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Aquatic organisms that inhabit coastal areas are often exposed to several contaminants. It is known that the bioaccumulation of contaminants can be amplified according to the species feeding habits and contaminant properties. As a consequence, species can experience different effects to contaminant exposure even if they inhabit the same area. The present study aimed to investigate the activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA), Ca2+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase in different tissues (soft tissue, mantle, and gill) of three mollusk species (Lottia subrugosa, Stramonita brasiliensis, and Crassostrea brasiliana) with different feeding habits (herbivore, carnivore, and filter-feeder, respectively) which were sampled within a known contamination gradient at Santos Estuarine System (Southeastern Brazil). From the three enzymes tested, only CA was affected by the presence of contaminants within the contamination gradient evaluated. In general, the CA activity from the three species were lower in contaminated sites when compared to the reference site. The contrasting CA activity response observed in S. brasiliensis compared to L. subrugosa and C. brasiliana could be related to the tissue-specificity of this enzyme activity and species feeding habits (filter-feeders can accumulate more contaminants than herbivores and even carnivores). Results indicated that C. brasiliana mantle is the most suitable tissue for the use of CA analysis as a biomarker.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:55:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-07-01 Catch-and-release (C&R) angling is rapidly increasing in many tropical countries. In South America, the common wolf fish Hoplias malabaricus (also named as “trahira”) has a widespread distribution and is highly targeted by C&R anglers. However, no data about C&R effects on the species are available. Thus, hook injuries, reflex impairment, and physiological parameters relative to C&R angling were quantified in individuals of H. malabaricus submitted to minimum fight time (control; treatment 1) and air exposed for 30 and 60 s (treatments 2 and 3, respectively). Most fish (n = 46) were hooked in non-critical locations, while 14 had wounds at critical locations. Forty-three of the 60 fish caught exhibited reflex impairment, but without statistical differences among the control and the air exposed groups. Fish weight had significant contribution to reflex impairment, which individuals with smaller weight had a higher impairment of reflexes than heavier individuals. No differences in physiological parameters (glucose, lactate, K+, osmolality) were found between the treatments. Plasma concentrations of Na+ increased in relation to air exposure, while differences in plasma concentration of K+ were related to fish weight. These findings suggest that H. malabaricus is resilient to C&R angling when fight and handling times are short, but that smallest individuals are more susceptible to reflex impairment, especially in warmer waters. The low levels of basal glucose presented by H. malabaricus revealed to be an important information when evaluating the effects of the C&R on fish species tolerant to hypoxia, once could lead to bias in data interpretation and, consequently, in C&R evaluation. Thus, anglers and fisheries managers need to be aware this information, in order to support sustainable C&R angling of H. malabaricus (and also for its congeners) while increasing environmental awareness and stimulating recreational fishing tourism in South America. Laboratory of Biology of Marine and Coastal Organisms (LABOMAC) Universidade Santa Cecília (UNISANTA) UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista Campus Experimental de Registro Curso de Graduação em Engenharia de Pesca UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista Campus do Litoral Paulista Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade de Ambientes Costeiros Instituto de Tecnologia para o Desenvolvimento – Lactec UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista Campus Experimental de Registro Curso de Graduação em Engenharia de Pesca UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista Campus do Litoral Paulista Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade de Ambientes Costeiros

Changes in environmental conditions in aquatic ecosystems caused by anthropic actions can modify the composition of primary producers, promoting the excessive proliferation of cyanobacteria. These organisms can form cyanobacterial blooms, which directly affect aquatic life. The present study investigated the mutagenicity of the cyanobacterium Sphaerospermopsis torques-reginae (strain ITEP-024), guanitoxin-producing (natural organophosphate), and sublethal effects on fish in relevant environment concentrations. For this, the Ames test (Salmonella/microsome) was performed as a mutagenic assay for extracts of the ITEP-024 strain. Specimens of Oreochromis niloticus (Teleostei: Cichlidae) were subjected to acute 96 h exposure to different concentrations of aqueous extract of the strain: C = control group; T1 = 31.25 mg/L; T2 = 62.5 mg/L; T3 = 125 mg/L; and T4 = 250 mg/L. Genotoxic, biochemical, osmoregulatory, and physiologic biomarkers were analyzed. Our results showed that the cyanobacterium had a weak mutagenic response for the TA102 strain of Salmonella with and without metabolic activation by S9. Strains TA98 and TA100 were not affected. Fish from treatments T3 and T4 showed changes in oxidative stress (CAT, SOD, and GST enzymes), inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase activity, micronucleus formation, and osmoregulatory disorders. No guanitoxin accumulation was detected in the different tissues of O. niloticus by LC-MS/MS. Our results showed unprecedented mutagenicity data of the guanitoxin-producing cyanobacteria by the Ames test and biochemical, osmoregulatory, and genotoxic disorders in fish, providing efficient aquatic contamination biomarkers. Despite the great concern related to the presence of guanitoxin in blooms in freshwater ecosystems, its concentration is not yet regulated, and thus there is no monitoring agenda in current legislation.

Oil and derivatives are essential to supply human demand for energy. Despite the significant increase in security measures to avoid accidental spills, the impacts of these pollutants to the aquatic environment are still substantial. It is therefore crucial to study and understand the main effects of these substances on the aquatic organisms and how the water chemistry can influence the bioavailability and toxicity of these compounds. This is essential information for the aquatic biodiversity and sustainability of aquaculture. This chapter addresses how environmental contamination by oil and derivatives can impair fish, mollusk, and crustacean health and, as a consequence, the productivity of aquaculture and the farmed aquatic animal quality.

Studies have shown that shell morphology and enzymatic activities in mollusks are affected by contaminants exposure. However, the correlation between enzymatic activities and the biomineralization process are not fully understood. The present study used a transplant bioassay and field sampling to evaluate shell measurements and the activities of carbonic anhydrase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase in Lottia subrugosa sampled in Brazilian sites under different contamination levels. Results showed that, in general, shells from the reference site (Palmas) were more rounded than the ones from the contaminated site (Balsa). Effects in enzymatic activities in specimens from transplant bioassay were attributed to the known high contaminant levels present at Balsa. While the lack of enzymatic activity alterations during field sampling was attributed to physiological adaptation to contaminants exposure. Enzymatic activities were not correlated to shell biometric parameters in field sampling, indicating that these enzymes were not related to shell alterations detected in the present study.

Studies accounting the ichthyofauna composition of the Santos-São Vincente estuary-bay and Bertioga channel complex (SSEBBC) are scarce, even with its high ecological and economical importance. In this sense, the present study performed a checklist of the ichthyofauna from the SSEBBC aiming to report the distribution, diet, habitat, economic importance, and conservation status of the collected fish species. Twenty-four (24) monthly collecting campaigns were conducted between March 2013 and February 2015. In each survey, four locations around Bagres Island were sampled with the aid of gill nets with standardized effort. Dead fish specimens were also collected during the accidental fire that occurs on the Terminal Químico de Aratú S.A. (TEQUIMAR) between April 2nd and 10th of 2015. A total of 172 fish specimens were collected, where 50.6% were carnivorous; 35.5% were marine-estuarine; 44.2% with high occidental Atlantic Ocean distribution; 44.8% were a high important food resource. Regarding the conservation status, these fish species were classified as “low-worries” in 76.2% for the global evaluation; 95.3% in national evaluation; and 55.2% in São Paulo State evaluation. Moreover, 53 new fish species were catalogued for the Santos-São Vincente estuary-bay, where 12 were collected during the field monitoring and 41 during the fire monitoring. Fifty-eight (58) fish species collected during the field campaigns were categorized like “insufficient data”; 3 as alien species (Oreochromis niloticus, Opsanus beta e Butis koilomatodon); and there was a rare record of Megalops atlanticus in São Paulo State. Besides of the high anthropization, the studied area presented high fish species richness and should be monitored to ensure the fish species conservation status. A pesar de la importancia ecológica y económica del complejo bahía-estuario Santos-São Vicente y del canal Bertioga, los estudios sobre la composición de la ictiofauna en la región alta del complejo son aún incipientes. Así, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo enumerar las especies de peces en la región del estuario alto de Santos-São Vicente, informando la distribución, dieta, tipos de hábitats, importancia económica y estado de conservación. Para lograr este objetivo, se realizaron 24 campañas mensuales entre marzo de 2013 y febrero de 2015, en cuatro puntos diferentes, utilizando una red de espera con un esfuerzo de captura estandarizado. También se recolectaron peces muertos durante el incendio que afectó al Terminal Químico de Aratú S.A. (TEQUIMAR) entre el 2 y el 10 de abril de 2015. En total se registraron 172 especies, predominantemente carnívoras (50,6%), marino-estuarinas (35, 5%), con amplia distribución en el Atlántico Occidental (44,2%), con importancia económica para la alimentación (44,8%) y categorizada como “poca preocupación” en el global (76,2%), nacional (95,3%) y estatal (55,2%). El presente estudio registró 53 especies aún no catalogadas para el estuario alto de Santos-São Vicente, 12 por monitoreo y 41 por incendio. También se observaron 58 especies categorizadas como "datos deficientes" y tres especies exóticas (Oreochromis niloticus, Opsanus beta y Butis koilomatodon), además de un registro raro de Megalops atlanticus en el estado de São Paulo. A pesar de la alta antropización, el área de estudio tiene una gran riqueza de peces y debe ser monitoreada adecuadamente para asegurar la conservación de las especies. Apesar da importância ecológica e econômica do complexo baía-estuário de Santos-São Vicente e canal de Bertioga, ainda são incipientes os estudos sobre a composição da ictiofauna na região alta do complexo. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo listar as espécies de peixes da região do alto estuário de Santos-São Vicente, relatando a distribuição, dieta, tipos de habitats, importância econômica e status de conservação. Para cumprir este objetivo foram realizadas 24 campanhas mensais entre março de 2013 e fevereiro de 2015, em quatro pontos distintos, utilizando rede de espera com esforço de captura padronizado. Também foram recolhidos peixes mortos durante o incêndio que acometeu o Terminal Químico de Aratú S.A. (TEQUIMAR) entre 2 e 10 de abril de 2015. No total, foram registradas 172 espécies, predominantemente carnívoras (50,6%), marinha-estuarinas (35,5%), com ampla distribuição no Oceano Atlântico Ocidental (44,2%), com importância econômica para alimentação (44,8%) e categorizadas como “pouco preocupante” na avaliação global (76,2%), nacional (95,3%) e estadual (55,2%). O presente estudo registrou 53 espécies ainda não catalogadas para o alto estuário de Santos-São Vicente, sendo 12 através do monitoramento e 41 do incêndio. Também foram observadas 58 espécies categorizadas como “dados deficientes” e três espécies exóticas (Oreochromis niloticus, Opsanus beta e Butis koilomatodon), além de um raro registro de Megalops atlanticus no estado de São Paulo. Apesar da elevada antropização, a área de estudo apresenta uma grande riqueza de peixes e deve ser monitorada adequadamente para garantir a conservação das espécies.

A externalização de órgãos internos em peixes tem sido registrada ao longo do tempo na literatura científica. Grande parte dos registros está relacionada à eversão ou protrusão do estômago e/ou intestino, devido principalmente ao barotrauma. Porém uma pequena parcela dos registros é referente a diversas causas naturais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo registrar a ocorrência de um raro evento de eversão vaginal na raia anã espinhosa Psammobatis rutrum. Em 15/06/2020 três exemplares (2 fêmeas e 1 macho) foram capturados como fauna acompanhante da pesca de parelha nas proximidades da Barra de Santos SP, com profundidade média de 27 metros. Dentre eles, uma exemplar fêmea apresentava uma protrusão via abertura cloacal. Através de necropsia, avaliação comparativa e estudo das vias reprodutivas foi identificado que o órgão externalizado era a parede vaginal. Embora existam muitos registros de externalização de órgãos de Elasmobranchii, principalmente relacionados ao comportamento natural de eversão do estômago e intestino, apenas um registro deste tipo de evento foi reportado para órgão reprodutivo. Não foi possível identificar a causa da eversão vaginal, porém tal evento está associado a um quadro de prolapso pélvico, que pode ter sido intensificado por causas naturais ou devido a captura.

Many cities worldwide are established adjacent to estuaries and their catchments resulting in estuarine contamination due to intense anthropogenic activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate if fish living in an estuarine urban waterway were affected by contamination, via the measurement of a suite of biomarkers of fish health. Black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) were sampled in a small urban embayment and a suite of biomarkers of fish health measured. These were condition factor (CF), liver somatic index (LSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatic EROD activity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) biliary metabolites, serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (s-SDH) and branchial enzymes cytochrome C oxidase (CCO), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities. The biomarkers of exposure EROD activity, and pyrene- and B(a)P-type biliary metabolites confirmed current or recent exposure of the fish and that fish were metabolizing contaminants. Relative to a reference site, LSI was higher in fish collected in the urban inlet as was the metabolic enzyme LDH activity. CF, GSI, s-SDH, CCO, and naphthalene-type metabolites were at similar levels in the urban inlet relative to the reference site. PAH biliary metabolite ratios of high-molecular-weight to low-molecular-weight suggest that fish from the urban inlet were exposed to pyrogenic PAHs, likely from legacy contamination and road runoff entering the embayment. Similarly, the sediment PAH ratios and the freshness indices suggested legacy contamination of a pyrogenic source, likely originating from the adjacent historic gasworks site and a degree of contamination of petrogenic nature entering the inlet via storm water discharge. Biomarkers of exposure and effect confirmed that black bream collected in the Claisebrook Cove inlet, Western Australia, are currently exposed to contamination and are experiencing metabolic perturbations not observed in fish collected at a nearby reference site.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:07:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-02-01 Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos Here we explore the dose-dependent response of the tropical fish tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) to intraperitoneal injection of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) at doses of 0 (carrier control), 1, 10, 100 and 1000 μmolar BaP Kg−1 Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity showed a bell-shaped dose-dependent response curve, where the highest injected BaP dose caused enzyme inactivation. Activities of hepatic catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased at the highest dose relative to the carrier control group. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), serum-sorbitol dehydrogenase (s-SDH) and DNA damage in blood cells were higher for all BaP doses when compared to the carrier control group. At high dosage, the production of BaP metabolites was paralleled by induced activity of the antioxidant enzyme SOD, and high levels of DNA damage in blood cells. In a similar way, high LPO was concomitant to elevated s-SDH in the bloodstream, suggesting that lipid peroxidation caused the loss of membrane integrity and leakage of s-SDH from hepatocytes into the bloodstream. These biomarkers were also positively co-correlated. The results demonstrate the potential use of a suite of biomarkers for tambaqui living in contaminated tropical aquatic environments. In particular, we recommend the analysis of DNA damage in blood cells, as this was highly correlated with all other biomarkers. Brazilian National Institute for Research in the Amazon Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Ave André Araújo 2936 Biosciences Institute São Paulo State University − UNESP Coastal Campus, Pça Infante Dom Henrique s/n°, P.O. Box 73601, São Vicente Department of Environment and Agriculture Curtin University, P.O. Box U1987 Biosciences Institute São Paulo State University − UNESP Coastal Campus, Pça Infante Dom Henrique s/n°, P.O. Box 73601, São Vicente

The present work aimed to investigate the effects of acute (12, 24, 48 and 96 h) and subchronic (168 and 336 h) exposure of seahorse, Hippocampus reidi to water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of diesel fuel on biotransformation parameters, antioxidant defenses and DNA integrity. In addition, a recovery experiment was performed, where the organisms remained in absence of the contaminant for 336 h, after WAF exposure for 168 h (totaling 504 h). At the end of each experimental protocol, the concentration of pyrene-, benzo(a)pyrene- and naphthalene-type metabolites in bile, hepatic activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), as well as lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in hepatocytes, were analyzed, in addition to the DNA damage and the micronucleus (MN) test in the peripheral blood. It was observed that both acute and subchronic WAF exposure affected the investigated parameters in different ways. In general, the exposed groups presented higher mean values for the investigated parameters if compared with their respective controls. After the recovery experiment, the mean values of PAH metabolites, LPO, DNA damage and MN frequency were significantly lower than those of animals exposed for 168 h, indicating that the recovery period was appropriately long for the evaluated biomarkers return to the control levels. The results indicated that the selected H. reidi biomarkers proved to be adequate and complementary tools in determining the first impacts of acute and subchronic exposure caused by WAF of diesel fuel in fish, as well as their recovery in clean water.

Hoplosternum littorale is an Amazon fish that lives in urban areas surrounded by polluted igarapes, where elevated copper concentrations eventually occur. The central goal of this study was to evaluate the associated effects of high temperature and copper contamination on survival time and biochemical responses of the Amazonian fish species H. littorale. We exposed fish to two nominal dissolved copper concentrations (50 and 500 µg l−1) and combined temperatures of 28 and 34°C. Our findings showed that the combination of these variables affects the survival time of this species. The activity of the biotransformation enzymes ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and glutathione-S-transferase showed no alterations in fish within all treatments. The increase of reactive oxygen species and the decrease in potential total antioxidant capacity promoted the imbalance in the antioxidant system. An induction in superoxide dismutase activity occurred in fish exposed to copper concentrations of 50 and 500 µg l−1 at both temperatures, suggesting liver impairments. Thus, we suggest that H. littorale is sensitive to copper, and this sensitivity is increased further with exposure to high temperatures, particularly in the survival time and reactive oxygen species formation of this fish species.

Given the reported degraded nature of DOC in the Rio Negro, and low oxygen, pH, and bacterial riverine levels, we hypothesized: (1) DOC would have strong humic and fulvic acid fluorescence signals with high aromaticity and large mean molecular weight; and (2) photo-oxidation rates would be slow, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations low, producing no oxidative stress in biota. We surveyed the environment and properties of DOC and explored DOC photo-oxidation and fish sensitivity to DOC products. DOC properties were investigated using absorption and fluorescence indices and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) of excitation–emission matrices. ROS concentrations were measured spectrophotometrically. A native fish, Hemigrammus levis, was exposed to photo-oxidizing DOC and its tissues (brain, gill, liver) assayed for changes in antioxidant and biotransformation enzymes. With respect to our hypotheses, (1) DOC was highly terrigenous, with high SAC340 values (aromaticity), high capacity to produce ROS, and high tryptophan-like fluorescence (bacterial, autochthonous signal); (2) photo-oxidation rates were appreciable, while products were related to mean UV-radiation levels (total radiation was constant). ROS levels were often higher than freshwater averages, yet fish experienced no oxidative stress. Results suggest photo-oxidation influences patterns in C-cycling, bacterial production and community dynamics between wet and dry seasons.

The evolutionary transition from water-breathing to air-breathing involved not only a change in function of the organs of respiratory gas exchange and N-waste excretion, but also in the organs of ion uptake from the environment. A combination of in vivo and in vitro techniques was used to look at the relative importance of the gills versus the gut in Na(+), Cl(-), and K(+) balance in two closely related erythrinid species: a facultative air-breather, the jeju (Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus) and an obligate water-breather, the traira (Hoplias malabaricus). The jeju has a well-vascularized physostomous swimbladder, while that in the traira is poorly vascularized, but the gills are much larger. Both species are native to the Amazon and are common in the ion-poor, acidic blackwaters of the Rio Negro. Under fasting conditions, the traira was able to maintain positive net Na(+) and Cl(-) balance in this water, and only slightly negative net K(+) balance. However, the jeju was in negative net balance for all three ions and had lower plasma Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations, despite exhibiting higher branchial Na(+), K(+)ATPase and v-type H(+)ATPase activities. In the intestine, activities of these same enzymes were also higher in the jeju, and in vitro measurements of net area-specific rates of Na(+), Cl(-), and K(+) absorption, as well as the overall intestinal absorption capacities for these three ions, were far greater than in the traira. When acutely exposed to disturbances in water O2 levels (severe hypoxia ~15% or hyperoxia ~420% saturation), gill ionoregulation was greatly perturbed in the traira but less affected in the jeju, which could "escape" the stressor by voluntarily air-breathing. We suggest that a shift of ionoregulatory capacity from the gills to the gut may have occurred in the evolutionary transition to air-breathing in jeju, and in consequence branchial ionoregulation, while less powerful, is also less impacted by variations in water O2 levels.

The contamination of waterbodies is a worldwide concern due to the increasing urbanization and industrialization of the cities without good effluent management. Touristic cities can suffer with the number of people during high seasons periods, which can lead to an elevated use of natural resources and effluents discharges. Moreover, raining seasons, either high or low, can also play an important role in contaminating waterbodies once a dilution or concentration of contaminants may take place. The present study evaluated the water quality of the Tejereba River (Guarujá, Brazil) during the high season (January) and low season (March and May) in 2018. Reduction in water quality was observed in May, a month with low pluviosity and low tourism. The integrated data analysis (PCA) showed a positive correlation between the physicochemical parameters and the month of May, in which they were negatively correlated with pluviosity and the percentage of tourists. Despite the deterioration of water quality in May, no toxicity to Daphnia magna was observed. Our work showed that water quality (physicochemical and microbiological parameters), during the studied months, is more related to raining seasons than to the presence of tourists in Guarujá, Brazil. La contaminación de los cuerpos del agua es una preocupación mundial debido a la creciente urbanización y industrialización de las ciudades sin una buena gestión de los efluentes. Las ciudades turísticas pueden sufrir por la cantidad de personas mientras los períodos de temporada alta, lo que puede conducir a un alto uso de los recursos naturales y descarga de efluentes. Además, las temporadas de lluvias, sean altas o bajas, también pueden jugar un papel importante en la contaminación de los cuerpos del agua, ya que pueden producirse diluciones o concentraciones de contaminantes. El presente trabajo evaluó la calidad del agua del río Tejereba (Guarujá, Brasil) durante la temporada alta (enero) y temporada baja (marzo y mayo) en 2018. La reducción de la calidad del agua se observó en mayo, un mes de escasas precipitaciones y escaso turismo. El análisis integrado de datos (PCA) mostró una correlación positiva entre los parámetros físico-químicos y el mes de mayo, en el que se correlacionaron negativamente con las precipitaciones y el porcentaje de turistas. A pesar del deterioro de la calidad del agua en mayo, no se observó toxicidad para Daphnia magna. Nuestro trabajo mostró que la calidad del agua (parámetros físico-químicos y microbiológicos) en los meses evaluados está más relacionada con las temporadas de lluvias que con la presencia de turistas en la ciudad de Guarujá, Brasil. A contaminação de corpos d'água é uma preocupação mundial devido à crescente urbanização e industrialização das cidades sem um bom gerenciamento de efluentes. As cidades turísticas podem sofrer com o número de pessoas durante os períodos de alta temporada, o que pode levar a um elevado uso de recursos naturais e lançamento de efluentes. Além disso, as estações chuvosas, sejam altas ou baixas, também podem desempenhar um papel importante na contaminação de corpos d'água, uma vez que pode ocorrer diluição ou concentração de contaminantes. O presente trabalho avaliou a qualidade da água do rio Tejereba (Guarujá, Brasil) durante os períodos turísticos de alta (janeiro) e baixa temporada, (março e maio) no ano de 2018. A redução da qualidade da água foi observada em maio, mês de baixa pluviosidade e baixo turismo. A análise integrada de dados (PCA) mostrou correlação positiva entre os parâmetros físico-químicos e o mês de maio, na qual se correlacionaram negativamente com a pluviosidade e o percentual de turistas. Apesar da deterioração da qualidade da água em maio, nenhuma toxicidade para Daphnia magna foi observada. Nosso trabalho mostrou que a qualidade da água (parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos), nos meses estudados, está mais relacionada às estações chuvosas do que à presença de turistas na cidade de Guarujá, Brasil.

Os impactos da visitação compreendem toda ação humana direta que provoque dano ao meio natural, relacionada ao comportamento inadequado do visitante ou aos problemas de planejamento para a demanda de uso. Portanto, o objetivo foi avaliar os possíveis impactos causados pela visitação de duas trilhas principais (Costão e Deserta), localizadas na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Barra do Una, durante o verão (alta visitação) e no outono (baixa visitação) de 2017. Para isso, as trilhas Costão e Deserta foram seccionadas, sendo respectivamente estabelecidos 4 e 10 pontos, onde foram avaliados indicadores de impactos físicos, biológicos e sociais por meio do método Visitor Impact Management. Os achados demonstraram, em ambas as trilhas, uma redução nos impactos relacionados aos problemas de drenagem, ao serem comparadas as estações do verão com o outono. A presença de lixo na trilha da Deserta na estação do outono foi menor quando comparada ao verão, enquanto os danos aos recursos naturais na trilha do Costão foram maiores no outono que no verão. Embora as trilhas estudadas estejam localizadas em uma Unidade de Conservação, a ausência de controle de visitação pública, assim como a falta de infraestrutura colaboram de forma negativa, resultando em danos de diferentes gravidades. Por fim, as ações propostas no presente estudo, como trilha guiada com monitor ambiental, controle de visitação pública, instalação de corrimãos, degraus e placas podem ser benéficas para reduzir e/ou reverter os impactos encontrados em ambas as trilhas.

The present study aimed to evaluate the biometric and hematological indices in Mugil curema collected in two Neotropical estuaries in the south coast of Brazil, and to investigate if such variables can be influenced by seasonality and degree of anthropogenic influence. Differences between seasons and estuarine systems were observed, where the dissolved oxygen and salinity, together with the historical contamination of the Santos estuarine system (SES), seem to play an important role in the biological response. Fish from the SES presented, in general, high responses of the hematological variables (red and white series) and the hepatosomatic index, relative to those fish from Peruibe estuarine system (PES), even with the remote contamination present at PES, while no erythrocytic abnormalities or micronucleus were observed in fish collected at SES and PES in both seasons. The present work demonstrated that M. curema collected at SES are experiencing hematological and metabolic perturbations that are not observed in fish collected at PES.

To assess how the quality and properties of the natural dissolved organic carbon (DOC) could drive different effects on gill physiology, we analysed the ionoregulatory responses of a native Amazonian fish species, the tambaqui Colossoma macropomum, to the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC; 10 mg l-1 ) at both pH 7.0 and pH 4.0 in ion-poor water. The DOC was isolated from black water from Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira (SGC) in the upper Rio Negro of the Amazon (Brazil) that earlier been shown to protect a non-native species, zebrafish Danio rerio against low pH under similar conditions. Transepithelial potential (TEP), net flux rates of Na+ , Cl- and ammonia and their concentrations in plasma and Na+ , K+ ATPase; v-type H+ ATPase and carbonic anhydrase activities in gills were measured. The presence of DOC had negligible effects at pH 7.0 apart from lowering the TEP, but it prevented the depolarization of TEP that occurred at pH 4.0 in the absence of DOC. However, contrary to our initial hypothesis, SGC DOC was not protective against the effects of low pH. Colossoma macropomum exposed to SGC DOC at pH 4.0 experienced greater net Na+ and Cl- losses, decreases of Na+ and Cl- concentrations in plasma and elevated plasma ammonia levels and excretion rates, relative to those exposed in the absence of DOC. Species-specific differences and changes in DOC properties during storage are discussed as possible factors influencing the effectiveness of SGC DOC in ameliorating the effects of the acid exposure.

We examined whether oxidative damage and antioxidant responses are more likely to occur during hypoxia or re-oxygenation in hypoxia-tolerant fish, and whether there is an influence of the rate of re-oxygenation. An hypoxia/re-oxygenation experiment using wild-caught Cyphocharax abramoides (Rio Negro, Brazil), was designed to answer these questions. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), a measure of oxidative damage, and antioxidant activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP)), were measured in brain, gill and liver tissues after normoxia, 3-h hypoxia (2.7 kPa), and 3-h hypoxia followed by 1-h or 3-h re-oxygenation, implemented either immediately or slowly (3.0 kPa·h −1 ). Critical oxygen tension of routine oxygen consumption rate (Pcrit) (4.1 kPa) and the P O2 at loss of equilibrium (LOE) (1.7 kPa) were determined to set the experimental hypoxia exposure. The Regulation Index, a measure of oxyregulation with declining P O2 , was 0.32. Oxidative damage occurred during hypoxia: no additional damage was observed during re-oxygenation. Tissues responded differentially. GPx and MDA rose in the brain and gills, and SOD (and likely GPx) in the liver during hypoxia. Antioxidants increased further at LOE. Rate of oxygen increase during re-oxygenation did not affect antioxidant responses. In brain and gills, GPx and MDA decreased or recovered after 1-h re-oxygenation. In liver, SOD remained high and GPx increased. In summary, C. abramoides incurred oxidative damage during hypoxic exposure with no additional damage inflicted during re-oxygenation: the rate of re-oxygenation was inconsequential. Literature data support conclusion of greater damage during hypoxia than during re-oxygenation in hypoxia-tolerant fish.

Many cities worldwide are established adjacent to estuaries and their catchments resulting in estuarine contamination due to intense anthropogenic activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate if fish living in an estuarine urban waterway were affected by contamination, via the measurement of a suite of biomarkers of fish health. Black bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri) were sampled in a small urban embayment and a suite of biomarkers of fish health measured. These were condition factor (CF), liver somatic index (LSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatic EROD activity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) biliary metabolites, serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (s-SDH) and branchial enzymes cytochrome C oxidase (CCO), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities. The biomarkers of exposure EROD activity, and pyrene- and B(a)P-type biliary metabolites confirmed current or recent exposure of the fish and that fish were metabolizing contaminants. Relative to a reference site, LSI was higher in fish collected in the urban inlet as was the metabolic enzyme LDH activity. CF, GSI, s-SDH, CCO, and naphthalene-type metabolites were at similar levels in the urban inlet relative to the reference site. PAH biliary metabolite ratios of high-molecular-weight to low-molecular-weight suggest that fish from the urban inlet were exposed to pyrogenic PAHs, likely from legacy contamination and road runoff entering the embayment. Similarly, the sediment PAH ratios and the freshness indices suggested legacy contamination of a pyrogenic source, likely originating from the adjacent historic gasworks site and a degree of contamination of petrogenic nature entering the inlet via storm water discharge. Biomarkers of exposure and effect confirmed that black bream collected in the Claisebrook Cove inlet, Western Australia, are currently exposed to contamination and are experiencing metabolic perturbations not observed in fish collected at a nearby reference site.

Increasing and constant pollution is causing continuous environmental damage in marine and freshwater aquatic environments. Both environments are constantly subject to pollution caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To study all levels of responses provoked by contaminants, we propose that fish are excellent models. The tambaqui is an important freshwater fish endemic from the Orinoco and Amazon River Basins. In the presence of PAHs and other crude oil components, this fish accumulates PAH metabolites in the bile and presents genotoxic effects in its red blood cells. These responses are dose-dependent. Tambaqui also present changes in biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes, which are considered great bioindicators for the evaluation of PAH contamination. In the marine environment, the seahorses are usually found in estuarine and coastal environments, such as reefs, bays, seaweed banks and seagrass. Genotoxic effects are also observed in seahorse exposed to PAHs, with a significant relationship between DNA damage and increased crude oil concentration. Regarding biochemical responses, the seahorse presents decreased levels of GST in a dose-dependent manner. This fish also presents gill histopathological alterations and the damages observed were classified as defense or compensatory responses. Both tambaqui and seahorse are considered excellent bioindicators for PAH contamination since they are extremely responsive to these organic strong pollutants.

This study evaluates the contaminants in water and their bioaccumulation in the gills and liver of two ecologically distinct fish species, Astyanax fasciatus and Pimelodus maculatus, living in the reservoir of the Furnas hydroelectric power station located in Minas Gerais in the southeastern Brazil. The histological alterations in these organs are also examined. Water and fish were collected in June and December from five sites (site 1: FU10, site 2: FU20, site 3: FU30, site 4: FU40 and site 5: FU50) in the reservoir, and agrochemicals and metals selected based on their use in the field crops surrounding the reservoir were analyzed in the water and in the fish gills and livers. The concentrations of the organochlorines aldrin/dieldrin, endosulfan and heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide as well as the metals copper, chromium, iron and zinc in the gills and livers of both fish species were higher in June than in December; the liver accumulated higher concentrations of contaminants than the gills. The organochlorine metolachlor was detected only in the liver. The histological pattern of changes was similar in both species with regard to contaminant accumulation in the gills and liver. Fish from FU10, the least contaminated site, exhibited normal gill structure and moderate to heavy liver damage. Fish collected at FU20 to FU50, which were contaminated with organochlorines and metals, showed slight to moderate gill damage in June and irreparable liver damage in the livers in June and December. The histological changes in the gills and liver were suitable to distinguishing contaminated field sites and are therefore useful biomarkers for environmental contamination representing a biological end-point of exposure.

Roundup Original® (RD) is a glyphosate-based herbicide used to control weeds in agriculture. Contamination of Amazon waters has increased as a consequence of anthropogenic pressure, including the use of herbicides as RD. The central goal of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of RD on juveniles of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Our findings show that biomarkers in tambaqui are organ specific and dependent on RD concentration. Alterations in gills structural and respiratory epithelium were followed by changes in hematological parameters such as concentration of hemoglobin, particularly in fish exposed to the higher concentration tested (75% of RD LC50 96h). In addition, both RD concentrations affected the biotransformation process in gills of tambaqui negatively. Instead, liver responses suggest that a production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurred in fish exposed to RD, particularly in the animals exposed to 75% RD, as seen by imbalances in biotransformation and antioxidant systems. The increased DNA damage observed in red blood cells of tambaqui exposed to RD is in agreement with this hypothesis. Finally, both tested sub-lethal concentrations of RD markedly inhibited the cholinesterase activity in fish brain. Thus, we can suggest that RD is potentially toxic to tambaqui and possibly to other tropical fish species. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd.