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Abstract Prolonged osteochondral tissue engineering damage can result in osteoarthritis and decreased quality of life. Multiphasic scaffolds, where different layers model different microenvironments, are a promising treatment approach, yet stable joining between layers during fabrication remains challenging. To overcome this problem, in this study, a bilayer scaffold for osteochondral tissue regeneration was fabricated using 3D printing technology which containing a layer of PCL/hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles and another layer of PCL/gelatin with various concentrations of fibrin (10, 20 and 30 wt.%). These printed scaffolds were evaluated with SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and mechanical properties. The results showed that the porous scaffolds fabricated with pore size of 210–255 µm. Following, the ductility increased with the further addition of fibrin in bilayer composites which showed these composites scaffolds are suitable for the cartilage part of osteochondral. Also, the contact angle results demonstrated the incorporation of fibrin in bilayer scaffolds based on PCL matrix, can lead to a decrease in contact angle and result in the improvement of hydrophilicity that confirmed by increasing the degradation rate of scaffolds containing further fibrin percentage. The bioactivity study of bilayer scaffolds indicated that both fibrin and hydroxyapatite can significantly improve the cell attachment on fabricated scaffolds. The MTT assay, DAPI and Alizarin red tests of bilayer composite scaffolds showed that samples containing 30% fibrin have the more biocompatibility than that of samples with 10 and 20% fibrin which indicated the potential of this bilayer scaffold for osteochondral tissue regeneration. Graphical Abstract

Agricultural water resources carrying capacity has been considered an important problem in recent decades. A comparison of the evaluation indicators of water resources indicated the variation levels of the stability. Machine Learning-Support Vector Regression (ML-SVR) was implemented to formulate the agricultural footprints. The obtained statuses of the water resources have always been characterized by agricultural deficit in the Hendijan plain, Khuzestan province, Iran. Experiments performed outperformed the classical model on both fitted values and the validation value. The results showed that the agricultural footprints from 2010 to 2020 in Iran kept steady with higher levels, while from 2014 to 2016 witnessed a significant decline compared with previous years. The predicted agricultural footprint for the recent 10 years continues to decrease in the semi-arid regions. The predicted results via support vector regression (SVR) showed that agricultural footprints from 2017 to 2020 will present a rising trend, meaning the situation of water crisis will be increasingly serious in the eastern parts of the central deserts. HIGHLIGHTS In the south of Iran, water management in agriculture can help the sustainability of the ecosystem.; The agricultural water resources carrying capacity is evaluated using machine learning.;

Purpose: Artificial Intelligence (AI), which mimics the human brain structure and operation, simulates intelligence. The aim of Machine Learning (ML), which is a branch of artificial intelligence, is to create models by analyzing data. Another type of artificial intelligence, Deep Learning (DL), depicts geometric changes using several layers of model representations. Since DL broke the computational analysis record, AI has advanced in many areas. Materials and Methods: Contrary to the widespread use of conventional ML methodologies, there is still a need to promote the use and popularity of DL for pharmaceutical research and development. Drug discovery and design have been enhanced by ML and DL in major research projects. To fully realize its potential, drug design must overcome many challenges and issues. Various aspects of medication design must be considered to successfully address these concerns and challenges. This review article explains DL's significance both in technological breakthroughs and in effective medications. Results: There are numerous barriers and substantial challenges associated with drug design associated with DL architectures and key application domains. The article discusses several elements of medication development that have been influenced by existing research. Two widely used and efficient Neural Network (NN) designs are discussed in this article: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs). Conclusion: It is described how these tools can be utilized to design and discover small molecules for drug discovery. They are also given an overview of the history of DL approaches, as well as a discussion of some of their drawbacks.

This study investigates the potential of incorporating akermanite and hardystonite nanoparticles (NPs) into commercially available zinc phosphate cement. Akermanite and hardystonite NPs were synthesized through a mechanical route and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The NPs were then added to the cement at a concentration of 5 wt%, and the physical and biological properties of the resulting composite were evaluated. The results showed that the incorporation of NPs led to a significant reduction in porosity (from 12.4% to 5.6%) and a notable improvement in compressive strength (from 90 to 120 MPa) compared to the control group. MTT assay revealed that the cement containing NPs exhibited no significant toxicity and even promoted cell growth and proliferation. Specifically, cell viability increased by 15%, and cell proliferation rate increased by 20% compared to the control group. These findings suggest that the designed cement has suitable mechanical and biological properties, making it a promising material for dental and orthopedic applications.

Social networks are a complex platform of interactions and possibilities, the planning and management of which requires a new approach. Future research and foresight are among the new discourses that create a new perspective in the field of media management in combination with the conventional planning of social policymakers. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of presenting alternative images of the future of the virtual social network and its harms within the framework of scenario planning. In this study, the theories of Habermas, Castells, Giddens, Berger and Laman were used to better understand the subject. The present research, as an applied research, has scenarioized the future of social networks by using the interaction analysis approach. The participants in this research were 15 future experts and researchers in the field of social networks. By using the method of library studies and referring to upstream documents in the field of social networks, 32 primary influencing factors were identified. Among these 32 factors, 16 factors were selected as key factors by using MikMak software, and the basics of developing scenarios were presented to social policymakers. These scenarios were called "Paradise Lost", "In Search of Happiness", "Lost in Space" and "Purgatory". Keywords: foreign social networks, futuristic governance, virtual space, Iran's national information network, open governance, control governance, media literacy.

Introduction: The information derived from the number and characteristics of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), is crucial to ensure appropriate cancer treatment monitoring. Currently, diverse microfluidic platforms have been developed for isolating CTCs from blood, but it remains a challenge to develop a low-cost, practical, and efficient strategy. Objectives: This study aimed to isolate CTCs from the blood of cancer patients via introducing a new and efficient micropillar array-based microfluidic chip (MPA-Chip), as well as providing prognostic information and monitoring the treatment efficacy in cancer patients. Methods: We fabricated a microfluidic chip (MPA-Chip) containing arrays of micropillars with different geometries (lozenge, rectangle, circle, and triangle). We conducted numerical simulations to compare velocity and pressure profiles inside the micropillar arrays. Also, we experimentally evaluated the capture efficiency and purity of the geometries using breast and prostate cancer cell lines as well as a blood sample. Moreover, the device’s performance was validated on 12 patients with breast cancer (BC) in different states. Results: The lozenge geometry was selected as the most effective and optimized micropillar design for CTCs isolation, providing high capture efficiency (>85 %), purity (>90 %), and viability (97 %). Furthermore, the lozenge MPA-chip was successfully validated by the detection of CTCs from 12 breast cancer (BC) patients, with non-metastatic (median number of 6 CTCs) and metastatic (median number of 25 CTCs) diseases, showing different prognoses. Also, increasing the chemotherapy period resulted in a decrease in the number of captured CTCs from 23 to 7 for the metastatic patient. The MPA-Chip size was only 0.25 cm2 and the throughput of a single chip was 0.5 ml/h, which can be increased by multiple MPA-Chips in parallel. Conclusion: The lozenge MPA-Chip presented a novel micropillar geometry for on-chip CTC isolation, detection, and staining, and in the future, the possibilities can be extended to the culture of the CTCs.

Background: Electrocoagulation (EC) is a safe method for removing environmental pollutants without the need for additional chemical materials. This study investigates the performance of EC in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity from drilling waste generated by oil rigs.Methods: An experimental study was performed on a pilot scale in an EC reactor provided from a cylindrical glass cell (height: 30 cm and inner diameter: 5 cm), a pair of aluminum and iron electrodes, a power supply, an aeration system. wastewater Samples were collected from one of the drilling rigs in Khuzestan. The effect of current density, operation time and pH parameters on removal of COD, TOC, TSS and turbidity were determined and the optimal values of the parameters were determined.Results: It was found that system voltage, operation time and pH values on the removal efficiency of pollutants were statistically significant at the 0.01 level. The optimum values of pH, current density and operation time were obtained 7, 20 mA/cm2 and 60 minutes, respectively and the removal efficiencies of COD, TOC, TSS and turbidity under the optimum conditions were 72%, 79%, 67% and 63%, respectively. Also, the consumption of energy was estimated to be 8.4 kWh/m3.Conclusion: The results indicated that the EC process is a cost-effective method in removing pollutants caused by drilling of oil rigs and its efficiency can be improved by applying optimal conditions such as current density and pH.

IntroductionAccording to the existing definition of social media, it should be said that the expansion of these media has changed the interaction pattern of companies, brands, and reaching customers and at the same time provided unique opportunities to create brand awareness and ultimately influence people's purchasing decisions. For this reason, sites and social media, such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, etc. have had a very important place in entrepreneurship, business, and marketing. In this sense, it should be said that marketing is not dependent on being present in the real world, while a large part of this marketing takes place in the heart of the media. The important point is that companies in this field do not limit their goals to geographical frameworks and have an opinion on a wider space that the media have made possible with their trans-spatial features. For this reason, it is important to discover and analyze the ways of managing and implementing marketing through the media by different companies and organizations. In fact, knowing their processes requires a deep investigation. For this reason, an attempt was made in this research to analyze the dynamics and internal processes governing them by focusing on the category of marketing and expanding this concept to the media space besides answering the question of what processes in the profit-oriented environment of media prevail and organize and direct social media marketing. Material and MethodsAccording to its purpose, this research used qualitative methodology and the strategy of grounded theory with Strauss and Corbin’s systematic approach. Besides, theoretical sampling was used and continued until theoretical saturation so as to obtain the final theory. Theoretical saturation was achieved after in-depth interviews with 15 marketing managers of companies and business owners in social networks. The data collected in this research were analyzed by using the 3 stages of open, central, and selective coding in a timely and coherent process. During this research, it was tried to pay attention to ethical considerations, such as detailed explanation of the research objective, method of publishing the results, participants’ informed consent, respect for privacy, and maintenance of anonymity and confidentiality. Reliability of the research findings was achieved by using strategies, such as long-term participation in the research field, member review, colleague review, and rich description. The research reliability was confirmed by following the principles and points of the interviews, as well as accurate recording of the events and their implementations. Discussion of Results and ConclusionThe results of this research were presented in the forms of 11 main categories and 1 core category along with a paradigm model, story line, and theoretical model. The findings indicated that "transnational market development" as the final phenomenon was the center of gravity for marketing activities through social media. This phenomenon included both economic dynamics within the companies and social relations between the companies and customers. The possibility of considering network markets in this article was based on the efforts of the companies to distribute products and not limit their customers to a single geographical location, which required using social media for introducing their products. Building this type of market in the heart of social networks always requires strategies that will bring up results after applying those strategies. Finally, it should be stated that profit-based motives that companies and businesses try to achieve through media marketing cause the dynamics governing the network market. In this sense, it should be said that their actions and reactions are purposefully focused on profit. These goal-oriented rational actions exist in all stages including assessment of social needs, production, advertisement, distribution, competition, branding, and social interactions with customers.

Organ-on-chip (OoC) technology has led to in vitro models with many new possibilities compared to conventional in vitro and in vivo models. In this review, the potential of OoC models to improve the prediction of human oral bioavailability and intrinsic clearance is discussed, with a focus on the functionality of the models and the application in current drug development practice. Multi-OoC models demonstrating the application for pharmacokinetic (PK) studies are summarized and existing challenges are identified. Physiological parameters for a minimal viable platform of a multi-OoC model to study PK are provided, together with PK specific read-outs and recommendations for relevant reference compounds to validate the model. Finally, the translation to in vivo PK profiles is discussed, which will be required to routinely apply OoC models during drug development.

Introduction:As a source of government revenue for the provision of various social, welfare, and cultural services, taxes have a long history. With regard to their role in the economic and social developments of societies despite the lack of desirable and a voluntary tax payment behavior, it is necessary to identify the social contexts of tax payment so as to encourage trust and public participation in this process. Thus, this study aimed to explore the social contexts for tax payment behavior and identify the conditions and factors that play a role in increasing or decreasing public trust and participation in it. Materials & Methods:To meet the purpose of the research and achieve a deep understanding of the social context concerning this issue, an interpretive paradigm and qualitative approach was employed based on the grounded theory. The theoretical purposive sampling was used to select the participants. The financial managers of production companies in Yazd Province in Iran, who had lived experiences of the context and consented to participate in this research, were selected as the target community. 13 managers with different ages and work and management experiences participated in the study. The data obtained from the interviews were transcribed and analyzed as soon as they were collected so as to reveal the relevant ambiguous and sensitive points and obtain the final theory; thus, the researcher could pay more attention to them in the subsequent interviews. Sampling continued until the theoretical saturation was reached. At the open coding stage, the text was analyzed line by line (sometimes word by word) and the annotations and additional explanations were written as comments in the Microsoft Word file in the margins of the interview text and the attached concepts. In the next stage, the obtained concepts and subcategories were reduced to the main categories and the core category was constructed in relation to the main categories and subcategories obtained from the previous two stages based on a fixed comparison technique. Finally, to show the structure and process of the discovery and construction of the core category, a paradigm model was drawn up, which consisted of 5 sections: causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, axial phenomenon, strategies, and consequences. Throughout the process, we adhered to the ethics and scientific principles by maintaining confidentiality of the information and using nicknames for the participants, besides observing other ethical considerations, such as participant’s consent and non-manipulation of data. Discussion of Results & Conclusions:The research findings indicated 29 main categories and one core category entitled "tax value inversion". Based on this paradigm model, the evidence from the participants' narratives and theoretical design of the research was presented. The research results demonstrated the formation of axial phenomenon called "tax evasion/compulsory taxation". In this way, the actors were faced by a situation that involved coercion and mutual distrust, especially institutional distrust. Accordingly, they were reluctant to pay taxes and even avoided paying them. They made various justifications and excuses to legitimize their tax evasion, resulting in the reduced amount of the paid taxes. However, once they failed in their tax evasion, they were forced by the tax officers to pay them. In general, it could be said that a number of micro and especially macro factors played a role in directing either a voluntary or evasive tax behavior. Both cultural factors, such as a weak tax culture, taxpayers' misconceptions of the tax system functions, and their intentions, and structural and macro factors, including political, economic, and social conditions, played roles in the voluntary or odd taxpayers' performance. For example, the results indicated that economic anomalies, self-interpretation of laws, lack of transparency of tax laws, and structural corruption played significant roles in the taxpayers' increased dissatisfaction and tendencies to evade taxes. Also, it could be said that one of the excuses and justifications made by the actors and taxpayers for tax evasion was a kind of covert protest against the structural conditions of the society, such as political distrust, social despair in improving the situation, expanded injustice, and lack of transparency in taxation and economy. In fact, taxation has lost its value and meaning and become as an anti-value in tandem with the improper structural conditions of the society, economy, and culture. All these have led to collective/national disorder, reproduction of anomic distrust, and very little development in tax systems.

This research has been investigated, economy and balance-sheet effects of the money growth rate targeting. According to financial statements of the banking network and national accounts, using dynamic stochastic general equilibrium New Keynesian and statistical data for the period 1991-2019.For estimating parameters, is used New Keynesian DSGE model and Bayesian method. This paper verify the validity of the model by analyzing the impulse response functions and Brooks and Goleman test. The results of the model indicate that the effect of negative the money growth rate targeting, reduce deposits, reduce loans interest rates, lead to reducing banks' resources, bank lending and then the health of the banks would compromise. In this way, investment and production will be reduced. Also, the effect of stock prices increasing, deposit, loan decrease and investment and production increase. Therefore, this research suggests the policy of negative the money growth rate targeting coincide with the policy of raising interest rates and stock price rising.

Introduction: Media literacy can be considered as strengthening media experiences. The media has a great impact on the health of people, including children. However, so far this issue has been understudied and scientific evidence is needed to make a decision.This study aimed to investigate roles of students’ media literacy on their health. Methods: This study is a literature review with systematic search. Different electronic databases were used for a comprehensive literature search, including MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials and EMBASE to identify the records that match the mentioned inclusion criteria published from Januray 1st of 1990 to December 2020. The search resulted in 32 articles, of which 22 articles were removed (3 were not available, 12 were irrelevant, 7 were duplicates). Ten articles met the selection criteria and were included in the review. Exclusion criteria were those not published in peer reviewed journals, articles that address only one of the topics of media literacy or student health, and the age group of the subjects was over 18 years old or the students were not studied in primary and high school. Results: This study showed that media literacy is effective on students' behaviors. These behaviors promote health or high-risk behaviors. the main studies have been conducted on nutrition, obesity, health tips, smoking, drug addiction and alcohol consumption. Conclusion: It is concluded that the media has a great role in the health of students and this issue has been proven in previous studies. These effects both improve students' health and increase risky behaviors. Therefore, there is enough evidence for managers to decide to launch.

According to most nancial experts, it is not possible to study the predictability of stock prices without considering the risks affecting stock returns. On the other hand, identifying risks requires determining the share of risk in the total risk and the probability of risk occurrence in different regimes. Accordingly, different DMA models with full dynamics compared to TVP-BMA, BMA and TVP models have been used in the present study to provide this predictability. Findings showed that the DMA model is more efficient than other research models based on MAFE and MSFE indices. The present research was conducted in the period of 1-2003 to 12-2013 (including 144 periods) and was implemented in MATLAB 2014 software space. As the research results show, the bank interest rate coefficient in 45 periods, the rst lag rate of the bank in terest rate in 37 periods, the in ation rate coefficient in 17 periods, rst lag coefficient of in ation rate in 26 periods, oil price coefficient in 78 periods, rst lag rate of oil price in 85 periods, exchange rate coefficient in 64 periods and rst lag rate of the exchange rate in 35 periods have a signi cant effect on stock returns. The nal conclusion shows that the stock variables of oil price and the exchange rate had the highest impact on stock returns during the studied period.

Rumor and its impact on human social life has always been important. In recent years, with the expansion of cyberspace, the conditions for spreading rumors have been facilitated. This study has analyzed the narrative of the Yazdian youth from the prevalence of rumors in cyberspace. This study was a qualitative research was performed according to grounded theory. The participants was the youth of Yazd, 24 of them were purposefully selected and studied through interviews, and open, axial and selective coding was used to analyze them. Based on interviews with young people, 43 concepts, 20 first categories, 14 second categories, 5 core categories (rumor prevalence, rumor belief, rumor credibility, rumor enhancement and rumor attenuation) and the phenomenon of "The razor's edge of the news malfunction in cyberspace" are constructed. It turned out that shows paradoxical space and so-called two edges of function and malfunction information in cyberspace. The results showed the negative view of young people on cyberspace and news published in this context, and the best way to reduce the impact of rumors and their dissemination is to inform and promote media literacy of the audience.

Background: Schizophrenia is a psychiatric illness characterized by negative symptoms (apathy, social withdrawal, lack of motivation) and cognitive deficits, while impairment in self-care, grooming, and oral health is also noted. This study aimed to evaluate oral health status and xerostomia among hospitalized patients in Razi Hospital in Tabriz, Iran during 2019. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, a total of 80 people (equal genders) including 40 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia and 40 healthy matched controls were recruited conveniently from among non-psychiatric outpatient poly-clinic referrals. Oral health status was measured by decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index and xerostomia index. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 25 by student's t-test, chi-square, Pearson, and Spearman correlation tests. P-values under 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: In both groups, 75% out of males were smokers. The mean DMFT in the cases was significantly greater than the controls (P=0.02). There was no difference between genders in both groups. The means of xerostomia indices were significantly higher in the case group. (t=3.47, P=0.001). Conclusion: Based on cognitive deficits and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, oral hygiene is considerably lower than normal populations. This is a great hint for policy-makers, clinicians, healthcare professionals, and family members to emphasize on prevention of oral and dental lesions among afflicted patients.

Global warming affected by human activities causes changes in the regime of rivers. Rivers are one of the most vital sources that supply fresh water. Therefore, management, planning, and proper use of rivers will be crucial for future climate change conditions. This study investigated the monitoring of hydrological drought in a future period to examine the impact of climate change on the discharging flow of the Zard River basin in Iran. Zard River is an important supplier of fresh and agricultural water in a vast area of Khuzestan province in Iran. A continuous rainfall-runoff model based on Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA) algorithm was applied to simulate the discharge flow under 10 scenarios (obtained from LARS-WG.6 software) of future climate change. Then, the Stream-flow Drought Index (SDI) and the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) were calculated for each climate change scenario for the future period (2041–2060). The results of the meteorological drought assessment showed that near normal and moderate droughts had higher proportions among other drought conditions. Moreover, the hydrological drought assessment showed the occurrence of two new droughts (severe and extreme) conditions for the future period (2041–2060) that has never happened in the past (1997–2016). HIGHLIGHTS Examining two RCPs to evaluate runoff and precipitation in the future.; Using of Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA) to compute excessive rainfall and rainfall-runoff modeling.; Evaluating the interaction between SDI and SPI drought indices.; Five AOGCMs under two RCPs were tested in the drought monitoring.; Extreme droughts will occur in the future in this region and will decrease the water security.;

Objective(s): Artemisia absinthium is an aromatic, perennial small shrub that shows multiple medical benefits, including anticancerous, neuroprotective, antifungal, hepatoprotective, antidepressant and antioxidant properties. One of the effective approaches to treat Alzheimer’s disease is targeting amyloid aggregation by antiamyloid drugs. In the current research study, an excellent grouping of niosomal, lipid nano-carriers drugs containing artemisia absinthium is advanced and characterized to inhibit amyloid aggregation.Materials and Methods: Niosomal vesicles were made employing phosphatidylcholine, span 60, cholesterol and DSPE-PEG2000 by the thin-film method. Then artemisia absinthium was loaded into the niosomes. Their physico-chemical attributes were analyzed utilizing Zeta-Sizer, FTIR, and SEM, and the amount of drug release was measured at 37° C. Finally, the inhibitory effect of artemisia absinthium that loaded niosomal vesicles on the aggregation of amyloid-β peptides was investigated using Thioflavin T fluorescence measurements and atomic force microscopy.Results: Niosomes containing artemisia absinthium have a size of 174±2.56nm, the encapsulation efficiency of 66.73%, zeta potential of -26.5±1/42 mV and polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.373±0/02. The release of the drug is controlled in this nano-carrier and FTIR and SEM investigations showed that the drug and nano-carrier did not interact and their particles had a spherical structure. In the end, the inhibitory effect of artemisia absinthium that loaded niosomal vesicles on the aggregation of amyloid-β peptides was examined and confirmed through Thioflavin T fluorescence measurements and atomic force microscopy.Conclusion: Meanwhile, the findings of the current study, confirm the appropriate physicochemical features of the system, a slow-release system, show that this nano-carrier inhibits amyloid aggregation, thus, the nano-niosomes containing essential oil from artemisia absinthium has the capability to preclude amyloid development.

The correlation between market movements and returns is an important issue in risk management and investment portfolio strategies. Investors who try to diversify their assets in regional markets pay special attention to communications between financial markets. In this study, we have tried to study the contagion of risk tail from the financial sector to other economic sectors and the specific characteristics of each industry that affect this phenomenon. For this purpose, we introduce a new index for risk tail contagion from financial market to industries or in other words, conditional coexcee dance (CCX) in the TSE. We investigate risk tail contagion between the market and industry, using 26 TSE industries data for the period 2011 to 2017 by estimating the Poisson's regression. The results show that the risk tail contagion is lower among industries that have a higher relative value index and higher investment. Contagion also occurs more for industries that use external debt.

Dissipative particle dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the self-assembly of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as a model lipid membrane on the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The influence of surface curvature of CNTs on self-assembly was investigated by performing simulations on solutions of DPPC in water in contact with CNTs of different diameters: CNT (10, 10), CNT (14, 14), CNT (20, 20), and CNT (34, 34). DPPC solutions with a wide range of concentrations were chosen to allow for formation of lipid structures of various surface densities, ranging from a submonolayer to a well-organized monolayer and a CNT covered with a lipid monolayer immersed in a planar lipid bilayer. Our results are indicative of a sequence of phase-ordering processes for DPPC on the surface of CNTs. At low surface coverages, the majority of hydrocarbon tail groups of DPPC are in contact with the CNT surface. Increasing the surface coverage leads to the formation of hemimicellar aggregates, and at high surface coverages close to the saturation limit, an organized lipid monolayer self-assembles. An examination of the mechanism of self-assembly reveals a two-step mechanism. The first step involves densification of DPPC on the CNT surface. Here, the lipid molecules do not adopt the order of the target phase (lipid monolayer on the CNT surface). In the second step, when the lipid density on the CNT surface is above a threshold value (close to saturation), the lipid molecules reorient themselves to form an organized monolayer around the tube. Here, the DPPC molecules adopt stretched conformations normal to the surface, the end hydrocarbon groups adsorb on the surface, and the head groups occupy the outermost part of the monolayer. The saturation density and the degree of lipid ordering on the CNT surface depend on the surface curvature. The saturation density increases with increased surface curvature, and better-ordered structures are formed on less curved surfaces.

Microphysiological systems have potential as test systems in studying the intestinal barrier, in which shear stress is critical for the differentiation of Caco-2 cells into enterocytes. The most commonly used in vitro gut model for intestinal barrier studies is based on trans-well cultures. Albeit useful, these culture systems lack physiological shear stress which is believed to be critical for the differentiation of Caco-2 cells into enterocytes and to form tight monolayers. Conversely, organ-on-chip models have presented themselves as a promising alternative since it provides cells with the required shear stress. To this end, a novel biocompatible 3D-printed microfluidic device was developed. In this device, Caco-2 cells were seeded under physiologically-relevant unidirectional shear stress and compared to cells cultured under gravity-driven flow. Using numerical studies, the flow rate that corresponds to the required shear stress was calculated. Experimental tests were conducted to verify the effect of this on cell differentiation. The experiments clearly showed an enhancement of cell differentiation potential in a unidirectional physiologically-relevant pump-driven flow system (PDFS) as opposed to the simpler bidirectional gravity-driven flow system (GDFS). Additionally, computational modeling of an adapted design confirmed its ability to supply all cells with a more homogeneous shear stress, potentially further enhancing their differentiation. The shear stress in the adapted design can be well-approximated with analytic methods, thus allowing for efficient predictions for all parameter values in the system. The developed novel microfluidic device led to the formation of a tighter monolayer and enhanced functional properties of the differentiated Caco-2 cells, which presents a promising tool for preclinical in vitro testing of drugs in an animal-free platform.

Background: Pyogenic granuloma is a common tumor like growth of the oral cavity that has been considered to be non-neoplastic in nature and a reactive lesion. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of pyogenic granuloma lesion in pathology Department of Tabriz Dental School between years 2006-2016. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1081 clinical records were analyzed. Findings: Eighty-two patients, 36 (43.9%) male and 46 (56.1%) female with pyogenic granuloma were identified. Most of patients (26.8%) were in the second decade of life. The frequency of this lesion was highest in the gingiva area (57.8%) and lowest in the lip and buccal mucosa (3.7%). Conclusion: Results showed that between years of study, 82 cases of pyogenic granuloma has been recorded. Prevalence of this lesions was higher in women and in second decade of life. Most of the lesions were in the gingival area.

Objective The diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) is a condition characterized by a reduction in the number and/or quality of oocytes. This primary infertility disorder is usually accompanied with an increase in the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and regular menses. Although there are many factors contributing to the DOR situation, it is likely that many of idiopathic cases have genetic/epigenetic bases. The association between the FMR1 premutation (50-200 CGG repeats) and the premature ovarian failure (POF) suggests that epigenetic disorders of FMR1 can act as a risk factor for the DOR as well. The aim of this study was to analyze the mRNA expression and epigenetic alteration (histone acetylation/methylation) of the FMR1 gene in blood and granulosa cells of 20 infertile women. Materials and Methods In this case-control study, we analyzed the mRNA expression and epigenetic altration of the FMR1 gene in blood and granulosa cells of 20 infertile women. These women were referred to the Royan Institute, having been clinically diagnosed as DOR patients. Our control group consisted of 20 women with normal antral follicle numbers and serum FSH level. All these women had normal karyotype and no history of genetic disorders. The number of CGG triplet repeats in the exon 1 of the FMR1 gene was analyzed in all samples. Results Results clearly demonstrated significantly higher expression of the FMR1 gene in blood and granulosa cells of the DOR patients with the FMR1 premutation compared to the control group. In addition, epigenetic marks of histone 3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) and di-metylation (H3K9me2) showed significantly higher incorporations in the regulatory regions of the FMR1 gene, including the promoter and the exon 1, whereas tri-metylation (H3K9me3) mark showed no significant difference between two groups. Conclusion Our data demonstrates, for the first time, the dynamicity of gene expression and histone modification pattern in regulation of FMR1 gene, and implies the key role played by epigenetics in the development of the ovarian function.

This paper analyzes the mechanism behind the effects of investor sentiment and accounting information on stock price, based on the residual income valuation model. This study Uses data from firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange over a period of 6 Years (2009-2014, In Solar Calendar) and constructs investors' Sentiment Index and examines investors' sentiment effect on the perspective of the expected earnings growth and the required rate of return. Furthermore, this study investigates the joint effect of investors sentiment and accounting information on stock price, through the correlation method. The empirical results show that investors sentiment can change the expected earnings growth, and thus affects the stock price. However, investor sentiment has no significant effect on the required rate of return. In addition, interaction of accounting information and investors sentiment, in high volatility of earnings, can explain the stock price. It should be noted that accounting information has more effect on stock price when earnings are more stable; whereas the sentiment puts a greater impact on stock prices when there is more information uncertainty.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of investment opportunities and corporate finance structure on the payment of the dividend policies of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. The research sample was studied in the period between during of 2006 to 2014. In order to analyze the data, the Statistical tests such as Durbin-Watson (D-W) test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Dickey-Fuller (DF), Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP), and LM-ARCH were used. To determine the significance of the linear regression equation, the Fisher test (F-test) and for the significance of the coefficients, the T-student (T-test) were employed. Moreover, reviewing the related literature of the study shows that dividend payment policy determinants are classified into financial and economic factors. Financial factors consist of variables such as financial leverage, debt maturity, profitability, Return on Assets, Return on Equity, Return on capital employed, net profit margin, and size of company. Economic factors include variables such as exchange rates, inflation, the share capital of GDP, growth of liquidity, the ratio of Q-Tobin, as independent variables. The payment policy is considered as the dependent variable. In the end, the results of the study indicate that at the confidence level of 95%, the investment opportunities and corporate finance structure have significant effects on the payment of the dividend policies of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange.

Most cancer deaths are not caused by the primary tumor, but by secondary tumors formed through metastasis, a complex and poorly understood process. Cues from the tumor microenvironment, such as the biochemical composition, cellular population, extracellular matrix, and tissue (fluid) mechanics, have been indicated to play a pivotal role in the onset of metastasis. Dissecting the role of these cues from the tumor microenvironment in a controlled manner is challenging, but essential to understanding metastasis. Recently, cancer-on-a-chip models have emerged as a tool to study the tumor microenvironment and its role in metastasis. These models are based on microfluidic chips and contain small chambers for cell culture, enabling control over local gradients, fluid flow, tissue mechanics, and composition of the local environment. Here, we review the recent contributions of cancer-on-a-chip models to our understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment in the onset of metastasis, and provide an outlook for future applications of this emerging technology.