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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to confirm the relationship between nursing students’ nursing professionalism and ethical decision-making confidence, and to clarify the mediating effect of moral sensitivity which has a mutual influence on nursing professionalism and ethical decision-making confidence.Methods: The data collection for this study was conducted from January 23 to February 1, 2021 with junior and senior nursing students enrolled in five nursing departments in two regions. The data collected in this study were analyzed using the IBM SPSS statistics version 23.0 program.Results: Through this study, it was found that nursing professionalism (β=.47) and moral sensitivity (β=.32) acted as important influencing factors on the ethical decision-making confidence of nursing students, with an explanatory power of 31.2%. In addition, it was confirmed that there was a partial mediating effect of moral sensitivity in the relationship between the nursing professionalism and ethical decision-making confidence of nursing students, and the mediating effect coefficient of moral sensitivity was .16.Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it is suggested to prepare a plan to increase ethical decision-making confidence and moral sensitivity when planning interventions to improve nursing professionalism in nursing students.

Hypothesis . A large number of papers discuss merits and mechanisms of low salinity waterflooding. For each mechanism proposed, there are counter examples to invalidate the stated mechanism. The effect of wettability from low salinity water, which is predominantly stated in literature as the dominant mechanism, may not be valid. We introduce a direct correlation between oil-brine interfacial viscoelasticity and oil recovery from waterflooding. Experiments . The oil recovery is investigated in carbonate rocks for three light crude oils , by injection of a wide range of aqueous phases, ranging from deionized water to very high salinity brine of 28 wt%, and low concentration of a non-ionic surfactant at 100 ppm. The oil-brine interfacial viscoelasticity is quantified and supplementary measurements of interfacial tension and wettability are performed. Findings . In our experiments, oil recovery is higher from high salinity water injection than from low salinity water injection. A strong relationship is observed between interface elasticity and oil recovery for different concentrations of salt in the injected brine as well as for ultra-low concentration surfactant. An elastic oil-brine interface results in high oil recovery. The surfactant molecule we have selected prefers the oil–water interface despite high solubility in the oil phase and makes ultra-low concentration of 100 ppm in injection water very effective. Contrary to widespread assertions in the literature, we find no definitive correlation between oil recovery and wettability.

Background and Overview Orthodontic miniscrews have become popular tools for providing temporary anchorage during orthodontic treatment. Although they are easy to insert, damage to the periodontal ligament or dental root during insertion is an unfavorable iatrogenic complication. Root perforation during miniscrew insertion in human teeth has been reported in a few articles. In this article, the authors describe the spontaneous repair of an iatrogenic root perforation in a mandibular first molar that occurred during insertion of an orthodontic miniscrew in a young girl undergoing orthodontic treatment. Case Description A 15-year-old girl with malocclusion was undergoing orthodontic treatment when the mesial root of her mandibular right first molar was damaged by an orthodontic miniscrew. The miniscrew and corresponding bracket were immediately removed to avoid any unnecessary forces on the tooth. Because the pulp remained vital without any additional damage and infection for 6 months, orthodontic treatment was resumed and completed in 9 months without any pulp damage or unfavorable symptoms. Serial periapical radiographs and cone-beam computed tomographic images showed that the injured area was surrounded by reparative tissue without any apical lesion. Conclusions and Practical Implications The findings of this case suggest that immediate removal of unnecessary forces provides an environment for spontaneous repair in cases of iatrogenic root perforation by orthodontic miniscrews, even when the damage involves the pulp. If force stimulation is avoided for a certain period, which was 6 months in this case, it may be possible to complete the orthodontic treatment without unfavorable symptoms.

p53 is the most studied tumor suppressor and a key transcriptional factor, with discrete domains that regulate cellular pathways such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell-cycle arrest, DNA repair, and senescence. Previous studies have suggested that AIMP2, and ARS-interacting multifunctional protein 2, promote cell death via the protective interaction with p53 upon DNA damage. Also, oncogenic splicing variant of AIMP2 lacking exon2, AIMP2-DX2, compromises the pro-apoptotic activity and anti-proliferative activities of the AIMP2 by competing with AIMP2 for the binding with p53. However, the molecular mechanism for the interaction of p53 and AIMP2 remains elusive. Using NMR spectroscopy, we studied the structural details of the interaction of transactivation domain 1 (TAD1) of p53 with GST domain of AIMP2, which is also common in AIMP2-DX2. The chemical shift perturbation (CSP) experiments demonstrate that amino acid residues from E17 to E28 of p53, known to bind to MDM2 are also involved in binding to AIMP2-DX2. Structure determination of this region based on the transferred-NOE (trNOE) data revealed that TAD1 of the p53 forms a turn structure with hydrophobic interactions by side chains of F19, L22, W23 and L26, distinct from the structure for MDM2 binding. Also, docking results based on NMR CSP data suggest the binding mode of p53 with AIMP2-DX2 GST domain. These data provide the first structural insight into the binding of the p53 TAD1 on AIMP2 and AIMP2-DX2.

A tumorigenic factor, AIMP2 lacking exon 2 (AIMP2-DX2), is often upregulated in many cancers. However, how its cellular level is determined is not understood. Here, we report heat-shock protein HSP70 as a critical determinant for the level of AIMP2-DX2. Interaction of the two factors was identified by interactome analysis and structurally determined by X-ray crystallography and NMR analyses. HSP70 recognizes the amino (N)-terminal flexible region, as well as the glutathione S-transferase domain of AIMP2-DX2, via its substrate-binding domain, thus blocking the Siah1-dependent ubiquitination of AIMP2-DX2. AIMP2-DX2-induced cell transformation and cancer progression in vivo was further augmented by HSP70. A positive correlation between HSP70 and AIMP2-DX2 levels was shown in various lung cancer cell lines and patient tissues. Chemical intervention in the AIMP2-DX2-HSP70 interaction suppressed cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Thus, this work demonstrates the importance of the interaction between AIMP2-DX2 and HSP70 on tumor progression and its therapeutic potential against cancer.

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of disaster knowledge, awareness, preparedness on disaster response ability among nursing students, and to identify their correlation as well as the factors affecting their ability to cope with disasters. The questionnaires were collected from 209 nursing students in Korea from March to April, 2018. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression analysis. The results showed that the average scores of disaster awareness, disaster preparedness, disaster response ability and disaster knowledge were 3.58 ± 0.65 (out of 5), 3.06 ± 0.70 (out of 5), 3.01 ± .57 (out of 5). and 5.12 ± 1.71 (out of 10) respectively. The factors affecting the ability of nursing students to cope with disasters included grade (β = .165, p = .012), disaster preparedness (β = .385, p =

Recent development of the chemical inhibitors specific to oncogenic KRAS (Kirsten Rat Sarcoma 2 Viral Oncogene Homolog) mutants revives much interest to control KRAS-driven cancers. Here, we report that AIMP2-DX2, a variant of the tumor suppressor AIMP2 (aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multi-functional protein 2), acts as a cancer-specific regulator of KRAS stability, augmenting KRAS-driven tumorigenesis. AIMP2-DX2 specifically binds to the hypervariable region and G-domain of KRAS in the cytosol prior to farnesylation. Then, AIMP2-DX2 competitively blocks the access of Smurf2 (SMAD Ubiquitination Regulatory Factor 2) to KRAS, thus preventing ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Moreover, AIMP2-DX2 levels are positively correlated with KRAS levels in colon and lung cancer cell lines and tissues. We also identified a small molecule that specifically bound to the KRAS-binding region of AIMP2-DX2 and inhibited the interaction between these two factors. Treatment with this compound reduces the cellular levels of KRAS, leading to the suppression of KRAS-dependent cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest the interface of AIMP2-DX2 and KRAS as a route to control KRAS-driven cancers.

Recently, non-canonical roles of Lysyl-tRNA Synthetase (KRS), which is associated with cell migration and cancer metastasis, have been reported. Therefore, KRS has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of cell migration-related diseases, especially cancer metastasis, although the satisfying chemical inhibitors targeting KRS have not yet been identified. Here, we report the discovery of novel, mechanistically unique, and potent cell migration inhibitors targeting KRS, including the chemical and biological studies on the most effective N,N-dialkylthiazolo [5,4-b]pyridin-2-amine (SL-1910). SL-1910 exhibited highly potent migration inhibition (EC50 = 81 nM against the mutant KRS-overexpressed MDA-MB-231 cells) and was superior to the previously reported KRS inhibitor (migration inhibitory EC50 = 8.5 μM against H226 cells). The KRS protein binding study via fluorescence-based binding titration and KRS protein 2D-NMR mapping study, in vitro concentration-dependent cell migration inhibition, and in vivo anti-metastatic activity of SL-1910, which consists of a new scaffold, have been reported in this study. In addition, in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies and mouse pharmacokinetics experiments for SL-1910 were conducted.

Orthodontic miniscrews have become popular tools for providing temporary anchorage during orthodontic treatment. Although they are easy to insert, damage to the periodontal ligament or dental root during insertion is an unfavorable iatrogenic complication. Root perforation during miniscrew insertion in human teeth has been reported in a few articles. In this article, the authors describe the spontaneous repair of an iatrogenic root perforation in a mandibular first molar that occurred during insertion of an orthodontic miniscrew in a young girl undergoing orthodontic treatment.A 15-year-old girl with malocclusion was undergoing orthodontic treatment when the mesial root of her mandibular right first molar was damaged by an orthodontic miniscrew. The miniscrew and corresponding bracket were immediately removed to avoid any unnecessary forces on the tooth. Because the pulp remained vital without any additional damage and infection for 6 months, orthodontic treatment was resumed and completed in 9 months without any pulp damage or unfavorable symptoms. Serial periapical radiographs and cone-beam computed tomographic images showed that the injured area was surrounded by reparative tissue without any apical lesion.The findings of this case suggest that immediate removal of unnecessary forces provides an environment for spontaneous repair in cases of iatrogenic root perforation by orthodontic miniscrews, even when the damage involves the pulp. If force stimulation is avoided for a certain period, which was 6 months in this case, it may be possible to complete the orthodontic treatment without unfavorable symptoms.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of environmental enrichment (EE) on neurotrophin expression in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD was induced via intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Male mice ( N = 42) were randomly divided into 3 groups: control, MPTP + standard condition (SC), and MPTP + EE. The groups were raised separately for 28 days. On Day 21 they received 1 injection (20 mg/kg MPTP or saline for MPTP and control groups, respectively) every 2 hr for a total of 4 injections. Animals were sacrificed 7 days after the final injection and their brains were immediately removed. Neurotrophins and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels were measured. The BCL-2/Bax ratio significantly increased in the MPTP + EE compared to the MPTP + SC group. Nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA level was upregulated (but not significantly) in the MPTP + EE compared to the MPTP + SC group. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression significantly increased in the MPTP + EE compared to the MPTP + SC group. Finally, expressions of proNGF and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) were significantly downregulated in the MPTP + EE compared to the MPTP + SC group. Results confirm that EE has neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons via suppression of activation of the p75NTR-mediated signaling pathway through the binding of proNGF and p75NTR. Findings suggest that use of EE as a therapeutic intervention would promote healthy aging by facilitating recovery following brain injury and preventing neurodegenerative diseases.

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity is one of the hallmarks of the relaxation dynamics associated with the glass transition. A key question in this regard is whether the dynamical heterogeneity has a structural origin. We report differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data that reveal the presence of extreme spatial heterogeneity in the freezing dynamics of water (D2O) and the glass transition dynamics in the supercooled molecular liquid ortho-terphenyl (OTP), when these liquids are confined in nano-architected mesoporous silica with interconnected pores of different geometry. The results demonstrate, for the first time, that despite connectivity between the pores, nanoconfined water and OTP display distinct freezing/melting points and glass transition temperatures characteristic of each pore type. Viewed as a whole, these experimental results point to the coexistence of strong spatial heterogeneities over length scales of a few nanometers in the structure and dynamics of these liquids, suggesting a close mechanistic connection between them.

Nanoconfined water plays a pivotal role in a vast number of fields ranging from biological and materials sciences to catalysis, nanofluidics and geochemistry. Here, we report the freezing and melting behavior of water (D2O) nanoconfined in architected silica-based matrices including Vycor glass and mesoporous silica SBA-15 and SBA-16 with pore diameters ranging between 4–15 nm, which are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and 2H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results provide compelling evidence that the extreme dynamical heterogeneity of water molecules is preserved over distances as small as a few angstroms. Solidification progresses in a layer-by-layer fashion with a coexistence of liquid-like and solid-like dynamical fraction at all temperatures during the transition process. The previously reported fragile-to-strong dynamic transition in nanoconfined water is argued to be a direct consequence of the layer-by-layer solidification.

Silica based crack-free monoliths having the same pore size range as the oil and gas producing north-american shales were synthesized using a new synthesis procedure. Crack-free monoliths were synthesized by controlling the evaporation rate. Evaporation rate of 0.4 g/cm 2 was found optimal for making monoliths in cylindrical enclosures of different sizes for experimentation. The focus of this work was to understand the effects of nano-sized porous media on the saturation pressures of a hydrocarbon mixture of methane and decane. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized monoliths were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm (BET), pore size distribution curve, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of decane in saturated monoliths revealed different boiling points in comparison to pure decane. The experimentally measured saturation pressures at two different temperatures of the bulk hydrocarbon mixture (decane-methane) matched well with the simulated results. The bubble point pressures of a hydrocarbon mixture in the nano-sized monolith were lower (about 18%) than those in the bulk.

AIMP2-DX2 is a splicing variant of AIMP2 protein which has been implicated in human lung cancer and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer (J.W. Choi, D.G. Kim, A.E. Lee, H.R. Kim, J.Y. Lee, N.H. Kwon, et al., 2011; J.W. Choi, J.W. Lee, J.K. Kim, H.K. Jeon, J.J. Choi, D.G. Kim, et al., 2012) [1,2]. We have shown, here, the data for the expression of AIMP2-DX2 protein in Escherichia coli and optimization of the critical steps in purification of AIMP2-DX2. The data described here has been successfully used to get a maximum yield of highly pure AIMP2-DX2 for subsequent characterization of its biophysical property in: "Purification and biophysical characterization of the AIMP2-DX2 protein" (R. Jha, H.Y. Cho, A. Ul Mushtaq, K. Lee, D.G. Kim, S. Kim, et al., 2017) [3].

The phase behavior change when fluids are in a confined system has been an important issue after shale reservoirs became the focus of new oil and gas resources. Most studies on phase behavior of confined fluid systems have focused on modeling pore size dependence upon critical properties with no direct experimental evidence. Direct bubble point measurements of hydrocarbon mixtures in two synthesized mesoporous materials are provided in this work. Two different synthesized mesoporous silica materials, SBA-15 and SBA-16, having similar pore sizes (namely, 4 nm), were used. Well-ordered nanopores with narrow pore size distribution characterized these synthesized mesoporous silica materials. Decane–methane and octane–methane mixtures in 90:10 molar ratios were employed. The phase diagrams of the hydrocarbon mixtures were generated using a commercial thermodynamic simulator. The bubble point pressure of bulk (no porous medium) mixtures of decane–methane and octane–methane and the bubble point pressures with me...

The shale play resources have played a key role in increasing oil production in the past decade in the United States. The sizes of pores in shales storing the oil are believed to be on the order of nanometers. It is believed that the fluids present in such small nanometer-scale pores have different properties compared to properties measured in the bulk. Fluid saturation pressures at given temperatures, bubble points for oils and dew points for condensates, in the nanopores are affected by the influence of pore walls in the vicinity of the fluid molecules. An approach to bubble point or dew point influences the proportion of liquid or gas produced from a given well and, thus, impacts the economic viability. Hence, an accurate measure of saturation pressures is important. In this paper, we describe experiments in well-characterized synthesized mesoporous materials and present Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo (GEMC) simulations for understanding the possible reason(s) for observations made in the experiments. The ...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing death anxiety, hospices knowledge, and attitude towards end-of-life care among paramedic students. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 196 paramedic students in D university college in J city from November 2011 to November 2014. The study instruments included death anxiety, hospices knowledge, and attitude towards end-of-life care. Data were analyzed by t test, ANOVA, post hoc Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation test, and stepwise multiple regression analysis using SPSS v. 20.0. Results: According to a stepwise regression on the factors influencing attitudes towards end-of-life care, 80.4% of variance (F=161.360, p

Identifying the cause of vehicle noise is a basic requirement for the development of low-noise vehicles. The tire pattern noise depends on the tire itself and causes complex and unpredictable sounds. In pneumatic tire pattern design, the prediction technology of the tire pattern noise according to pattern shape design is important. The conventional method of predicting tire pattern noise is to simply scan the pattern shape of tire and to analyze its spectrum. However, this method has limitations because it does not consider the transfer function and precise mechanism of tire pattern noise. In this study, adaptive filter theory was applied to identify the transfer function between the grooves of patterns and measured acoustic data. To predict the waveform of an actual pattern noise in the time domain, the impulse response of this transfer function was convolved by the scanned pattern input of tires. The predicted waveform of pattern noise was validated with the waveforms of measured noise data. Finally, a sound quality index (SQI) of tire pattern noise was developed using the measured pattern noises and was applied to estimate the sound quality of pattern noise. Eventually, using the prediction method from this study, we hope to reduce the time and cost spent on tire pattern design and verification.

Aim This study attempted to investigate the effects of a self-performance management video program using a tablet PC on self-care knowledge, self-care behavior, state anxiety and physiological index in patients receiving hemodialysis. Methods This study was an experimental research design. The participants of this study were 46 patients who were diagnosed with end-stage renal failure and received hemodialysis on a regular basis in kidney centers (23: experimental group, 23: control group). The data collection period was from November 24, 2016 to January 3, 2017. The program was designed and organized by the researchers of this study according to previous studies consisting of six categories in a total 70-min video program. The contents of the self-performance management program were stored on the tablet PC, so that the patients were self-led. All the patients who participated in the program were asked to complete three categories in a week. Therefore, it took 2 weeks to complete all contents of the six categories. After that, the patients were asked to repeat the 2-week course twice. Therefore, the program was carried out for a total of 6 weeks. For the control group, a pamphlet was used. Results The anxiety of the experimental group was significantly decreased compared to the control group. Among the physiological index, potassium and albumin levels were statistically significant. Conclusions The self-performance management video program using a tablet PC developed in this study seems to be applicable to patients receiving hemodialysis who need anxiety and physiological index management.

Background The development of clinical competency reduces nursing students' stress and turnover intention and improves their clinical practice satisfaction and academic performance. Still, many nursing supervisors feel that new graduate nurses have inadequate communicative and clinical competencies, and no prior study has analyzed the mediating effect of interpersonal skills in the relationship between these two variables. Objectives To examine the factors that affect nursing students’ clinical competency, including the mediating effect of interpersonal skills, and to identify/determine interventions that promote it and improve students' clinical performance. Design This study employed a cross-sectional, descriptive correlational design. Setting Four departments of nursing in Jeollabuk-do, South Korea. Participants Participants (N = 222; mean age = 22.7 years; 75.2% women) were students enrolled in the third and fourth year of nursing. Methods From February 5–28, 2018, we collected data through self-reported questionnaires; these asked about participants' demographic characteristics and measured their communicative competency, interpersonal skills, and clinical competency. The relationships among the variables were identified using Pearson's correlation coefficient. We also used the Sobel test and a three-step multiple regression analysis to verify the mediating effects of interpersonal skills. Results Students who were female, in their fourth year, satisfied with their major, and satisfied with their clinical practice had higher clinical competency scores than their counterparts. Interpersonal skills completely mediated the effects of communicative competency on clinical competency (explanatory power = 53.8%). Conclusions The results suggest the need for a program that improves nursing students' social relationship skills and diminishes their anxiety. In particular, students in the third and fourth years need a continuous/intensified curriculum that fosters their communicative competencies, such as listening to patients' needs and establishing effective interpersonal relationships with peers/superiors. Longitudinal studies are warranted to identify differences in communicative/clinical competencies among nursing students in different academic years.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organ systems. Although the etiology of SLE remains unclear, it is widely accepted that genetic factors could be involved in its pathogenesis. A number of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the risk of SLE in diverse populations. However, not all the SNP candidates identified from non-Asian populations have been validated in Koreans. In this study, we aimed to replicate the SNPs that were recently discovered in the GWAS; these SNPs have not been validated in Koreans or have only been replicated in Koreans with an insufficient sample size to conclude any association. For this, we selected five SNPs (rs1801274 in FCGR2A and rs2286672 in PLD2, rs887369 in CXorf21, rs9782955 in LYST, and rs3794060 in NADSYN1). Through the replication study with 656 cases and 622 controls, rs1801274 in FCGR2A was found to be significantly associated with SLE in Koreans (odds ratio, 1.26, 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 1.50; p = 0.01 in allelic model). This association was also significant in two other models (dominant and recessive). The other four SNPs did not show a significant association. Our data support that FCGR polymorphisms play important roles in the susceptibility to SLE in diverse populations, including Koreans.

This study developed an objective method for evaluating the pulling perception when a passenger pulls on the seat belt of a car seat. Physical quantification was required to objectively evaluate the pulling perception of a seat belt (PPOSB) in a vehicle. This physical quantification was called the metric. This metric had to be correlated to the subjective rating for the PPOSB in a vehicle. In the study, a force metric was extracted from the pulling force measured using a specific robot, and a sound metric was calculated from the interior sound when a passenger pulled a seat belt. In order to find the correlations between these metrics and the subjective rating of the PPOSB, two subjective evaluations were performed for the seat belts of the 18 commercial vehicles used for the test. One evaluated the subjective pulling perception in relation to the pulling force of a seat belt, and the other evaluated the pulling perception in relation to the interior sound when a passenger pulled a seat belt. Two indexes were required to objectively evaluate the PPOSB: a force index to objectively evaluate the pulling perception for the pulling force and a sound index to objectively evaluate the pulling perception for the interior sound. These indexes were developed using linear regressions between two metrics and two subjective ratings. The developed indexes were successfully used for an objective evaluation of the PPOSB, with the goal of modifying seat belt components.

The microstructural stability of Y–Ti–O nanoparticles during spot laser beam melting of oxide dispersion-strengthened steel powder is investigated. After the spot laser beam melting, Y2Ti2O7 oxide nanoparticles are successfully retained without dissolution or transformation. However, their particle size is considerably coarser than typical Y2Ti2O7 nanoparticles due to the active agglomeration of the Y–Ti–O nanoparticles, Cr-carbides, and Ar bubbles. In particular, an unexpectedly large volume of Ar bubbles embedded or attached to the Y2Ti2O7 nanoparticles is observed. The Ar gas bubbles seem to accelerate the particle agglomeration. No other phase is observed than Y2Ti2O7 oxide, Cr-carbide and Ar bubble in the sample.

The increase in oil recovery from low salinity water injection has been often attributed to the alteration of wettability to water wetting. The increase in elasticity of the interface may also contribute to increase in oil recovery as has been suggested in the literature. In this work, we investigate oil recovery using two carbonate cores, one with large vugs, and the other without. The pore size and pore size distributions are very different in the two carbonate cores. The investigation centers on oil recovery from low and high salinity water injection, and by addition of an effective demulsifier molecule at 100 ppm in the injected high salinity water. The effective demulsifier molecule gives substantially higher oil recovery than low salinity and high salinity water injection. The oil-water interface elasticity increases significantly from the addition of 100 ppm demulsifier molecule to the aqueous phase. Salinity of the injected water is found to have a weak effect on oil recovery. We attribute high recovery performance of the 100 ppm surfactant to the increase in interface elasticity. The high recovery performance is observed in the carbonate reservoir rocks, both with and without vugs. The demulsifier molecule which is non-ionic has a very low adsorption in the carbonate rocks, around 2 mg/g at 100 ppm in high salinity injection water. This work introduces a new process for improved oil recovery by the introduction of a demulsifier molecule at ultra-low cocentration. The molecule has limited effect on water-wetting. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the non-ionic surfactant in the injected brine is at 30 ppm. The low adsorption, and the CMC indicate that the molecule adsorbs at the oil-water interface. The conventional chemical flooding which may require one or two orders of magnitude more material is through significant reduction of interfacial tension. The interface elasticity is singled out to be the main contribution to improved oil recovery in this work.

A zeolitic imidazolate framework, ZIF-8, was prepared via a variety of synthesis routes: solvothermal, microwave-assisted, sonochemical, mechanochemical, dry-gel, and microfluidic methods. Their textural properties and morphology were examined by surface area measurements and scanning electron microscopy, and compared with those of commercial ZIF-8. Although the BET surface areas fell within a range of 1250–1600 m 2 g − 1 , the particle size of the samples prepared by dry-gel and sonochemical routes were significantly smaller than the others, which led to superior performance in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The effective incorporation of magnetic Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles into the ZIF-8 structure for easy particle separation in the liquid phase was feasible using solvothermal, dry-gel and mechanochemical synthesis methods. Dry-gel and mechanochemical synthesis produced a higher ZIF-8 yield.

This paper presents the objective method to evaluate the subjective evaluation of the pulling sound of the seat belt. The physical quantification is required to objectively evaluate the subjective response of the pulling sound. This is called the “sound quality metric.” The sound quality metric should be correlated with the subjective rating of the pulling sound. In this paper, not only is the sound quality metric extracted from the measured interior sound when a passenger pulls the seat belt but also the subjective evaluation is performed for the pulling sound of the seat belt in the 18 vehicles. The pulling sound index is developed through a linear regress analysis of the sound quality metric and the subjective rating. The developed index is used for the objective evaluation of the subjective evaluation of the pulling sound of a seat belt with after modifications of seat belt components.

This paper presents an objective method to evaluate the emotional feeling of the pulling force of a seat belt. Physical quantification is required to objectively evaluate the emotional feeling of the pulling force. This quantification is called the “Force metric.” The force metric is correlated with the subjective rating of the pulling force. In this paper, the force metric is extracted from the pulling force measured by using a specific robot. A subjective evaluation is performed on the pulling force of the seat belt of 18 vehicles. A pulling force index is developed by the linear regression of the force metric and subjective rating. The pulling force index is used for the objective evaluation of the emotional feeling of the pulling force of a seat belt throughout the modification of seat belt components.

This study has the purpose to evaluate the effects of cooperative learning applying Jigsaw model in simulation based infection control education by comparing perception of infection control, intrinsic motive and learning satisfaction, 54 first-year health related students. It is composed of 27 students of the experimental group and 27 students of the control group. In order to evaluate the homogeneity between the two groups, it surveyed in advance perception of infection control, intrinsic motive and learning satisfaction. There was no significant difference between the two groups, The education program composed cooperative learning applying Jigsaw Model, simulation practice and debriefing to the experimental group was performed twice for 2 weeks and lecture and skill training, simulation practice and debriefing were performed to the control group. After two-week education, perception of infection control, intrinsic motive and learning satisfaction of the participants the research were surveyed. As a result of this study, the Jigsow Model indicated the perception of infection control and learning satisfaction experimental group was significantly high in statistic. Based on this research result, I suggests that utilization of cooperative learning applying the Jigsaw Model as a strategy to improve the scholatic achievement and learning satisfaction of students in the variable simulation based education Key Word : Jigsaw model Simulation, cooperative learning, learning satisfaction Correspounding Author Hyeyoung Cho(Daewon Univ.) Tel: +82-10-7541-7958 email : elfish80@mail.deawon.ac.kr Received March 18, 2015 Revised (1st March 30, 2015, 2nd April 3, 2015, 3rd April 8, 2015) Accepted April 9, 2015 Published April 30, 2015 한국산학기술학회논문지 제16권 제4호, 2015

본 연구는 표준화 환자를 활용한 호흡기계 환자 시뮬레이션 기반 교육을 보건계열 학생에게 적용한 후 학업만족도와 자기효능감, 임상수행능력에 미치는 효과를 기존의 시뮬레이션 교육과 비교 검증하기 위해 시도되었다. 비동등성 대조군 전후설계를 적용한 유사 실험연구로서 J시에 소재한 D대학 보건계열 3학년 학생 50명이 참여하였다. 실험군 25명에게는 표준화 환자를 활용한 호흡기계 환자 시뮬레이션 교육과 평가를 진행하였고 대조군 25명에게는 전통적인 시뮬레이션 교육과 평가를 실시하였다. 2013년 11월부터 180분간 주 1회씩 총 2회의 교육과 1회의 평가로 실시되었으며 수집된 자료는 SPSS/Win 18.0을 이용하여 실수와 백분율, t-test로 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과 표준화 환자를 활용한 호흡기계 환자 시뮬레이션 교육을 시행한 실험군에서 학업만족도와 자기효능감, 임상수행능력이 통계적으로 유의하게 높았다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합한 결과, 표준화 환자를 활용한 호흡기계 환자 시뮬레이션 기반 교육은 보건계열 대학생의 학업만족도와 자기효능감, 임상수행능력 향상에 기존의 시뮬레이션 교육보다 효과적임을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 다양한 분야에서 표준화 환자를 활용한 시나리오를 개발하고 시뮬레이션 교육과정에 적용하여 보건계열 학생들의 전문직 역량 강화를 위해 활용할 것을 제안한다. 【This study was conducted to examine the effects of a simulation-based learning scenario using standardized respiratory patients regarding emergency care on learning satisfaction, and self efficacy, clinical skill competency of health related department students. A quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group pre-post test design was used. A total of 50 students, 25 students for the experimental group and 25 students for the control group, The experimental group received the 2 educations sessions and 1 evaluation session with 180 minutes for each session. It was implemented in November, 2013. Data were analysed using frequency, ratio and t-test by the SPSS/Win 18.0. The experimental group who had the simulation-based learning scenario using standardized respiratory patients showed significantly higher learning satisfaction and self efficacy, clinical skill competency compared with the control group who had a traditional simulation education. Through this study, simulation-based learning scenario using standardized patients was verified to be an effective teaching method to be grow up on professional competency of health related department students. Also the simulation-based learning scenario using standardized patients should be developed in the various fields.】

The purpose of this study is developing the quantify the seat belt pulling Noise index and evaluation method. This paper presents the objective method to evaluate the emotional feeling about the pulling Noise of the seat belt. The physical quantification is required to objectively evaluate the emotional feeling of the pulling Noise. This is called the "Noise metric." The Noise metric is should correlated to the subjective rating of the pulling Noise. The pulling Noise index is developed throughout the linear regression of the Noise metric and the subjective rating. The developed index is used for the objective evaluation of the emotional feeling about the pulling Noise of a seat belt throughout the modification of seat belt components.

Spherical black carbon aggregates were frequently observed in dust dry deposition in Daejeon, Korea. They were tens of micrometers in diameter and presented a mixture of black carbon and several mineral phases. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and selected area diffraction pattern (SADP) analyses confirmed that the aggregates were compact and included significant amounts of lead chromate (PbCrO4). The compositions and morphologies of the nanosized lead chromate particles suggest that they probably originated from traffic paint used in roads and were combined as discrete minerals with black carbon. Based on Pb isotope analysis and air-mass backward trajectories, the dust in Daejeon received a considerable input of anthropogenic pollutants from heavily industrialized Chinese cities, which implies that long-range transported aerosols containing PbCrO4 were a possible source of the lead and hexavalent chromium levels in East Asia. Lead chromate should be considered to be a source of global atmospheric Pb and Cr(VI) pollution, especially given its toxicity.

Lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KRS) is an enzyme that conjugates lysine to its cognate tRNAs in the process of protein synthesis. In addition to its catalytic function, KRS binds to the 67-kDa laminin receptor (LR) on the cell membrane and facilitates cell migration and metastasis. Modulation of this interaction by small-molecule inhibitors can be exploited to suppress cancer metastasis. In this study, we present fragment-based methods for the identification of inhibitors and monitoring protein-protein interactions between KRS and LR. First, we identified the amino acid residues, located on the KRS anticodon-binding domain, which interact with the C-terminal extension of the LR. One-dimensional (1D) relaxation-edited nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and competition experiments were designed and optimized to screen the fragment library. For screening using two-dimensional (2D) NMR, we identified the indicative signals in the KRS anticodon-binding domain and selected inhibitors that bind to KRS and compete with LR at the KRS-LR binding interface. These methods may offer an efficient approach for the discovery of anti-metastatic drugs.