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A container terminal can be defined as a mass service system in which a multiphase service processes takes place. The terminal consists of three subsystems: quayside, yard and gate. In this paper, queuing theory as one of the operational research method is been used, to determine indicators of functioning the service system on the example of the container terminal of the port of Rijeka. Applying the queueing theory, the service phases that represent a bottleneck can be determined, as well as the phases in which the largest capacity surpluses are located. Finally, based on the current capacities the optimal turnover of the terminal was provided, without congestions and with the highest degree of terminal utilization. The basic conclusion is that the capacity of the system is limited by the capacity of the subsystem that has the smallest capacity, and in this case it is gate/truck and train operation area.

Svaki veliki sustav trebao bi prepoznati i znati upravljati svojim rizicima. Problem istraživanja u ovom radu su kvarovi na kontejnerskim dizalicama, jer je za obalne dizalice u procesu prekrcaja na kontejnerskom terminalu izuzetno važno prepoznati kritične kvarove i pridati im pozornost prilikom redovnog odnosno preventivnog održavanja. Da bi se operativni proces prekrcaja na terminalu odvijao bez zastoja uz osiguranje sigurnosti osoblja te na vrijeme prepoznali kvarovi koji predstavljaju najveći rizik može poslužiti metoda analize oblika i efekata kvarova, koja je odabrana za rješenje problema procjene rizika u ovom radu. Provedeno je anketno ispitivanje osoba koji rade na kontejnerskom terminalu riječke luke o vrsti i učestalosti pojedinih kvarova na obalnim dizalicama. Potom je za svaki kvar ocijenjena razina ozbiljnosti, učestalosti i otkrivanja, na temelju čega su izračunom veličine prioriteta rizika isti rangirani. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da najveći rizik ima fizičko oštećenje sajli dok je najmanji rizik predstavljaju neispravne nauglice kontejnera. Ovakav način istraživanja može doprinijeti budućem pravovremenom planiranju održavanja i preventivnog otklanjanja kvarova u svrhu neometanog odvijanja prekrcajnog procesa., Every large system should recognize and know how to manage its risks. The research problem in this paper is failures on container cranes, since it is extremely important, for quay cranes in the process of transhipment at the container terminal, to recognize critical failures and pay attention to them during regular or preventive maintenance. In order that the operational transhipment process at the terminal run efficiently, while ensuring the safety of staff and to identify failures that pose the greatest risk in a timely manner, the method of analyzing the forms and effects of failures can be used. This method is recognized as appropriate for solving the problem of risk assessment in this paper and also contributes to their controlling. A survey of operators working at the container terminal of the Port of Rijeka was conducted, on the type and frequency of individual failures on shore cranes. The level of severity, frequency and detection was then assessed for each failure, on the basis of which they were ranked by calculating the size of the risk priorities. This method of research can contribute to the future timely planning of maintenance and preventive troubleshooting for the purpose of uninterrupted transhipment process.

The major cause of under-capacity or overcapacity at smaller airports is seasonality. Such airports are finding it difficult to determine the capacity to meet the demand and adequately handle passengers in both high and low season. If the capacity is not optimally defined, excessive congestions and waiting times occur, resulting in lower service quality. Airports greatly benefit from capacity utilization analysis in terms of more accurate planning, designing, and adjusting capacity to the current demand in order to encourage further development as well as to reduce additional costs. Using queuing theory, this paper aims to answer the following question: is the passenger capacity at Rijeka International Airport (Croatia) optimally determined to meet the demand promptly, both in high and low season, without causing excessive congestions and waiting times. The results obtained indicate the occurrence of overcapacity since high season demand can be well served, even with reduced capacity used in the low season when demand is significantly lower.

Today, coastal areas are among the most densely populated and busiest places in the world, with an extremely important economic and social value. With those areas being very intensely exploited, there is a strong possibility of different accidents and catastrophes occurring. Therefore, it is a matter of great importance to implement timely and quality measures to minimize the risk of negative consequences. This research explores the theories of coastal area management and risk management, while focusing on the synthesis of both of them on FSRU terminals. Given the fact that this special type of LNG terminals is becoming more and more present in the coastal areas of the world, this paper implements analysed theories and proposes risk minimising and safety measures for reducing the catastrophe risk with FSFRU terminals and thus contributing to the preservation of the coastal area.

The paper analyses and addresses various tanker ship survey regimes, determining a certain amount of overlapping between specific survey regimes. The results of the study indicate that there are inconsistencies in the frequency of surveys and over inspections of some ships. These uncoordinated surveys affect the costs as well as the mental and physical condition of the crew. The mentioned indicates the necessity of the overall tanker survey rationalization, having in mind that the rationalization must not have the negative impact on the safety of the ship. In this paper, the authors proposes the implementation of the unified tanker survey model that would integrate components of all survey regimes. The comprehensive analysis of the risks arising from non compliance, oversights or absence of surveys, have resulted in setting up the optimal time needed to conduct surveys with respect to the technical, technological and economic specifications of the ship. The implementation of the unified survey would eliminate the negative effects found during present surveys and enhance the safety of the ship as well as the quality of the management.

Navigacija je vještina u kojoj se spajaju znanost i umjetnost. Ona može biti kopnena, zračna, svemirska, osobna... Može biti elektronička, astronomska, satelitska, inercijalna... Navigacija je više od čina vođenja osobe ili objekta s jednog mjesta na drugo, ili od procesa točnog utvrđivanja položaja i praćenja kretanja. Danas je navigacija postala neizostavan dio svih nas i s njom se susrećemo i koristimo ju cijelo vrijeme. Članovi tima 'Navigation and beyond' s Pomorskog fakulteta u Rijeci – David Brčić, Mirano Hess i Serđo Kos pripremili su za Noć istraživača teorijski i praktični pregled navigacijskih znanosti i vođenja pomorske površinske navigacije tradicionalnim načinima, onim modernima, kao i onima koji tek dolaze. Za cilj smo si zadali da svim uzrastima, na slikovite načine prikažemo kako možemo voditi navigaciju: kako se možemo orijentirati u prostoru, pomoću kojih uređaja znamo gdje smo, kojim metodama možemo to isto saznati, i kako znamo kuda moramo poći. I kako možemo biti sigurni da smo baš gdje jesmo. I što je najvažnije, da smo svi navigatori.

Sea transport has always been the primary mode for both, passengers and cargo transport between the mainland and the islands along the Adriatic coast. The Liner shipping have had the central role in ensuring regular and affordable transport services in the region. Demand for a regular transport services is primarily derived from the need of goods' delivery and passengers traveling to/from islands. The demand is particularly intensive during the peak summertime season, due to a high level of tourists' mobility. Due to the affordable costs, taken from the users' perspective, the transport is of no commercial value for the transporter unless the state subsidizes part of the transport costs at the level of the concessions announced. This paper focuses on the analysis of transport costs and restructuring of the existing shipping lines in mid-insular Croatia, with the aim of developing a model that would reduce transportation costs and shrink total loses, thus lowering the burden on the state budget. The research points out that the specific reformation of the coastal shipping network would indeed lead to cost savings without compromising passengers/goods mobility among mainland and islands in Central Dalmatia.

For the transport sector units to stay competitive, they are expected to develop constantly, therefore it is of the utmost importance for their managers to continually research the market and invest in infrastructure. In addition, the market competitiveness of the units will also depend on their efficiency. In the recent studies, the efficiency of transport sector is often defined in terms of inputs and outputs. After a review of port competitiveness studies and the theoretical modelling, this paper aims at assessing the current efficiency and competitive positioning of the container terminals of the northern Adriatic ports, Koper, Trieste and Rijeka. The methodology used is based on Data Envelopment Analysis technique and the study was conducted using ports' operational data for 11 years. The approach indicates a realistic evaluation of terminals' efficiency by means of comparative analysis. The results demonstrated in this paper can be used for improving port's operations and making key decisions regarding further development of a port.

In this paper the proposal of liquefied natural gas terminal as a mobile offshore base is given. This idea has recently joined the existing land and offshore terminal's performances. But in that case a problem with the material and crew delivery appears. The supply vessel planning problem is a maritime transportation problem faced by the energy companies. The mobile offshore base is supplied from the coastal warehouse with supply vessels. If the delivery is performed for only one base, this problem can easily be solved applying the integer linear programming method. Here, an illustrative model has been presented, which can provide the total minimum costs and the number of trips from two locations, including some constraints.

Operativno upravljanje velikim flotama brodova i odnosnim investicijskim ulaganjima, pokazalo se jako zahtjevnim prvenstveno zbog brzog priliva novih tehnologija, primjene sve više ograničavajuće međunarodne legislative i jake konkurencije na tržištu brodskog prostora. U ovom su radu predstavljene osnovne značajke kontinuiranog istraživačkog programa usmjerenog na razvoj računalno podržanog sustava za potporu rukovodstvu (Executive Support System - ESS) za velike brodare, kao pomoć u izvedbi i kontroli operacija upravljanja. Razvijen je heuristički model koji odgovara veličini i obliku organizacije brodara te im omogućava provedbu politike učinkovite razmjene znanja u svrhu ostvarivanja maksimalnog profita. Sustavna podrška, komponente poslužitelja, operativni korisnički moduli i alati pretraživanja odluka osmišljeni su, razvijeni i demonstrirani ekspertima u domeni brodarstva.

U ovom diplomskom radu istražena je problematika morskog otpada kroz analizu vrsta, izvora onečišćenja i geografske raspodjele. Posebna važnost je pridana detaljnoj analizi plastičnog onečišćenja kao jednog od najzastupljenijih oblika otpada u morskom okolišu. Također su analizirani pravni okviri za nadzor otpada i postojeće metode detekcije na morskom dnu. Kroz studiju slučaja u uvali Selehovica primjenom ROV-a, istraženo je stanje onečišćenja morskim otpadom. Provedbom ovog istraživanja, cilj je pružiti uvid u stvarno stanje morskog otpada na odabranoj lokaciji. Kroz temeljitu analizu vizualnih podataka, istaknuta je važnost dobivanja preciznih informacija o količini i vrsti otpada prisutnog u tom području. Identificiranje vrste i količine otpada ključno je za usmjeravanje napora prema specifičnim izvorima onečišćenja i primjenu ciljanih mjera za smanjenje i sprječavanje daljnjeg onečišćenja. Rad ima za cilj podizanje svijesti o važnosti održivog upravljanja otpadom i očuvanju morskog okoliša., This master's thesis explores the issue of marine litter through an analysis of its types, sources, and geographical distribution. Special emphasis is placed on conducting a detailed analysis of plastic pollution as one of the most prevalent forms of waste in the marine environment. Furthermore, the study analyzes the legal frameworks for waste monitoring and the existing methods for detecting marine pollution on the seabed. Through a case study conducted in Selehovica Bay, utilizing remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), the thesis investigates the state of marine debris pollution in the area. The primary goal of this research is to gain insights into the actual state of marine litter at the chosen location. By conducting a thorough analysis of visual data, the study highlights the significance of obtaining accurate information regarding the quantity and types of waste present in the region. Identifying the specific types and quantities of litter is vital for directing efforts towards targeted pollution sources and implementing effective measures to reduce and prevent further contamination. Ultimately, this thesis aims to raise awareness about the importance of sustainable waste management and the preservation of the marine environment.

Tema ovog završnog rada je „Protupožarna zaštita na tankerima za prijevoz ulja“. U radu će se analizirati specifičnosti samoga tereta koji se prevozi, njegove potencijalne opasnosti prilikom prijevoza morem te mjere predostrožnosti koje se primjenjuju u svrhu izbjegavanja nastanka požara odnosno eksplozije. Spomenut će se radnje koje mogu prouzročiti samim požarom te će se obraditi i osnovni pojmovi kao što su gorenje, preduvjeti da bi došlo do gorenja, a naposljetku gašenje nastalog požara. Kako bi se uopće izbjegle navedene havarije potrebno je poznavati međunarodne propise i konvencije sve u svrhu što boljeg upravljanja brodovima u dijelu protupožarne zaštite., The topic of this final paper is „Fire Protection on oil tankers”. The paper will analyze the specifics of the cargo being transported, its potential dangers during sea transportation, and the precautionary measures that are applied to avoid the occurrence of fire or explosion. Actions that can be caused by the fire itself will be mentioned, and basic concepts such as burning, preconditions for burning to occur, and finally extinguishing the resulting fire will be covered. In order to avoid the aforementioned accidents, it is necessary to know international regulations and conventions, all for the purpose of the best possible management of ships in the area of fire protection.

U ovom radu bit će riječi o osnovama zračenja, instrumentima za praćenje istog te o osobnoj zaštiti od zračenja. Govorit će se o IMDG Kodeksu te o karakteristikama specifičnih radioaktivnih tereta, njihovom pakiranju, označavanju te krcanju i slaganju u brodski prostor. Također bit će navedena specifična dokumentacija koja mora pratiti ovakvu vrstu tereta, te pojedine vrste brodova koji mogu prevoziti radioaktivni teret. Na kraju će biti riječi o protupožarnoj zaštiti tereta, ljudi, imovine i okoliša te o vodiču medicinske prve pomoći za opasne tvari kojeg je potrebno primijeniti unesrećenima u slučaju izloženosti radioaktivnom materijalu., This paper will discuss the background of radiation, monitoring instruments and personal protection against radiation. The IMDG Code will be discussed, as well as the characteristics of specific radioactive cargoes, their packaging, labelling, loading and stacking onto the ship's space. Specific documentation that must accompany this type of cargo will be listed, also the types of vessels used for the transportation of radioactive cargo. In the end, there will be a discussion about the fire protection of cargo, people, property and the environment, as well as the medical first aid guide for dangerous goods, which must be applied to the injured in the case of exposure to radioactive material.

U radu se analiziraju i tumače svi potrebni koraci i dokumentacija u pomorskom ugovaranju. Pomorska trgovina je vrlo složen transportni proces u kojem se razna roba i teret brodovima prevoze diljem svijeta. Ukoliko takav sustav ne bi bio pravno i administrativno organiziran moguće je da se s obzirom na neizostavnost pomorskog transporta iz svjetskog gospodarstva isti vrlo otežano odvijao. Kao i u ostalim gospodarskim granama tako i u transportu bitno je pravno regulirati samo poslovanje. U radu će biti riječ prije svega o brodarskim ugovorima, ali i od drugim sličnim dokumentima. Isto tako vrlo je važno objasniti i tko su sudionici u prijevozu stvari morem te koje su njihove obaveze i prava. U radu se kroz pravno-administrativne aspekte analizira ukrcaj, prijevoz i predaja tereta primatelju., This paper analyzes and interprets all the necessary steps and documents in maritime contracting. Maritime trade is a very complex transport process in which various goods and cargo are transported around the world by ship. If such a system were not legally and administratively organized, it is possible that, given the indispensability of maritime transport in the world economy, it would be very difficult to proceed. As in other economic branches, in transport it is important to legally regulate the business itself. The paper will deal primarily with shipping contracts, but also with other similar documents. It is also very important to explain who are the participants in the transport of goods by sea and what are their obligations and rights. The paper analyzes the loading, transportation and delivery of cargo to the recipient through legal and administrative aspects.

Pomorsko brodarstvo na istočnom Jadranu između Drugog svjetskog rata i Domovinskog rata imalo je značajnu ulogu kao ključna gospodarska i društvena sila. Analiza arhivske građe, poslovnih dokumenata i poslovanja omogućuje dublji uvid u aktivnosti, djelovanje i flotu najznačajnijih brodara toga vremena. Poseban fokus se stavlja na trgovačku mornaricu bivše Socijalističke federativne republike Jugoslavije, koja je bila glavni predstavnik brodara istočne obale Jadrana. Ovim istraživanjem želi se osvijetliti važnost pomorskog brodarstva u oblikovanju gospodarskih i društvenih aspekata na istočnom Jadranu u tom razdoblju te pridonijeti širem razumijevanju povijesne uloge pomorske industrije na tom području., Maritime shipping in the Eastern Adriatic between the Second World War and the Croatian War of independence played a significant role as a key economic and social force. The analysis of archival records, business documents, and operations provides a deeper insight into the activities, operations, and fleets of the most prominent shipowners of that time. Special attention is given to the merchant navy of the former Socialist federal republic of Yugoslavia, which served as the primary representative of shipowners on the eastern coast of the Adriatic. This research aims to shed light on the importance of maritime shipping in shaping the economic and social aspects in the Eastern Adriatic during that period and contribute to a broader understanding of the historical role of the maritime industry in the region.

Zračni prijevoz tereta ima značajnu ulogu u globalnom transportnom sustavu. Kao dio prometnog sustava konstantno je podložan razvitku i prilagodbi suvremenim transportnim tehnologijama. Karakteristike zračnog prijevoza tereta omogućuju brz i siguran prijevoz gotovo svih vrsta tereta. Zrakoplovi za prijevoz tereta svojim tehničko-tehnološkim obilježjima omogućuju brzu i jednostavnu manipulaciju tereta te sa gotovo potpunom paletizacijom i kontejnerizacijom tereta predstavljaju odličan primjer integralnog prijevoza. Uključenost zračnog prijevoza u multimodalni transport nije u potpunosti definirana i može se proučavati sa različitih stajališta ovisno o načinu tumačenja same definicije., Air freight transport plays a significant role in the global transport system. As part of the transport system, it is constantly subject to development and adaptation to modern transport technologies. The characteristics of air freight transport enable the fast and safe transport of almost all types of cargo. Cargo aircraft, with their technical and technological features, enable quick and easy cargo handling and with almost complete palletization and containerization of cargo, represent an excellent example of integrated transport. The inclusion of air transport in multimodal transport is not fully defined and can be studied from various standpoints depending on the interpretation of the definition itself.

Turizam je danas globalna industrija koja svake godine uključuje stotine milijuna ljudi u međunarodna i domaća putovanja. Turizam spada u najdinamičnije gospodarske grane i predstavlja važan generator prihoda, zapošljavanja i razvoja. Turizam pruža ne samo zabavu i zadovoljstvo putnicima, već ima i šire društvene, kulturne i ekonomske implikacije. Kao ključni faktor za mnoge zemlje, turizam privlači strane investicije i generira prihode od posjetitelja. Razvoj turizma stvara nova radna mjesta i potiče rast drugih sektora kao što su ugostiteljstvo, prijevoz, trgovina i kulturne industrije. Međutim, istovremeno turizam nosi i određene izazove. Prekomjerni turizam može imati negativne ekološke posljedice, uključujući onečišćenje okoliša, degradaciju prirodnih resursa i prekomjernu potrošnju vode i energije. Uzimajući u obzir ove izazove, održivi razvoj turizma postaje sve važniji. Održivi turizam promiče odgovorno putovanje, s naglaskom na zaštitu okoliša, očuvanje kulturne baštine i poboljšanje kvalitete života lokalnih zajednica. Implementacija održivih praksi može pomoći u očuvanju prirodnih i kulturnih bogatstava te potaknuti ekonomski razvoj na lokalnoj razini., Tourism is a global industry today that involves hundreds of millions of people in international and domestic travel every year. Tourism is one of the most dynamic economic sectors and represents a significant generator of revenue, employment, and development. Tourism provides not only entertainment and pleasure to travelers but also has broader social, cultural, and economic implications. As a key factor for many countries, tourism attracts foreign investments and generates income from visitors. The development of tourism creates new jobs and stimulates growth in other sectors such as hospitality, transportation, trade, and cultural industries. However, at the same time, tourism also presents certain challenges. Excessive tourism can have negative environmental consequences, including pollution, degradation of natural resources, and excessive consumption of water and energy. Considering these challenges, sustainable tourism development is becoming increasingly important. Sustainable tourism promotes responsible travel, with an emphasis on environmental protection, preservation of cultural heritage, and improvement of the quality of life for local communities. The implementation of sustainable practices can help preserve natural and cultural resources and stimulate economic development at the local level.

Brodogradnja opskrbljuje tržište novim brodovima dok rezališta otkupljuju brodove koji više nisu isplativi na tržištima. Što se tiče njihove gospodarske strukture, te dvije industrije su vrlo različite. Brodogradnja je inženjerski posao koja prodaje velike i sofisticirane proizvode koje se uglavnom grade u industrijskim zemljama: Južnoj Koreji, Japanu, Kini, Europi i SAD-u. Zahtijevaju se značajna ulaganja i visoka razina tehničke i upravljačke stručnosti za projektiranje i proizvodnju trgovačkog broda. Industrija rezališta brodova uglavnom je smještena u zemljama niskih troškova rada. U nekim državama rezanje brodova odvija se na obali. Pritom se koristi primitivan ručni alat i alat za rezanje.

Donošenjem zakona o potvrđivanju Protokola o Integriranom upravljanju obalnog područja, Hrvatska se obvezala da u svojem obalnom području objedini prostorno i gospodarsko planiranje i zaštitu okoliša, prirodne i kulturne baštine. Cilj upravljanja razvojem jest održivi prostorno-gospodarski rast unutar nosivoga kapaciteta ekosustava. Ovaj opći, odavno prihvaćeni, razvojni cilj u obalnim područjima ima posebnu težinu, jer rast na dodiru kopna i mora gotovo svuda izmiče kontroli, izaziva konflikte i preopterećuje ekosustave. U ovom radu su predstavljeni primjeri dobre prakse integriranog upravljanja obalnim područjem u svijetu, kao i plan upravljanja morskim okolišem i obalnim područjem Splitsko-dalmatinske županije., By passing the law on the ratification of the Protocol on Integrated Management Coastal Area, Croatia undertook to unify spatial and economic planning and protection of the environment, natural and cultural heritage in its coastal area. The goal of development management is sustainable spatial economic growth within the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. This general, long-accepted, development goal in coastal areas has a special weight, because growth at the interface of land and sea almost everywhere gets out of control, causes conflicts and overloads ecosystems. This work presents examples of good practice of integrated coastal area management in the world, as well as the management plan for the marine environment and the coastal area of the Split-Dalmatia County.

Cilj ovog rada je određivanje utjecaja geomagnetskih učinaka na određivanje položaja sustavom GPS (engl. Global Positioning System - GPS) tijekom geomagnetske oluje 8. Rujna 2017. godine. Unutar rada ispituje se globalni učinak geomagnetske oluje na geomagnetsko polje što za rezultat ima degradaciju položajnih koordinata opservacijskih stanica. Stanice se nalaze na raznim geografskim širinama radi kvalitetnijeg prikaza cijelog procesa. Temelj istraživanja je teorijska osnova koja obuhvaća utjecaj svemirskog vremena na propagaciju GPS signala koja je neophodna za praktično istraživanje te je navedena na početku rada. Ona obuhvaća glavna svojstva navigacijskog sustava GPS, strukture i dinamike magnetskog polja, kako Sunca tako i Zemlje i svemirsko vrijeme, koje obuhvaća interakciju magnetskog polja Sunca i Zemlje te njihov utjecaj na GPS signal. Istraživanje obuhvaća ispitivanje stanja svemirskog vremena kroz geomagnetske pokazatelje i geomagnetsko polje te njihov utjecaj na odstupanje položajnih koordinata. Određeno je razdoblje od pet dana promatranja zbog što kvalitetnijeg uvida u cijelu dinamiku procesa. Također, određeno je područje istraživanja koje obuhvaća različite geografske širine (od polova prema ekvatoru) u blizini nultog meridijana. Prvo se pristupilo ispitivanju geomagnetskih pokazatelja koji ukazuju na dinamično napredovanje geomagnetske oluje. Zatim se pristupilo ispitivanju komponenti magnetskog polja promatranih stanica magnetskih opservatorija s ciljem određivanja u kojoj mjeri je stvoren geomagnetski poremećaj na različitim geografskim širinama. Ispitivanja odstupanja položajnih koordinata su također vršena na opservacijskim stanicama koje se također nalaze na različitim geografskim širinama i u blizini stanica magnetskih opservatorija. Na posljetku korelacijskom analizom je utvrđen utjecaj geomagnetskih učinaka na određivanje položaja sustavom GPS tijekom geomagnetske oluje za promatrano područje u promatranom periodu. Tijekom istraživanja koristile su se razne statističke metoda s ciljem kvalitetnog i logičkog zaključivanja., The aim of this paper is to determine the impact of geomagnetic effects on positioning with the Global Positioning System during the geomagnetic storm on September 8, 2017. The paper examines the global effect of a geomagnetic storm on the geomagnetic field, which results in the degradation of the positional coordinates of the observation stations. The stations are located at various latitudes for a better representation of the entire process. At the beginning of the paper, the theoretical basis is stated, which includes the influence of space weather on the propagation of the GPS signal, which is the foundation of the research and is necessary for practical research. It includes the main properties of the GPS navigation system, structure and dynamics of the magnetic field of both the Sun and the Earth, and space weather, which includes the interaction of the Sun's and Earth's magnetic fields and their influence on the GPS signal. The research includes monitoring of geomagnetic indicators, the geomagnetic field and their influence on the positioning error in a certain observed period. A period of five days of observation was determined for the purpose of better insight into the entire dynamics of the process. A research area covering different latitudes (from the poles to the equator) near the prime meridian has also been determined The first step was to examine the geomagnetic indicators that indicate the dynamic progress of the geomagnetic storm. Then the examination of the components of the magnetic field of the observed magnetic observatories was started with the aim of determining to what extent a geomagnetic disturbance was created at different latitudes. An overview of the position error of observation stations, which are also located at different latitudes and are near the magnetic observatories, was made. Finally, through a correlation analysis, the influence of geomagnetic effects on determining the position with the GPS system during a geomagnetic storm for the observed area in the observed period was determined. During the research, various statistical methods were used with the aim of qualitative and logical reasoning.

Nautički turizam je gospodarska djelatnost koja se zasniva na sadržajima vezanima uz turističku i rekreativnu plovidbu morem, rijekama i jezerima. Važniji čimbenici nautičkoga turizma su prometna i komunalna infrastruktura luka, proizvodnja turističkih plovila i opreme te iznajmljivanje plovila. Prihodi u nautičkome turizmu ostvaruju se naplatom stalnoga ili tranzitnoga veza u moru ili mjesta na kopnu, uslugama servisa i održavanja plovila, iznajmljivanjem prostorija i plovila, prodajom goriva te pružanjem trgovačkih i ugostiteljskih usluga. Plovila nautičkog turizma su gliseri, gumenjaci, jedrilice, katamarani, jahte i mini kruzeri. Gliseri i gumenjaci su plovila koja glisiraju po moru, a jedina razlika je što gumenjaci imaju zračne komore. Jedrilice i katamarani su plovila koja mogu ploviti pomoću jedara ili motora, a razlika je u tome što katamarani imaju dva trupa. Jahte su najluksuznija plovila za najam zbog opremljenosti. Mini kruzeri su putnički brodovi koji zbog svoje veličine pružaju ugodan odmor i privatnost te uživanje u ljepotama hrvatske obale i otoka., Nautical tourism is an economic activity that is based on contents related to touristic and recreational sailing on the sea, rivers and lakes. More important factors of nautical tourism are the transport and communal infrastructure of the port, the production of tourist vessels and the equipment for renting vessels. Income in nautical tourism is realized by charging for permanent or transit berths at sea or places on land, service and maintenance of vessels, renting space and vessels, selling fuel and providing commercial and catering services. Nautical tourism vessels are speedboats, dinghies, sailboats, catamarans, yachts and mini cruisers. Speedboats and dinghies are vessels that glide across the sea, and the only difference is that dinghies have air chambers. Sailboats and catamarans are vessels that can sail using sails or motors, the difference being that catamarans have two hulls. Yachts are the most luxurious vessels for rent due to their equipment. Mini cruisers are passenger ships that, due to their size, offer a pleasant vacation and privacy, as well as enjoyment of the beauty of the Croatian coast and islands.

Međunarodna pomorska organizacija donosi pravila i propise u svrhu vođenja sigurne navigacije. Kroz svoja pravila i zahtjeve, uz suradnju s drugim organizacijama doneseni su standardi i zakoni vezani za vođenje sigurne navigacije na informacijskom sustavu i prikazu elektroničkih karata. Zakoni koji su doneseni propisuju minimalne uvjete koje sustav mora ispuniti u pogledu integracije sustava s drugim navigacijskim uređajima i koje se vrste elektroničkih karata koriste i na koji način se podaci s tih karata moraju prikazati na zaslonu sustava. Osim prikaza elektroničkih karata, propisano je kako sustav mora davati i određene informacije u pogledu vođenja sigurne navigacije. Jedne od tih informacija jesu postavke sigurnosnih dubina i sigurnosne margine, te kako sustav daje upozorenja za sigurnost navigacije na temelju ovih parametara i kako se ovi parametri postavljaju da bi se zadovoljio pojam sigurne navigacije., The International Maritime Organization provides with rules and regulations for the purpose of conducting safe navigation. Through these regulations, in cooperation with other organizations, standards and requirements related to safe navigation on the electronic charts display and information system have been adopted. Regulations that have been passed dictate the minimum requirements that the system must meet regarding the integration with other navigation devices and what types of electronic charts are used and how the data from these charts must be displayed on the system display. In addition to the display of electronic charts, it is stipulated that the system must also provide certain information regarding safe navigation. One of this information is the settings of safety depths and safety margins, as well, how the system gives navigation safety warnings based on these parameters and how these parameters are set to meet the concept of safe navigation.

Risk assessment links the likelihood of the occurrences of adverse events to their consequences. Risk control itself is focused on the individual action-consequence relationships, which are later considered in groups for assessment of their acceptability in accordance with safety requirements. Thus, the risk assessment for extraordinary pollution of the Adriatic Sea as an economically important area for the Republic of Croatia will be described in this paper. Firstly, the area of analysis will be defined. The waterways will be described along with the analysis of traffic density, regulations, and types of vessels in individual areas. The second step is a statistical study of accidents in the Adriatic. Final analysis is that of the most probable and the most undesirable extraordinary pollution events and its effect on Croatian economy. In addition, examples and procedures for determining the risk acceptability and its control in the part of the Croatian coast are presented., Procjena rizika povezuje vjerojatnost ostvarenja neželjenih događaja s njihovim posljedicama. Sama kontrola rizika usmjerena je na pojedinačni odnos radnje i posljedice koje se kasnije grupno sagledavaju s ciljem procjene njihove prihvatljivosti sukladno zahtjevima sigurnosti. U ovom će se radu na taj način opisati procjena rizika za izvanredne slučajeve onečišćenja Jadranskog mora kao gospodarski važnog područja za Republiku Hrvatsku. Definirati će se područje analize s meteorološkim opisom istočne obale Jadrana. Procjena rizika izvedena je u tri faze. Prva faza opisati će plovne puteve i gustoću prometa, regulacije i vrste plovila pojedinih područja. Druga faza je detaljna analiza statističkih podataka nesreća na Jadranu i na posljetku obrađena je analiza najvjerojatnijih i najneželjenijih izvanrednih događaja onečišćenja. Također, prezentirani su primjeri i postupci za određivanje prihvatljivosti rizika i njegovu kontrolu na strani Hrvatske obale.

Izlijevanjem ulja na moru dolazi do promjene u okolišu poput negativnih bioloških utjecaja i negativnih utjecaja na ekonomiju i turizam zbog različitih procesa koji se događaju pri onečišćenju mora s uljem. Iz tog razloga treba spriječiti širenje ulja koje se izlije na površinu, koristeći brane i sakupljače, a kasnije ostatke ulja treba odstraniti s vodene površine i obale. Obzirom da je samo vježbanje uklanjanja uljnog onečišćenja na moru zahtjevno, stvoreni su modeli za predviđanje kretanja uljnog onečišćenja. Jedna od najučinkovitijih računalnih simulacija za kretanje uljnog onečišćenja je PISCES II koja se pokazala kao dosta precizna simulacija ako su joj poznati svi parametri koja se koristi za pripremanje plana intervencija za sprječavanje onečišćenja mora od iznenadnog izlijevanja ulja., Oil spill at sea causes significant changes to the environment such as negative biological impacts and negative impacts on the economy and tourism due to various processes that occur when the sea is polluted with oil. For this reason, it is necessary to prevent the spread of oil on the sea surface which can be done using dams and „skimmers“. After stopping the spread, it is necessary to collect the remains of oil both at the water surface and the shore. Considering that practice of oil pollution removal is demanding, models have been created to predict the movement of oil pollution. One of the most effective computer simulations for predicting the movement of oil slicks is PISCES II, which has proven to be a fairly accurate simulation, if all required information is given, that is used to prepare intervention plans to prevent sea pollution from sudden oil spills.

Onečišćenje mora su štetne tvari ili oblici energije koji ispušteni u more izazivaju promjenu ili degradaciju okoliša. Kroz povijest onečišćenje koje ostavlja najveće posljedice na okoliš, ljudski i životinjski svijet je onečišćenje mora uljima. To je onečišćenje koje je najvidljivije, te se također pridodaje i najveća pažnja kako u medijskom tako u znanstvenom i zakonodavnom smislu. Posljedice onečišćenja ulja na staništa i morske organizme ostavljaju velike trenutne i dugoročne posljedice. Globalna statistika prema ITOPF -u pokazuje konstantni trend pada broja onečišćenja mora uljem. Nezgode na Mediteranu srećom nisu česte i najveća onečišćenja desila su se 80. -ih i 90. -ih godina prošlog stoljeća. Najveća nezgoda Mediterana je potonuće i eksplozija broda "Haven" 1991. g. s izljevom od 144 tisuće sirove nafte. Barcelonska konvencija jedno je od najvažnijih regionalnih dogovora država Mediterana u sprječavanju i smanjenju onečišćenja Sredozemnog mora s brodova, zrakoplova i kopnenih izvora., Marine pollution are harmful substances or forms of energy released into the environment causing change or degradation. Throughout the history of pollution that has the greatest consequences for the environment, human and animal life, is pollution of the sea with oils. It is the pollution that is the most visible, and it also receives the greatest attention, both in the media and in the scientific and legislative sense. The consequences of oil pollution on habitats and marine organisms leave immediate and long-term consequences. Global statistics according to ITOPF show a constant trend of decreasing the number of oil pollution of the sea. Fortunately, accidents in the Mediterranean are not so frequent and the biggest pollution happened in the 80s and 90s of the last century. The biggest accident in the Mediterranean was the sinking and explosion of the ship "Haven" in 1991. with a spill of 144 thousand crude oil. The Barcelona Convention is one of the most important regional agreements of the Mediterranean countries in the reduction of pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from ships, aircraft and land sources.

Često se incidenti pripisuju ljudskoj djelatnosti. To ostavlja dojam da ljudi uzrokuju incidente. Međutim, većina pogrešaka, radnji i odluka same su rezultat načina na koji je radno mjesto postavljeno, kako je rad osmišljen, opreme i mjera kontrole te načina na koji vodstvo utječe na organizacijsku kulturu. Ljudski faktor čine fizičke, psihološke i društvene karakteristike koje utječu na interakciju ljudi s opremom, sustavima, procesima, drugim pojedincima i radnim timovima. Ljudi na brodovima te timovi za podršku su ti koji osiguravaju siguran rad. Međutim, ljudska pogreška i dalje se javlja u interakciji s uvjetima, sustavima i/ili drugim ljudima. Rješavanjem ovih interakcija možemo smanjiti ljudsku pogrešku, time smanjujući incidente i poboljšavajući pouzdanost i produktivnost., Often incidents are attributed to human involvement. This gives the impression that people cause incidents. However, most mistakes, actions and decisions are themselves the result of the way the workplace is set up, how work is designed, equipment and control measures, and how leaders influence the culture in an organisation. Human factors are the physical, psychological and social characteristics that affect human interaction with equipment, systems, processes, other individuals and work team(s). It is the people on our ships and in our operations and support teams who make safety work. However, human error still occurs in interaction with conditions, systems and/or other people. By addressing these interactions, we can reduce human error, thereby reducing incidents and improving reliability and productivity.

Kroz rad je obrađena tematika vezana uz pomorske nesreće koje su uzrokovane ljudskim čimbenikom. Rad o ljudskom faktoru podiže svijest o ljudskim elementima u pomorskoj sigurnosti i potiče daljnju primjenu suzbijanja ljudskih faktora u agendi nadzora, čime se osigurava sigurnosni status brodova na moru. Kroz rad je naglašena problematika ljudskih čimbenika te je ona u današnjem suvremenom pomorstvu postala česta tema. Ljudske pogreške često se ponavljaju, čiji uzrok može biti različit i stalan, a nitko ne može osigurati da se iste pogreške nikada ne dogode više od jednom. Budući da ljudske pogreške mogu utjecati na pogreške u sustavu, potrebno je djelovati na prevenciji nastanka pogrešaka i na taj način na prevladavanje mogućih posljedica kako bi se sustav vratio u normalno stanje., The paper deals with the topic related to maritime accidents caused by human factors. The work on human factors raises awareness of human elements in maritime safety and encourages the further application of human factors suppression in the surveillance agenda, thereby ensuring the safety status of ships at sea. Throughout the work, the problem of human factors is emphasized, and it has become a frequent topic in today's modern maritime industry. Human errors are often repeated, the cause of which can be different and constant, and no one can ensure that the same mistakes never happen more than once. Since human errors can affect errors in the system, it is necessary to act on the prevention of the occurrence of errors and thus to overcome possible consequences in order to return the system to a normal state.

Uloga i bitnost procesa održavanja modernih brodova temeljeni su na održavanju opreme i sustava u operativnom stanju spremnosti. Održavanje se provodi prema planu održavanja te se koristi za organizaciju i planiranje procesa održavanja i za bilježenje izvršenih radnji održavanja. Rad se bavi temom upotrebe računalnih programa prilikom planiranja održavanja na modernim brodovima. Opći zakonodavni okvir za upravljanje i izvođenje procesa održavanja specifičnog za pomorsko dobro, kao i metode provedene na brodovima prikazani su kroz rad. Analizirane su dvije najzastupljenije aplikacije za planiranje i održavanje brodskih sustava, AMOS, BassNet. Dostupnost dokumentacije, mogućnost testiranja demo aplikacije, video zapis o softveru i njegovim funkcijama samo su neki od preduvjeta koji su bili potrebni za izvedbu analize. Rezultati analize temeljeni su uglavnom na deskriptivnoj metodi te je iste moguće koristiti kao smjernice za buduće verzije sustava., The role and importance of the modern ship maintenance process are based on the maintenance of equipment and systems in an operational state of readiness Maintenance is carried out according to the maintenance plan and is used for organization and planning of the maintenance process and for recording the maintenance operations performed. The paper deals with the topic of the use of computer programs when planning maintenance on modern ships. The general legislative framework for the management and performance of the maritime-specific maintenance process, as well as the methods implemented on vessels, are presented in the paper. Two most frequent applications for planning and maintenance of marine systems, AMOS, BassNet were analysed. The availability of documentation, possibility to test demo application, video recording of the software and its functions are just some of the preconditions that were necessary for the performance of the analysis. The results of the analysis are based mainly on the descriptive method and can be used as a guide for future system versions.

U ovome završnom radu prikazane su opasnosti prilikom ulaska u zatvorene prostore na brodu. Opisana je atmosfera zatvorenih prostora te mjere opreza pri ulasku. Najčešće opasnosti su: nedostatak kisika, prisutnost otrovnih i/ili zapaljivih plinova. Ulazak u takav prostor može biti opasan po život. Opisan je i postupak spašavanja iz zatvorenih prostora. Nužno je provoditi redovite vježbe i vježbe spašavanja iz zatvorenih prostora, te da svi članovi spasilačkog tima znaju što se od njih očekuje. Kao primjer navedena je i nesreća na brodu Sunbeam., In this final work, the dangers when entering closed spaces on board are presented. The atmosphere of closed spaces and precautions when entering are described. The most common dangers are: lack of oxygen, presence of toxic and/or flammable gases. Entering such a space can be life-threatening. The rescue procedure from closed spaces is also described. It is necessary to conduct regular exercises and rescue exercises from closed spaces, and that all members of the rescue team know what is expected of them. The accident on the Sunbeam ship was cited as an example.

Kod ovog rada obrađivati će se kontejnerski brodovi s naglaskom na njihovu povijest od davnih dana prošlog stoljeća kad je izumljen prvi kontejner pa sve do danas. U prvom dijelu proći će se kratko razdoblje prije kontejnerizacije te će se nakon toga pričati o počecima i daljnjem razvijanju kontejnerizacije te čovjeku koji je zaslužan za sve to “ocu kontejnerizacije” Malcolm McLeanu. Osvrnuti će se na sve generacije brodova koje smo imali od početka pa sve do danas te karakteristike koje su obilježile svaku pojedinu generaciju. Uzet ćemo u uvid i koje su to najveće brodarske kompanije danas u svijetu te malo razmotriti kakvo je stanje svjetske flote u današnjici. Pri kraju ćemo se dotaknuti i pokušati odgonetnuti kakvu nam budućnosti nosi kontejnersko brodarstvo, da li će se graditi veći brodovi, većih brzina, drugačijih izvedbi ili više ekonomski osviješteni., This work will deal with container ships with a focus on their history from the early days of the last century when the first container was invented until today. In the first part, a short period will pass before containerization, after which we will talk about the beginnings and further development of containerization and the man who is responsible for all of this, the "father of containerization", Malcolm McLean. It will refer to all the generations of ships that we have had from the beginning until today and the characteristics that characterized each generation. We will also take a look at which are the largest shipping companies in the world today and consider the state of the world's fleet today. Towards the end, we will touch on and try to figure out what kind of future container shipping holds for us, whether bigger ships, higher speeds, different designs or more economically conscious ones will be built.

Naslov ovog završnog rada je „Tehnologija prekrcaja, slaganje i učvršćivanje jedinica tereta na RO-RO brodovima.“ U radu je objašnjen povijesni razvoj RO-RO brodova, njihove karakteristike, kao i osnovna svojstva opreme za ukrcaj i prekrcaj jedinica tereta. Jedna od glavnih značajki svakog RO-RO broda su brodske rampe, jer se sav teret dovozi i odvozi upravo preko njih. Iz tog razloga bitno je naglasiti njihove osnovne karakteristike, ali i razvoj u budućnosti kako bi se poboljšala funkcionalnost RO-RO brodova. Jedinice tereta se mogu slagati na tri različita načina, što je detaljnije objašnjeno u samom radu. Prilikom slaganja i učvršćivanja tereta, od velike je važnosti poznavati osnove stabilnosti kako se ne bi ugrozila sigurnost ne samo tereta, već i cijelog broda. Pri završetku rada dan je primjer razvoja RO-RO brodova u Rapskoj plovidbi d.d., This thesis, titled “The technology of transhipment, stowage, and securing cargo units on Ro-Ro ships“ looks into the historical development of the Ro-Ro vessel, theirs characteristics, and basic features of equipment used in loading and transhipment of cargo units. One of the main features of every Ro-Ro ship are ship pumps, as these pumps are used for loading and unloading all cargo. It is important to emphasize not only the key characteristics of these ships but look into possibilities of further development as well, as to improve their overall functionality in the future. Cargo units can be stowed in three different ways, described more in details in this thesis. Understanding basic stability principles is of key importance during stowing and securing cargo, as to ensure the safety of not only the cargo, but the entire ship, as well. The development of a Ro-Ro ship owned by Rapska plovidba Ltd. is taken as an example at the end of the thesis.

Lakšem načinu rukovanja teretom te smanjenju troškova prijevoza određenih tereta drastično je pridonijela kontejnerizacija. Svi terminali gdje kontejner predstavlja osnovnu jedinicu tereta za odvijanje operacija nazivaju se kontejnerski terminali. Osnovne djelatnosti prilikom rada i operacija na kontejnerskom terminalu sastoje se od manipulacija s kontejnerima tijekom utovara, istovara i pretovara između različitih prijevoznih sredstva kao što su željeznica, brod, kamion ili teglenice. Glavna značajka Ro-Ro tehnologije je teret, Ro-Ro tehnologija danas se javlja kao transport različitih vrsta tereta. Pristan za prihvat Ro-Ro brodova najčešće se sastoji od jednostavne operativne obale ili obalne rampe, što ovisi o izvedbi brodske rampe, dok terminal isključivo namijenjen za ovu vrstu tereta posjeduje interni terminalski transport, otvorene i zatvorene površine, pripadne servise i prostrana parkirališta., Containerization has drastically contributed to the way of handling cargo and to the reduction of transport costs. All terminals where the container represents the basic unit of cargo for carrying out operations are called container terminals. The basic operations at the container terminal consist of manipulations with containers during loading, unloading and transshipment between different means of transport such as rail, ship, truck or barge. The main feature of Ro-Ro technology is cargo, RO-RO technology appears as the transport of various types of cargo. The wharf for receiving ro-ro ships usually consists of a simple operational shore or coastal ramp, which depends of the design of ship ramp. The terminal has internal terminal transport, open and closed areas, ancillary services and spacious parking lots.

U ovom završnom radu govori se o Mjerama opreza pri privezu tankera uz terminal. Privez i odvez broda svakodnevica su većini pomoraca koji rade na tankerima. U radu se posvećuje pažnja svim aspektima sigurnog postupanja u svim procedurama na brodu s naglaskom na privez broda uz terminal. Timski rad neophodan je za funkcioniranje svakog tima i za obavljanje procedure kao što je privez. Dobro poznavanje propisa i zakona umanjuje rizik i mogućnost pogreške. Tankeri prevoze opasan teret, te se kod njih moraju primjenjivati još strože mjere. Također je u radu navedena publikacija ISGOTT koja pokriva većinu procedura vezanih uz tankere. U radu je razrađena nesreća tankera STONE I koja se desila unatoč lošoj procjeni vremenskih uvjeta od strane zapovjednika i terminala., This final paper talks about precautions when mooring tankers next to the terminal. The mooring and unmooring of the ship is the daily routine of most seafarers who work on tankers. The final paper pays attention to all aspects of safe handling in all procedures on bord with emphasis on the mooring of the ship next to the terminal. Teamwork is necessary for any team to function and to perform procedure such as mooring. A good knowledge of regulations and laws reduces the risk and possibility of error. Tankers transport dangerous cargo, and even greater precautions must be applied to them. The ISGOTT publication is also cited in the paper, which covers most procedures related to tankers. The paper elaborates on the accident of tanker STONE I, which happened due to poor assesment of weather conditions by the master and the terminal.

U ovom završnom radu govori se o Ljudskim faktorima i nesrećama na brodu koji rezultira gubitkom ljudskog života. Vrste nesreća na brodu su: vrlo teška pomorska nesreća: pomorska nesreća koja uključuje potpuni gubitak broda, jednu smrt ili ozbiljnu štetu za okoliš; teška pomorska nesreća: pomorska nesreća osim vrlo ozbiljne pomorske nesreće, koja uključuje brod i koja se odnosi na požar, sudar, udar, prizemljenje, oštećenje trupa i opreme na brodu, poplavu brodskih odjeljaka; pomorska nesreća: događaj ili slijed događaja, osim pomorske nesreće, koji se dogodio izravno u vezi s radom broda ugrožavajući njegovu sigurnost ili, ako se ne ispravi, koji bi mogao ugroziti sigurnost broda, njegovih putnika ili bilo koje druge osobe ili okoliš; te teška nesreća: nesreća koju je pretrpjela osoba, zbog čega je osoba nesposobna za rad više od 72 sata, samo u slučaju da se nesreća dogodi u skladu s pomorskom nesrećom koja je zahvatila brod., This final paper discusses Human Factors and Accidents on a Ship that results in the loss of human life. The types of accidents on board are: very severe maritime accident: a maritime accident involving the complete loss of a ship, one death or serious damage to the environment; severe maritime accident: a maritime accident other than a very serious maritime accident involving a ship and involving fire, collision, impact, landing, damage to the hull and equipment on board, flooding of the ship's compartments; maritime accident: an event or sequence of events, other than a maritime accident, which occurred directly in connection with the operation of a ship endangering its safety or, if not corrected, which could endanger the safety of the ship, its passengers or any other person or the environment; and serious accident: an accident suffered by a person, due to which the person is incapable of work for more than 72 hours, only in the event that the accident occurs in accordance with the maritime accident that affected the ship

Stabilnost putničkih brodova pojašnjena je kroz devet poglavlja. Radi što boljeg razumijevanja stabilnosti prvo se spominje povijest i postepena upotreba na brodovima iznimnih veličina. Putnički brodovi su uz stabilnost glavna tema ovog rada, te njihova evolucija kroz zadnjih tri desetljeća. Dodatno su prikazane pojedine zakonitosti i pravila koja su neizostavan dio plovidbe. Objašnjeni su sustavi stabilizacije kao stavka koja pridonosi ugodnosti tijekom plovidbe i njihov doprinos na putničkim brodovima. Također se pridodaje važnost inovativnim rješenjima i napredak tehnologije u pomorskoj industriji. Nekada nezamislive stvari su danas nadohvat ruke i jednostavno prikazane časnicima radi što sigurnije plovidbe. Pomorska industrija od početaka konstantno evoluira i raste, novi izumi i unaprjeđenja nastaju svaki dan, no bez početaka određivanja i postavljanja kriterija stabilnosti današnji razvoj svijeta i pomorstva bio bi nemoguć., Cruise ship stability is simplified throughout nine chapters. For the better understanding of stability, the history of stability and it’s implementation on large ships is explained at the beginning. Along with stability, passenger ships are the main topic of this paper, and their evolution over the last three decades. Buoyancy laws without which navigation is impossible are illustrated in more detail, as well as stabilization systems which contribute to the comfort of passenger ships while at sea. There is also an emphasis on innovative solutions and technological advances in the maritime industry. Things that used to be unimaginable are now within reach of a hand and simply shown on monitors to officers for the safest possible navigation. The maritime industry has been constantly evolving and growing since the beginning, new inventions are created every day, but without the beginnings of determining and setting stability criteria, today’s world and maritime development would be impossible.

Pandemija COVID-19 utjecala je na sve gospodarske sektore na globalnoj razini. U tome nije izuzetak ni međunarodni pomorski promet. Prije pandemije COVID-19 međunarodni pomorski promet bilježio je kontinuirani rast. S pojavom pandemije, smanjena je potražnja za međunarodnim pomorskim prometom. Navedeno smanjenje identificirano je kod svih vrsta međunarodnog pomorskog prijevoza. Pandemija je smanjila i potražnju za novim brodovima kao i općenitu svjetsku flotu brodova. Takve okolnosti međunarodni pomorski promet suočile su s velikim izazovom i potrebom da se pronađu načini za realizaciju međunarodnog pomorskog prometa u uvjetima krize. Pandemija je ukazala i na ranjivost međunarodnog pomorskog prometa i na njegovu zavisnost o brojnim čimbenicima, poput, slobodi kretanja, otvorenosti nacionalnih granica i dr. Posljedično, pandemija je imala i negativne učinke na evaluaciju brodova u prekomorskoj trgovini., The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all economic sectors globally. International maritime transport is no exception. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, international maritime traffic grew steadily. With the onset of the pandemic, the demand for international maritime transport decreased. This reduction has been identified in all types of international maritime transport. The pandemic has also reduced demand for new ships as well as the general world fleet of ships. Such circumstances have faced international maritime transport with a great challenge and the need to find ways to realize international maritime transport in times of crisis. The pandemic also pointed to the vulnerability of international maritime traffic and its dependence on numerous factors, such as freedom of movement, openness of national borders, etc. Consequently, the pandemic had negative effects on the evaluation of ships in overseas trade.

Kontejneri u pomorskom prometu služe za skladištenje i prijevoz dobara/tereta od proizvođača do krajnjeg potrošača. Osim u pomorskom, koriste se u kopnenom, zračnom i željezničkom prijevozu. Njihov dizajn, različite vrste i lakoća upravljanja istima je dodatno pojednostavilo prijevoz robe diljem svijeta. Otprilike 90% dobara u svijetu se prevozi kontejnerima. Prijevoz milijuna različitih tereta kontejnerima preko mora može izgledati jednostavno, no iza vrata jednog kontejnera se krije puno više! Kontejneri su se u posljednjih 20 godina enormno razvili, a radi njih su se gradili veći brodovi pa čak mijenjale i konvencije kako bi se prijevoz istih dodatno poboljšao. Mogućnost zatvaranja i plombiranja kontejnera je dodatno osigurao prijevoz robe, a time i izgradio povjerenje korisnicima. Pomorski transport dobara te kontejnerizacija su postali vrlo važan dio za trgovinu i globalne opskrbne lance., Containers in maritime transport are used for storage and transportation of goods/cargo from the producer to the final consumer. In addition to maritime transport, they are used in land, air and rail transport. Their design, different types and ease of management further simplified the transportation of goods around the world. Approximately 90% of goods in the world are transported via containers. Transporting millions of different cargoes in containers across the sea may seem simple, but there is much more hidden behind the doors of one container! Containers have developed enormously in the last 20 years, and because of them, bigger ships were built and even conventions were changed in order to further improve their transportation. The possibility of closing and sealing the container additionally ensured the transport of goods, thereby building the trust of users. Maritime transport of goods and containerization have become a very important part of trade and global supply chains.

Tema ovoga rada su akutna stanja i bolesti koje se najčešće javljaju u brodskom okruženju. Budući da ih simbolizira relativno brzi nastanak, potrebna je pravovremena reakcija ovlaštenoga člana posade kako bi se posljedice smanjile ili u potpunosti spriječile. U radu je detaljno objašnjen niz akutnih stanja i njihova manifestacija na čovjekov organizam, a detaljnije su obrađena u trećem poglavlju. Također, istaknuta je odgovornost kompanije na uzastopnom praćenju i provjeravanju znanja članova posade kao i sustavnom provođenju istih. S obzirom da se lijekovi vrlo često mijenjaju, u šestom poglavlju detaljno su opisani medikamenti te njihovo doziranje i primjena uz moguće kontraindikacije na pacijenta., The main topics of this labour are acute conditions and diseases that are most likely to appear on board the ship. As they are symbolized by rapid emergence, quick reaction by authorized crew member is needed in order to reduce repercussions or to prevent them completely. Series of acute diseases and their manifestation on human organism are explained in the third chapter. Company’s responsibility of the consecutive monitoring and checking knowledge is also explained as well as their systematic implementation. As medications are often changed, sixth chapter of this labour explains all details about medications, how to apply medications, right dosage and potential contraindications that may appear to the patient.

Početkom korištenja prirodnog plina kao goriva dolazi do potrebe za LNG brodovima, koji pružaju najefikasniji prijevoz od mjesta nalazišta do potrošača. U ovom završnom radu obrađivat će se povijesni razvoj takvih brodova te kako oni izgledaju danas. U početku su to bili prenamijenjeni brodovi za prijevoz rasutog tereta, danas su to vrlo moderni brodovi građeni prema SOLAS konvenciji (International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea – SOLAS) sa sigurnosnim sustavima kao što je ESD (Emergency shutdown) kako bi imali maksimalnu sigurnost sa stajališta posade i okoliša. Posada je posebno uvježbana prema STCW konvenciji (International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers - STCW)., With the start of the use of natural gas as fuel, there is a need for LNG ships, which provide the most efficient transport form site to the consumer. This project will deal with the historical development of such ships and how they look today. Initially these were converted bulk carriers, today they are very modern ships built according to SOLAS convention with safety systems such as ESD to have maximum safety from point of view pf the crew and the environment. The crew is specially trained according to STCW convention.

Turizam spada u najdinamičnije gospodarske grane i predstavlja skup odnosa i pojava koje se događaju prilikom doticaja turista s turističkom destinacijom. Turizam je snažan čimbenik gospodarskog razvoja, a ujedno je i najsnažnija grana hrvatskog gospodarstva. Održivi razvoj je tip razvoja koji ispunjava aktualne potrebe društva uzimajući u obzir potrebe budućih generacija. Održivi razvoj jamči ravnotežu između društva, ekonomije i ekologije. Održivi turizam uspostavlja ravnotežu između ostvarivanja profita i očuvanja okoliša. Održivi turizam donosi boljitak lokalnoj zajednici, uspostavlja društvenu pravednost, čuva prirodnu, povijesnu i kulturnu baštinu, štiti okoliš i koristi resurse na pravi način. Integralno upravljanje obalnim područjem (IUOP) je stalni proces koji implementira održivi razvoj, čuva obalne prostore i njihovu bioraznolikost. Svrha IUOP-a je ukloniti sve prijetnje koje proizlaze iz trendova neodrživog razvoja. Grad Zadar je izvrstan primjer održivog razvoja. Glavni cilj održivog razvoja turizma u gradu Zadru je zaštita bogate kulturno-povijesne baštine i stabilan turistički rast., Tourism is one of the most dynamic industries and is a set of relationships and phenomena that occur when tourists come into contact with a tourist destination. Tourism is a strong factor in economic development. At the same time, tourism is the strongest branch of the Croatian economy. Sustainable development is a type of development that meets the current needs of society, considering the needs of future generations. Sustainable development guarantees a balance between society, economy and ecology. Sustainable tourism strikes a balance between making a profit and preserving the environment. Sustainable tourism benefits the local community, establishes social justice, preserves natural, historical and cultural heritage, protects the environment and uses resources in the right way. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is an ongoing process that implements sustainable development, preserves coastal areas and their biodiversity. The purpose of ICZM is to remove all threats arising from unsustainable development trends. The city of Zadar is an excellent example of sustainable development. The main goal of sustainable tourism development in the city of Zadar is the protection of rich cultural and historical heritage and stable tourist growth.

U ovom diplomskom radu se definira obalno područje te su prikazane karakteristike i problematika tog područja. Prikazan je međunarodni okvir za integralno upravljanje obalnim područjem putem programa Ujedinjenih Naroda za okoliš. Navedena su određena rješenja kroz menadžment, opisano je planiranje strategije te su navedeni opći čimbenici uspjeha i neuspjeha kod upravljanja obalnim područjem. Također, prikazan je Plan integralnog upravljanja obalnim područjem Šibensko-kninske županije. Nadalje, navedeni su metodologija i ciljevi izrade plana. Za sami plan su prikazani: vizija, mogući scenariji, struktura plana, politike i mjere upravljanja kao i prijedlozi sustava upravljanja., This master's thesis defines the coastal area and presents the characteristics and issues of the area. The international framework for integrated coastal management through the United Nations Environment Programme is presented. Certain solutions are listed through management, strategy planning is described and general factors of success and failure in coastal management are listed. Also, the Plan of integrated management of the coastal area of Šibenik-knin county is presented. Furthermore, the methodology and objectives of the drafting of the plan are given. For the plan itself are listed: the vision, possible scenarios, the structure of the plan, policies and management measures as well as proposals for a management system are attached.