for the PORTICO trial, funded by St Jude Medical, now Abbott), Boston Scientific (Chair, PEITHO trial), Cleveland Clinic (including for the ExCEED trial, funded by Edwards), Contego Medical (Chair, PERFORMANCE 2), Duke Clinical Research Institute, Mayo Clinic, Mount Sinai School of Medicine (for the ENVISAGE trial, funded by Daiichi Sankyo; for the ABILITY-DM trial, funded by Concept Medical), Novartis, Population Health Research Institute, and Rutgers University (for the National Institutes of Health-funded MINT Trial); has received honoraria from the American College of Cardiology (Senior Associate Editor, Clinical Trials and News, ACC.org; Chair, ACC Accreditation Oversight Committee), Arnold and Porter law firm (work related to Sanofi/Bristol Myers Squibb clopidogrel litigation), Baim Institute for Clinical Research (formerly Harvard Clinical Research Institute; RE-DUAL PCI clinical trial steering committee funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; AEGIS-II executive committee funded by CSL Behring), Belvoir Publications (Editor-in-Chief, Harvard Heart Letter), Canadian Medical and Surgical Knowledge Translation Research Group (clinical trial steering committees), CSL Behring (AHA lecture), Cowen and Company, Duke Clinical Research Institute (clinical trial steering committees, including for the PRONOUNCE trial, funded by Ferring Pharmaceuticals), HMP Global (Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Invasive Cardiology), Journal of the American College of Cardiology (Guest Editor; Associate Editor), K2P (Cochair, interdisciplinary curriculum), Level Ex, Medtelligence/ReachMD (CME steering committees), MJH Life Sciences, Oakstone CME (Course Director, Comprehensive Review of Interventional Cardiology), Piper Sandler, Population Health Research Institute (for the COMPASS operations committee, publications committee, steering committee, and USA national co-leader, funded by Bayer), Slack Publications (Chief Medical Editor, Cardiology Today’s Intervention), Society of Cardiovascular Patient Care (Secretary/Treasurer), WebMD (CME steering committees), and Wiley (steering committee); has served as Deputy Editor for Clinical Cardiology; has served as chair of the NCDR-ACTION Registry Steering Committee and VA CART Research and Publications Committee; is named on a patent for sotagliflozin assigned to Brigham and Women's Hospital who assigned to Lexicon (neither he nor Brigham and Women's Hospital receive any income from this patent); has received research Funding from Abbott, Acesion Pharma, Afimmune, Aker Biomarine, Alnylam, Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beren, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardax, CellProthera, Cereno Scientific, Chiesi, CinCor, Cleerly, CSL Behring, Eisai, Ethicon, Faraday Pharmaceuticals, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, Forest Laboratories, Fractyl, Garmin, HLS Therapeutics, Idorsia, Ironwood, Ischemix, Janssen, Javelin, Lexicon, Lilly, Medtronic, Merck, Moderna, MyoKardia, NirvaMed, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, Owkin, Pfizer, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, Recardio, Regeneron, Reid Hoffman Foundation, Roche, Sanofi, Stasys, Synaptic, The Medicines Company, Youngene, and 89Bio; has received royalties from Elsevier (Editor, Braunwald’s Heart Disease); has served as site coinvestigator for Abbott, Biotronik, Boston Scientific, CSI, Endotronix, St Jude Medical (now Abbott), Philips, SpectraWAVE, Svelte, and Vascular Solutions; is a Trustee of the American College of Cardiology; and has performed unfunded research for FlowCo and Takeda. Dr Szarek receives salary support from CPC, a nonprofit academic research organization affiliated with the University of Colorado, that receives research grant/consulting funding from Abbott, Agios, Alexion Pharma, Alnylam, Amgen, Angionetics, ARCA Biopharma, Array, AstraZeneca, Atentiv, Audentes, Bayer, Better Therapeutics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardiol Therapeutics, CellResearch, Cook Medical, Cook, CSL Behring, Eidos Therapeutics, EP Trading Co, Esperion Therapeutics, Everly Health, Faraday, Fortress Biotech, HDL Therapeutics, Heartflow, Hummingbird Bioscience, Insmed, Janssen, Kowa Research, Lexicon, Merck, MedPace, Medtronic, Moderna, Novate Medical, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, PhaseBio, PPD Development, Prairie Education and Research, Prothena Biosciences, Regeneron, Regio Biosciences, Sanifit Therapeutics, Sanofi, Smith and Nephew, Stealth BioTherapeutics, University of Colorado, University of Pittsburgh, Worldwide Clinical Trials, Wraser, and the Yale Cardiovascular Research Group; has received fees for performing analyses, steering committee fees, and travel support from Sanofi and Regeneron; has received consulting fees from CiVi, Esperion, and Amarin; has received Data Safety and Monitoring Board membership fees from Resverlogix and Janssen; and is a member of the JACC editorial board. Dr Cannon has received research grants from Amgen, Better Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Merck, Novo Nordisk, and Pfizer; has received consulting fees from Aegerion/Amryt, Alnylam, Amarin, Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, Ascendia, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Lexicon, Merck, Pfizer, Rhoshan, and Sanofi; and has served on data and safety monitoring boards for Applied Therapeutics and Novo Nordisk. Dr McGuire has received research support for Clinical Trials Leadership from Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck and Co, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Esperion, Lilly USA, Lexicon, and CSL Behring New Amsterdam; and has received honoraria for consultancy from Lilly USA, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck and Co, Novo Nordisk, Applied Therapeutics, Altimmune, CSL Behring, Bayer, GlaxoSmithKline, and Intercept. Dr Inzucchi has served as a consultant and member of clinical trial steering committees for Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, and Bayer; and has delivered lectures sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, and Merck. Dr Lopes has received research grants or contracts from Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Pfizer, and Sanofi; has received funding for educational activities or lectures from Pfizer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novo Nordisk, and AstraZeneca; and has received funding for consulting from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Novo Nordisk, and AstraZeneca. Drs Davies and Banks are employees of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc, and may hold stocks or stock options in the company. Dr Pitt has received consulting fees from Lexicon, Bayer, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, and Phasebio; has received consulting fees and/or stock options from Viror, KBP Biosciences, Cereno scientific, Tricida, SCPharmaceuticals, SQinnovations, G-3 Pharmaceuticals, Protonintel, and Brainstorm medical; and holds U.S. Patent 9931412 on site-specific delivery of eplerenone to the myocardium and U.S. Patent pending 63/045,783 on histone-modulating agents for the protection and treatment of organ damage. Dr Steg has received research grants from Amarin, Bayer, Sanofi, and Servier; has received speaker or consultant fees from Amarin, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Kowa, Idorsia, Lexicon, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, PhaseBio, Pfizer, Regeneron, Sanofi, and Servier; and is a Senior Associate Editor of Circulation. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are guideline recommended in the management of heart failure (HF). Although these therapies can be initiated even in patients with comorbid chronic kidney disease, some patients may face deterioration of kidney function over time., Objectives: In this study, the authors sought to examine the safety and efficacy of continuing SGLT2 inhibitors in HF when the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) falls below thresholds for initiation., Methods: Associations between a deterioration of eGFR to <25 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , efficacy, and safety outcomes and treatment with dapagliflozin were evaluated in time-updated Cox proportional hazard models in a participant-level pooled analysis of the DAPA-HF (Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on the Incidence of Worsening Heart Failure or Cardiovascular Death in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure) and DELIVER (Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure) trials., Results: Among 11,007 patients, 347 (3.2%) experienced a deterioration of eGFR to <25 mL/min/1.73 m 2 at least once in follow-up. These patients had a higher risk of the primary composite outcome (HR: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.48-2.35; P < 0.001). The risk of the primary outcome was lower with dapagliflozin compared with placebo among patients who did (HR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.33-0.83) as well as did not (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.72-0.86) experience deterioration of eGFR to <25 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (P interaction  = 0.17). The risk of safety outcomes, including drug discontinuation, was higher among patients with deterioration of eGFR to <25 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ; however, rates remained similar between treatment groups including among those who remained on study drug., Conclusions: Patients with deterioration of eGFR to <25 mL/min/1.73 m 2 had elevated risks of cardiovascular outcomes yet appeared to benefit from continuation of dapagliflozin with no excess in safety outcomes between treatment groups. The benefit-to-risk ratio may favor continuation of dapagliflozin treatment in patients with HF experiencing deterioration of kidney function. Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on the Incidence of Worsening Heart Failure or Cardiovascular Death in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure [DAPA-HF]; NCT03036124; and Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure [DELIVER]; NCT03619213)., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures DAPA-HF and DELIVER were funded by AstraZeneca. Dr Chatur is supported by the Canadian Arthur J.E. Child’s Cardiology Fellowship. Dr Vaduganathan has received research grant support, has served on advisory boards, or has had speaker engagements with American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Baxter Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cytokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Relypsa, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Tricog Health; and has participated on clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by AstraZeneca, Galmed, Novartis, Bayer AG, Occlutech, and Impulse Dynamics. Dr Claggett has been a consultant for Amgen, AO Biome, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Corvia, Gilead, Myokardia, Cardurion, and Novartis. Dr Mc Causland has received research funding from NIDDK, Satellite Healthcare, Fifth Eye, Novartis, and Lexicon paid directly to his institution; and has received consulting fees from GS, and Zydus Therapeutics. Dr Desai has received research grant support from AstraZeneca, Alnylam, and Novartis; and has received consulting fees and/or honoraria from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Alnylam, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Biofourmis, Corvidia, DalCor Pharma, Novartis, Relypsa, and Regeneron. Dr Jhund has received consulting fees, advisory board fees, and lecture fees from Novartis; has received advisory board fees from Cytokinetics; and has received grant support from Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr de Boer has received research grants and fees (to the institution, outside the submitted work) from AstraZeneca, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardio Pharmaceuticals Gmbh, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, and Roche; and has received speaker fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis, and Roche (outside the submitted work). Dr Hernandez has received research grants from American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Somologic, and Verily; and has served as a consultant to or on the Advisory Board for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cytokinetics, Eidos, GlaxoSmithKline, Intercept, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, and Prolaio. Dr Inzucchi has served on clinical trial committees or as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim/Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer, and Bayer; and has given lectures sponsored by AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Kosiborod receives consulting fees from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Eli Lilly, Esperion Therapeutics, Janssen Global Services, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Sanofi, Vifor Pharma; and receives grant/contract or travel fees from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Lam is supported by a Clinician Scientist Award from the National Medical Research Council of Singapore; has received research support from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boston Scientific, and Roche Diagnostics; has served as a consultant or on the advisory board/steering committee/executive committee for Actelion, Amgen, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Darma, Us2.ai, Janssen Research and Development, Medscape, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Radcliffe Group, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and WebMD Global; and serves as the cofounder and nonexecutive director of Us2.ai. Dr Martinez receives consulting fees from AstraZeneca. Dr Shah is supported by research grants from the National Institutes of Health (U54 HL160273, R01 HL140731, R01 HL149423), Actelion, AstraZeneca, Corvia, Novartis, and Pfizer; and has received consulting fees from Abbott, Actelion, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Aria CV, Axon Therapies, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardiora, Coridea, CVRx, Cyclerion, Cytokinetics, Edwards Lifesciences, Eidos, Eisai, Imara, Impulse Dynamics, GSK, Intellia, Ionis, Ironwood, Lilly, Merck, MyoKardia, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Prothena, Regeneron, Rivus, Sanofi, Sardocor, Shifamed, Tenax, Tenaya, and United Therapeutics. Dr Sabatine has received research grant support through Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Abbott, Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Intarcia, Ionis, Merck, Novartis, and Pfizer, as well as consulting fees from Amgen, Anthos Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Beren Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dr Reddy’s Laboratories, Fibrogen, Intarcia, Merck, Moderna, Novo Nordisk, Precision Biosciences, and Silence Therapeutics; and is a member of the TIMI Study Group, which has also received institutional research grant support through Brigham and Women’s Hospital from ARCA Biopharma, Janssen Research and Development, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Roche, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Softcell Medical, and Zora Biosciences. Dr Kober has received lecture fees from Novartis and Bristol Myers Squibb. Dr Ponikowski has received consulting fees, fees for serving on a Speakers Bureau, and fees (paid to himself and to his institution) for serving as an investigator and steering or executive committee member for clinical trials from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cibiem, Novartis, and RenalGuard; has received lecture fees from Pfizer; has received fees (paid to himself and to his institution) for serving as an investigator and steering or executive committee member for clinical trials from Amgen; has received grant support (paid to his institution), fees for serving on a Speakers Bureau, consulting fees, and fees (paid to himself and to his institution) for serving as an investigator and steering or executive committee member for clinical trials from Vifor Pharma; has received fees for serving on a Speakers Bureau and consulting fees from Servier and Respicardia; and has received fees for serving on a Speakers Bureau from Berlin-Chemie. Dr Merkely has received personal fees from AstraZeneca and Servier. Dr Petersson is an employee and shareholder of AstraZeneca. Dr Langkilde is an employee and shareholder of AstraZeneca. Dr McMurray and his institution have received grants from AstraZeneca, Theracos, and GlaxoSmithKline during the conduct of the study and from Novartis, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer, Abbvie, Dal-Cor, Kidney Research UK, and Cardurion; and has received grants from the British Heart Foundation. Dr Solomon has received research grants from Actelion, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, BMS, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GSK, Ionis, Lilly, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Neurotronik, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Theracos, Us2.ai; and has consulted for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boeringer Ingelheim, BMS, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, GSK, Lilly, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Cardurion, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi-Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellProThera, Moderna, American Regent, Sarepta, Lexicon, Anacardio, Akros, and Puretech Health., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

BACKGROUND: The primary end point in most heart failure (HF) trials is a composite of time to a first worsening HF event or cardiovascular death. Prevention of recurrent events and improvements in symptoms/quality of life are also important for patients but are usually analyzed separately. Win statistics can integrate all these outcomes into a single composite end point, which is analyzed in hierarchical order, reflecting the clinical importance of each component. METHODS: The Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure (DAPA-HF, n=4744) and Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure (DELIVER, n=6263) trials enrolled patients with New York Heart Association class II, III, or IV HF, elevated natriuretic peptides, and either an ejection fraction of 40% or less (DAPA-HF) or greater than 40% and left atrial enlargement/left ventricular hypertrophy (DELIVER). We examined the effects of dapagliflozin compared with placebo on a hierarchical composite outcome, including cardiovascular death, total (first and recurrent) HF hospitalizations, total urgent HF visits, and improvement/deterioration in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire total symptom score (KCCQ-TSS; range from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating fewer symptoms and physical limitations) at 8 months. RESULTS: For this composite outcome, the win ratio was 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23 to 1.36) in the pooled cohort, 1.33 (95% CI, 1.23 to 1.43) in the DAPA-HF trial, and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.18 to 1.36) in the DELIVER trial. Win odds and net benefit in overall patients were 1.19 (95% CI, 1.14 to 1.24) and 8.7% (95% CI, 6.6 to 10.9%), respectively. In the overall pooled cohort, the majority of wins and losses were accounted for by KCCQ-TSS; 52.4% were settled by the KCCQ-TSS tier in the pooled cohort. CONCLUSIONS: In both the DAPA-HF and DELIVER trials, dapagliflozin led to a significant improvement in composite outcomes that incorporated patient-reported outcomes along with total HF events, as well as cardiovascular deaths. These analyses provided a comprehensive presentation of win statistics and illustrated the utility and flexibility of win statistics in describing the effects of dapagliflozin in two recent clinical trials in patients with HF. (Funded by British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence and others; clinical trial registration numbers, NCT03036124 and NCT03619213.)

Background: Cardio-renal-metabolic (CRM) conditions are individually common among patients with heart failure (HF), but the prevalence and influence of overlapping CRM conditions in this population have not been well-studied., Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the impact of overlapping CRM conditions on clinical outcomes and treatment effects of dapagliflozin in HF., Methods: In this post hoc analysis of DELIVER (Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the Lives of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure), we evaluated the prevalence of comorbid CRM conditions (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and type 2 diabetes), their impact on the primary outcome (cardiovascular death or worsening HF), and treatment effects of dapagliflozin by CRM status., Results: Among 6,263 participants, 1,952 (31%), 2,245 (36%), and 1,236 (20%) had 1, 2, and 3 additional CRM conditions, respectively. HF alone was uncommon (13%). Greater CRM multimorbidity was associated with older age, higher body mass index, longer-duration HF, worse health status, and lower left ventricular ejection fraction. Risk of the primary outcome increased with higher CRM overlap, with 3 CRM conditions independently associated with highest risk of primary events (adjusted HR: 2.16 [95% CI: 1.72-2.72]; P < 0.001) compared with HF alone. Relative benefits of dapagliflozin on the primary outcome were consistent irrespective of the type of CRM overlap (P interaction  = 0.773) and by the number of CRM conditions (P interaction  = 0.734), with greatest absolute benefits among those with highest CRM multimorbidity. Estimated 2-year numbers needed to treat with dapagliflozin to prevent 1 primary event were approximately 52, 39, 33, and 24 for participants with 0, 1, 2, and 3 additional CRM conditions at baseline, respectively. Adverse events between treatment arms were similar across the CRM spectrum., Conclusions: CRM multimorbidity was common and associated with adverse outcomes among patients with HF and left ventricular ejection fraction >40% in DELIVER. Dapagliflozin was safe and effective across the CRM spectrum, with greater absolute benefits among those with highest CRM overlap (Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the LIVEs of Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure [DELIVER]; NCT03619213)., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures DELIVER was sponsored by AstraZeneca. Dr Claggett has received consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Desai has received institutional grant support from Abbott, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis, and Pfizer; and has received consulting fees from Abbott, Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Avidity, Axon Therapeutics, Bayer, Biofourmis, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Medpace, Merck, New Amsterdam, Novartis, Parexel, Regeneron, River2Renal Roche, Veristat, Verily, and Zydus. Dr Jhund has received speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Alkem Metabolics, ProAdWise Communications, Sun Pharmaceuticals, and Intas Pharmaceuticals; has received advisory board fees from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis; has received research funding from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Analog Devices Inc; and his employer, the University of Glasgow, has been remunerated for clinical trial work from AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Novartis, and NovoNordisk; and is the Director of Global Clinical Trial Partners (GCTP). Dr Kosiborod has received research grant support from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim; and has received consulting fees from Alnylam, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Cytokinetics, Esperion, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Lexicon, Merck (Diabetes and Cardiovascular), Pharmacosmos, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Vifor. Dr Lam has received support from a Clinician Scientist Award from the National Medical Research Council of Singapore; has received research support from Bayer and Roche Diagnostics; has served as consultant or on the advisory board/steering committee/executive committee for Actelion, Alleviant Medical, Allysta Pharma, Amgen, AnaCardio AB, Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Darma Inc, EchoNous Inc, Eli Lilly, Impulse Dynamics, Ionis Pharmaceutical, Janssen Research and Development LLC, Medscape/WebMD Global LLC, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Prosciento Inc, Radcliffe Group Ltd, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, and Us2.ai; and serves as co-founder and nonexecutive director of Us2.ai. Dr Inzucchi has served on clinical trial committees or as a consultant to AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Lexicon, Merck, Pfizer, vTv Therapeutics, Abbott, and Esperion; and has given lectures sponsored by AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Martinez has received personal fees from AstraZeneca. Dr de Boer has received research grant support from AstraZeneca, Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cardior Pharmaceuticals Gmbh, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Novo Nordisk, and Roche; and has received speaker fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis, and Roche. Dr Hernandez has received research grant support from American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Merck, Novartis, Somologic; and has received verily consulting fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biofourmis, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Merck, Novartis, and NovoNordisk. Dr Shah has received research grants from the National Institutes of Health (U54 HL160273, R01 HL107577, R01 HL127028, R01 HL140731, and R01 HL149423), Actelion, AstraZeneca, Corvia, Novartis, and Pfizer; and has received consulting fees from Abbott, Actelion, AstraZeneca, Amgen, Aria CV, Axon Therapies, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cardiora, Coridea, CVRx, Cyclerion, Cytokinetics, Edwards Lifesciences, Eidos, Eisai, Imara, Impulse Dynamics, Intellia, Ionis, Ironwood, Lilly, Merck, MyoKardia, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Prothena, Regeneron, Rivus, Sanofi, Shifamed, Tenax, Tenaya, and United Therapeutics. Drs Petersson and Langkilde are employees of AstraZeneca. Dr McMurray has received funding to his institution, Glasgow University, for his work on clinical trials, consulting, and other activities from Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardurion, Cytokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Pfizer, and Theracos; and has received personal lecture fees from the Corpus, Abbott, Hickma, Sun Pharmaceuticals, and Medsca. Dr Solomon has received research grants from Actelion, Alnylam, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bellerophon, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celladon, Cytokinetics, Eidos, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Ionis, Lilly, Mesoblast, MyoKardia, National Institutes of Health/NHLBI, Neurotronik, Novartis, NovoNordisk, Respicardia, Sanofi Pasteur, Theracos, and US2.AI; and has consulted for Abbott, Action, Akros, Alnylam, Amgen, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardior, Cardurion, Corvia, Cytokinetics, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Lilly, Merck, Myokardia, Novartis, Roche, Theracos, Quantum Genomics, Cardurion, Janssen, Cardiac Dimensions, Tenaya, Sanofi-Pasteur, Dinaqor, Tremeau, CellProThera, Moderna, American Regent, and Sarepta. Dr Vaduganathan has received research grant support, served on advisory boards, or had speaker engagements with American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Baxter Healthcare, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cytokinetics, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pharmacosmos, Relypsa, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi, and Tricog Health; and has participated on clinical trial committees for studies sponsored by AstraZeneca, Galmed, Novartis, Bayer AG, Occlutech, and Impulse Dynamics. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

T2D is a well-established risk factor for development and progression of CKD. KDIGO recommends categorization of risk by likelihood of progression to ESKD. Compared to placebo, empagliflozin decreases likelihood of worsening (OR 0.70, 95 % CI 0.62-0.78) and increases likelihood of improvement (OR 1.56, 95 % CI 1.30-1.86) in KDIGO risk category., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Bernard Zinman has received financial support from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. Christoph Wanner has served as a consultant and/or member of clinical trial steering committees for AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim and Merck Sharp & Dohme. He has delivered lectures sponsored by AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Mitsubishi. Silvio E. Inzucchi has received honoraria for lectures, advisory work and/or clinical trial leadership from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Merck, Pfizer and Bayer., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)