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Moral is an individual act that relates to oneself and other people, morality will be always attached to the characters in a novel. Moral is an act that forms the background of the story and characters, linking together the truth of the two elements of individual morality and the social role of the state of society. That morality is the character’s reflection in facing situations and conflicts within him and society. This research aims to identify the moral principles contained in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's novel Arus Balik. The novel is a historical fiction with the theme of the transition of power in Majapahit before the arrival of the colonialists in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the moral principles of the characters in facing a change. This novel was chosen because it tells the story of the changes in social life that exist in the background of Indonesian society due to globalization and colonialism. Arus Balik is always passively studied and to highlight this, moral studies were conducted. The findings explain that in the moral principles used by the character started from the general then during its development was met with another character and the situation eventually developed into a particular morality. The moral principles highlighted are the idea of agent relativity and epistemic filter, that is, moral action on the basis of the public interest, through the motivation of independence for the independence of the homeland, and the individual moral principle of the act of love for the loved ones.

Museums are a source of knowledge and literacy for their visitors. However, so far, museum visitors only stop by and don't discuss comprehensive data related to objects seen by visitors. Others create interest in museums by digitizing the objects in them. So this research is a preliminary study before developing barcodes. This research is a preliminary study prior to the development of learning media for literary language and its barcode-based teaching for reading skills to facilitate the learning process in museums and educate local knowledge about relics that are full of information and knowledge. Understanding the contents of the object description utilizes barcode-based technology. The development design used is Research and Development Borg and Gall. There are seven research stages: problems, information collection, product design, product testing, design revision, design validation, and product revision. The barcode application developed can be used on Android phones or the like by utilizing barcodes, while its development is on the use of technology in objects in museums in Cakraningrat Bangkalan Madura of Ajhar Museum. Keywords: Museum, learning resources, reading literacy, barcode application.

This study explores the correlates of sociodemographic factors, smoking, and caloric knowledge to body mass index awareness with a focus on Malaysia. Logistic regressions were estimated to examine sociodemographic factors associated with body mass index awareness. More than half of respondents were unaware of their body mass index (54.8%). Age was negatively associated with body mass index awareness. Adults without formal education were less likely to know their body mass index than those with tertiary-level education. Adults were less likely to be aware of their body mass index if they engaged in smoking. Adults with knowledge of the definition of calories were more aware of their body mass index than others. The findings emphasize the urgent need for a forthcoming sociodemographic factors-specific policy directed toward improving body mass index awareness to lower the prevalence of obesity in Malaysia.

PurposeThis study examines sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with knowledge of calories.Design/methodology/approachData were analysed from the Komuniti Sihat Pembina Negara (KOSPEN) 2016. Logistic regressions were used to examine the effects of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors on knowledge of the definition of calories, recommended caloric intake and the effect of calories on body weight.FindingsThe results revealed that large proportions of respondents did not know the definition of calories (51.33%), recommended caloric intake (95.50%) and the effect of calories on body weight (64.89%). The proportions of respondents having knowledge of calories varied by income, gender, ethnicity, educational level, marital status, employment status, urbanization of states, smoking status and awareness of body mass index (BMI). Respondents were less likely to have knowledge of calories if they were low-income earners, non-Malays, less-educated, unemployed, smokers and unaware of their BMI.Practical implicationsSociodemographic and lifestyle factors play an important role in affecting knowledge of calories. Policymakers should make a concerted effort to improve knowledge of calories among adults with different sociodemographic backgrounds and lifestyle profiles.Originality/valueThis study provides several contributions to the literature: (1) The country of interest is Malaysia, where the prevalence of obesity is high and studies related to knowledge of calories are lacking. (2) In addition to knowledge of recommended caloric intake, knowledge of the definition of calories and the effect of calories on body weight factors are considered. (3) Apart from sociodemographic variables, smoking behaviour and awareness of BMI variables are included in the analyses.

This study was conducted to examine the influence of social problem factors on students. This is because the influence of social factors is an important thing that can shape the future of youth. In this study, the study has three main scopes which are identifying the factors of self-influenced background in social problems, explaining parental factors in influencing the social problems of adolescents and elaborating on the forms of peer factors that influence in social problems. The methodology of the study is qualitative using the interview method. The results from this study show that there is an influence of the social environment on the formation of adolescent morality. It can be concluded that the influence of the social environment does have a significant impact on adolescents. The study is expected to provide new input on behalf of schools, parents, peers and teens themselves in shaping positive behaviours.

The Malaysian Teacher Standard is a standard that outlines the professional competencies that teachers should achieve, and the requirements that should be provided by teacher training agencies and institutions to help teachers achieve the required level of competence. Recently, issues related to the ethics of the teaching profession often occur in our country and this shows the lack and room for improvement in the development of teaching professionalism. This study aims to examine how the Malaysian Teacher Standard 2.0 can shape the soul of a perfect and holistic educator, examine teachers' views on the components of teaching ethics and how the domains of competence listed in the Malaysian Teacher Standard 2.0 namely knowledge orientation, instructional, community involvement and personal qualities can help teachers in the effective implementation of teaching and facilitating. This study is qualitative and has involved 12 primary and secondary school teachers as respondents. The findings from the interviews were analyzed descriptively and comparisons were made as a whole. The findings of the study are that many teachers are less clear with the objectives and content of the Malaysian Teacher Standard 2.0 and those responsible need to provide more in -depth exposure to teachers. The Malaysian Teacher Standard 2.0 is a comprehensive reference document that can assist teachers in the effective implementation of teaching and facilitating and all teachers are clear with the responsibilities of teachers towards the profession, students, parents, society and the country. The researcher hopes that this study can make a small contribution in the effort to produce a holistic and perfect educator soul.

This study discusses the formation of moral values as being a message based on a character name in the Kelabit Highlands community custom terms of address. This study was conducted in Bintulu, Sarawak. Seven ethnic Kelabit from Bario Highland and aged between 50 and 70 years of informan. The main data sources obtained through interview, observation, photography and analysis of documents. The tide of change globalization which traction among new generation causes less kelabit communities to their ancestral treasure in particular related character names and subsequently made a message in life their daily. Due to the current scenario and problems, the study was done to identify the formation of moral values as being a message based on a character name in the Kelabit Highlands community custom terms of address. Character name referred to in this study specific to the selection a combination of vocabulary name Aran Raja, Raja, Aran Paran Pelaba and Maran Bala in the Kelabit Highlands community custom terms of address. A combination of vocabulary name concerned is a combination of vocabulary name in the category Element Name first class in name change or Irau Mekaa Ngadan '. Study on the character of the name of this vocabulary to nurture theory presented by Lickona (1992) and the related description of the formation of moral values based on the principles of moral values as outlined by the Ministry of information communication and Culture (2013). The study found that every individual to be granted the title of the relevant combination is able to form a noble personality character and became a symbol of community identity Kelabit ethnic character. In addition, the title also to create individual identity in your welfare values for himself and for the ethnic Kelabit. Pure Pembentukannilai based on character names are as follows, namely, highlighting responsible character, showing character dear exhibit sincerity/integrity (honesty) and symbolizes justice and leadership qualities.

Malay language teaching quality and efficiency are very important in ensuring the control and use of the Malay language in the context of education. There are several factors affecting the mastery of Malay as a second language. This is because, in language learning, students often face problems in understanding something that is explained by the teacher in the language being learned as a second language. Recognizing this, a study was done on the understanding mastery of Malay as a second language students. This study aims to identify the influence of interests, attitudes, motivation, and the environment on the understanding of the Malay language proficiency of students. This study uses quantitative and qualitative methods involving 6 Pakistani’s students in a secondary school in Bintulu, Sarawak. Among the methods used are using questionnaires, observations, and documentation review. The findings show effective factors such as interest, attitudes, motivation, and environmental factors are closely related in influencing the level of understanding of Malay students.

Hisbah is self and social control over the obedience to all the commands of Allah SWT, namely al-amr bi al-ma’ruf wa al-nahy ‘an al-munkar. This study aims to identify the components and levels of social accountability and student development from a moral aspect. The purpose of this study is also to identify the relationship of social hisbah intelligence in shaping the well-being of secondary school students. This study uses a quantitative method involving 281 students. The research instrument used is a questionnaire containing 55 items, consisting of three main parts, namely the background of students, social intelligence, and student development. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using percentage, frequency, mean score, standard deviation, t-test, and Pearson correlation. Overall, the findings of the study showed that the average mean score was at a high level for the level of social ratio (mean = 4.17) and student achievement (mean = 3.73). The results of correlation analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between social intelligence (r = 0.439, p

Introduction: Community health workers (CHW) or volunteers are health workers who are trained but do not possess a professional certificate. They are community members who live and work in that particular community. The Ministry of Health Malaysia had initiated a community-based intervention programme, Healthy Community Empowers the Nation or ‘Komuniti Sihat Pembina Negara’ (KOSPEN) in October 2013. In this programme, CHWs main task is to conduct non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factor screening. Methods: Data from the “Evaluation of the implementation of KOSPEN programme in Malaysia 2016” was used. It is a cross-sectional study which was carried out in randomly selected KOSPEN localities throughout Malaysia. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine factors associated with not performing KOSPEN screening activities by the volunteers. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results: A total of 700 volunteers were included in this study. Most of the volunteers were female (65.7%) and were aged 50-59 years (30.9%), followed by those aged 40-49 (27.1%). Majority had secondary education (65.3%), employed (55.7%.) and were married (80.4%). Multivariate logistic regression showed that volunteers who never attended training (aOR 2.79; 95% CI:1.66, 4.67) and who felt the content of the training module was inadequate (aOR 2.693; 95% CI: 1.46, 4.98) were more likely to not perform screening activities in the community. Conclusion: Attendance of the training should be a pre-requisite to qualify as a volunteer. Improvement to the training module should done to increase comprehensibility of the modules among the volunteers. Keywords: KOSPEN-community health workers-NCD screening-community-based intervention Word count (249)

In 2016, the Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia has introduced a new programme to prevent and reduce the occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) as well as related risk factors in the work place environment known as KOSPEN Plus. This study aims to evaluate the awareness and perception of KOSPEN Plus programme after 3 years of implementation in MOH health facilities, government and private agencies in Malaysia. A cross sectional study design was employed in the study. All health facilities, government and private agencies which had implemented KOSPEN Plus programme between 2016 and 31 December 2018 in all states in Malaysia were invited to participate in the study. The computer assisted self-interview (CASI) using the pre-tested self-administered questionnaire in the electronic form was used. A total of 362 health facilities, government and private agencies which had implemented KOSPEN Plus programme was involved in this study. Overall, more than 80% of facilities/agencies in this study implemented six out of the eight scopes of KOSPEN Plus. The survey was planned with the goal of obtaining data to support the Ministry of Health in reviewing the present health activities related to workers health in Malaysia and make necessary improvement to the programme.

Ethnic harmony has existed for a long time in this country. The multi-ethnic nature of our society remains unchanged even if there are occasional disputes in the economic sector and political or social spheres. To ensure the continuance of ethnic harmony, the Standard National Secondary School Curriculum (Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah or KSSM) was introduced by the Ministry of Education. In this curriculum, the principles of national unity are to be inculcated through literary works taught in the literature component (KOMSAS) in schools. One of these principles is open-mindedness. This study aims to employ Lukac’s Reflection Theory to examine the extent to which KOMSAS novels can be used to inculcate unity among students by analysing, discussing and clarifying the principle of open-mindedness, as specified in the KSSM. This is a qualitative study analysing the contents of the novel Jendela Mengadap Jalan using the Reflective Theory of Lukacs adapted according to the open-mindedness principle in the KSSM. The findings of this research show that the novel Jendela Mengadap Jalan is infused with the principle of open-mindedness as outlined in the KSSM. To examine the principles of unity in the novel, the researcher approached two aspects, namely dialogue and portrayal. It is found that the principles of unity conveyed in this novel should be applied and practiced by students in their daily lives. Teachers should convey open-mindedness to their students wisely using persuasion and warning. The implications of this research are that KOMSAS novels can be used to foster unity and ethnic harmony in this country.

Aim The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of self-reported diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia among older persons in Malaysia and their associated factors. Methods The study used data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey in 2018. It was a cross-sectional study with two-staged stratified cluster sampling design. In total, 3977 adults aged ≥60 years were selected for this study. Respondents were interviewed face to face using a structured questionnaire. Self-reported diabetes, hypertension or hypercholesterolemia was defined as having ever been told they have these diseases by a medical doctor or paramedic. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. The multiple logistic regression model was used to examine the factors associated with the prevalence of self-reporting. Results The prevalence of self-reported diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia among older persons in Malaysia were 27.7%, 51.1% and 41.8% respectively. Presence of other comorbidities and being obese showed higher odds for all three diseases. Indians, unemployed, inactive had higher odds for diabetes. Other Bumiputras, unemployed, non-smoker, obese and inactive had higher odds for hypertension. Non-smoker had higher odds for hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions Health promotion, vigilance, attention and services targeting on the associated factors should be strengthened for older persons in Malaysia to ensure healthy aging. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 79-84.

Introduction Many studies have revealed that exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) substantially increases the risk of smoking related diseases especially among the vulnerable groups, yet data on the location of SHS exposure among youth in Malaysia are still lacking. The study aims to describe the prevalence and factors associated with SHS exposure at home, outside the home, and inside the school among school-going adolescents in Malaysia. Methods We derived the data from the TECMA study, which used a cross-sectional study design and multi-stage sampling method to obtain a representative sample of school-going adolescents aged 11-19 years in Malaysia in 2016. Data were collected through a self-administered approach using a pre-validated standard questionnaire. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were used to analyze the data, and results are presented as adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results SHS exposure for the past seven days was higher outside the home (51.2%; 95% CI: 49.2-53.2) compared to at home (37.8%; 95% CI: 35.8-39.9) while 27.3% (95% CI: 25.1-29.5) of school-going adolescents reported exposure to SHS inside the school in the past one month. In the regression analyses, older adolescents, those of Malay and Bumiputra Sarawak ethnicities, adolescents from rural areas and current smokers had higher likelihood of exposure to SHS at home, outside home and inside the school. Our study also found that adolescents who were current smokers had higher odds of being exposed to SHS at home (AOR=2.87; 95% CI: 2.57-3.21), outside the home (AOR=3.46; 95% CI: 3.05-3.92) and in the school (AOR=2.25; 95% CI: 2.01-2.51). Conclusions Health promotion measures should target parents/guardians and household members to reduce SHS exposure among adolescents. In addition, smoke-free regulation should be fully enforced in school. Furthermore, more public places should be designated non-smoking areas to reduce SHS exposure and denormalize smoking behavior.

The pantun in the culture of bermukun and bergendang the Sarawak Malay society is one of the heritages that has been filling in entertainment activities sometime around the 1960s. Usually, this activity is held to enliven feasts like wedding ceremonies and circumcision ceremonies held in the Malay society village. The pantun presented in this bermukun and bergendang activity serves as a medium to entertain, conveying the wishes of the tukang gendang and penandak to delivering specific messages to listeners or spectators. The rapidly changing movement of globalization between the causes of bermukun and bergendang activities of the lesser-known and practiced new generation of Sarawak Malay society. This phenomenon allows this activity to buried and disappear from the knowledge of a new generation. Recognizing the importance of bermukun and bergendang activity, a study was conducted on the activities of bermukun and bergendang for the Sarawak Malay society. This study is aimed to identifying the culture of bermukun and bergendang in Sarawak Malay society to sustainable as the platforms of responsibility value application. This study uses interviews, observations, and documentation review. The findings of this study show that the culture of bermukun and bergendang of the Sarawak Malay society not only as casual entertainment but also to apply the value of responsibility in their daily lives. Responsibilities concerning not only against his own interests but encompassing the responsibilities of helping others, the responsibility of safeguarding the dignity of their religion, race, and country. A study on cultural heritage society Sarawak Malay is expected to document some of this cultural heritage does not fade in time.

Background Small/kiddie cigarette packs consist of less than 20 cigarette sticks. Kiddie packs were recently proposed to be reintroduced by the tobacco industry with an excuse to prevent consumers from buying illicit cigarettes. By reintroducing kiddie packs, cigarettes will inevitably be more affordable and this would appeal to lower-income consumers especially teens. In this systematic review, we aimed to identify the impact of kiddie packs on smoking, specifically on smoking initiation, the urge/tendency to buy cigarettes and attempts to reduce cigarette consumption. Methods This systematic review will be based on the review of original articles on the impact of kiddie packs on smoking. There is no restriction on the publication dates. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus will be searched to retrieve potential original articles. Additional records identified through other sources: Google Scholar, as well as Journal of Substance Use and Tobacco Control, are also to be searched. These will include original articles in any language which included all study designs (randomised controlled trials, quasi experimental and experimental studies, observational cross-sectional and cohort studies) comparing kiddie packs with regular cigarette packs. The primary outcomes of interest will be initiation of smoking and urge/tendency to buy cigarettes in the general population and attempts to reduce cigarette consumption among current smokers. Secondary outcomes will be the prevalence of smoking using kiddie packs among the current smokers. Discussion This systematic review will provide evidence to support the impact of kiddie packs on smoking in terms of smoking initiation, smoking prevalence, urge/tendency to purchase cigarettes and attempts to reduce cigarette consumption. The findings from this review could be helpful to policymakers in regulating kiddie packs to control the consumption of tobacco. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42018102325

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, through her social reality novels, presents ideas filled with messages of the struggle for and appreciation of the values of humanity. One of these ideas is the representation of women, presented in Bumi Manusia, Gadis Pantai, Midah Si Manis Bergigi Emas, Larasati, Arok Dedes, and Cerita Calon Arang. These six novels were analyzed using feminist literary criticism. Using qualitative method, this study reveals and describes 1) the position of female characters in their relationship with the other characters; 2) the struggle of female characters in their relationship with the other characters; and 3) the factors that support and hinder the struggle of female characters in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's novels. Based on the results, the women in the six novels put an effort in dismantling (deconstructing) the dominance of patriarchal ideology, promoting familialism as well as gender equality, and favoring the ideology of women in general.

This study attempts to highlight issues related to soft skills, namely communication skills among students of Universiti Utara Malaysia. Soft skills that include communication skills, problem solving skills, teamwork, leadership skills and social responsibility, are important elements that are highly emphasized and essential in addition to academic skills. The co-curriculum courses offered at ever public university in Malaysia, among others, aim to shape and develop the personality of students as well as provide them with various components of soft skills. Students with good soft skills will easily adapt to their working environment. Employers prioritize soft skills especially communication skills and social responsibility in employees’ selection sessions. Thus, this study was conducted with a major focus on communication skills. The three objectives of this study are to identify the level of communication skills among UUM students; to identify the significance of co-curriculum courses in influencing students’ communication skills and to identify the role of attitude in improving communication skills among UUM students. The primary data were gathered using questionnaires distributed to UUM students who are undertaking co-curriculum courses. The data will then be analyzed using Structured Equation Model (SEM), as well as descriptive analysis. A communication indexes has also been developed to identify the level of communication skills among UUM students. The findings show that the communication index for UUM students were between 0.70 (lowest score) and 0.78 (highest score) and the average score is 0.74. The score is normal since the value is above 0.5. Both the independent variables; co-curriculum courses and attitude were positively significant in developing students’ communication skills in UUM at the significant level of less than five percent.

IntroductionSecond-hand smoke (SHS) contains more than 7,000 chemicals and at least 70 of them can cause cancers . Globally, more than 600,000 deaths are attributable to SHS annually . Our study aims to determine the prevalence and correlates of SHS exposure among adults in Malaysia. MethodologyData was obtained from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019, a cross-sectional study which utilized a two-stage stratified cluster sampling design to select a nationally representative sample of adults in Malaysia. Data was collected using a short version of Global Adult Tobacco Surveillance (GATS) questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify correlates of SHS exposure among adults in Malaysia. ResultsOverall, 53.0% of Malaysian adults were exposed to SHS either at home, at work or at restaurant. Our study found that male adults (AOR 1.76; 95% CI: 1.60, 1.93), those aged 15-24 years (AOR 2.53; 95% CI: 2.11, 3.02), those who had no formal education (AOR 1.48; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.88) and those who were working (AOR 1.53; 95% CI: 1.38, 1.69) were more likely to be exposed to SHS. However, Indian (AOR 0.61; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.73) and those who have not noticed information about danger of smoking in newspaper/television/magazine (AOR 0.54; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.59) were less likely to be exposed to SHS as compared with their respective counterparts. DiscussionOur findings that male adults and those of younger age group were at higher risk of SHS exposure were in line with other local studies. Consistent with other studies among adults in India and Vietnam, our study reported that those who had no formal education were more likely to be exposed to SHS compared with those with higher education attainment. Our study found that working adults were at higher risk of SHS exposure while Indian adults were less likely to be exposed to SHS. In contrast, other local study reported higher likelihood of SHS exposure among unemployed adults and lower likelihood of SHS exposure among Chinese adults.Our study reported that those who have not noticed information about the danger of smoking in newspaper/television/magazine were less likely to be exposed to SHS which was similar to other study. ConclusionSHS exposure among Malaysian adults was high. Tobacco control measures should be strengthened to protect Malaysian adults from SHS exposure. Health promotion and educational programmes should be tailored to those at risk of SHS exposure.

IntroductionFalls are a common problem among older people, leading to major morbidity and increased mortality. It has been estimated that 30-40% of older persons will fall at least once over a 12-month period . Among those who have fallen, one in five will sustain two or more injuries . The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of falls among older persons in Malaysia and its associated factors. MethodologyData were obtained from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2018, a cross-sectional study using stratified cluster sampling design. Older persons were defined as aged 60 years and above in this study. Fall was defined as a situation where a person accidentally falls to a lower level usually the floor other than as a result of having a strong blow. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM, USA) taking into account the complex survey design. Results 1. Overall, 14.1% (95% CI: 12.46,15.84) of older persons reported having experienced at least one fall in the past 12 months. 2. Falls were more likely to occur among individuals who were not employed, [OR=1.35 (95%CI:1.03, 1.77)], and with self-reported medically diagnosed diabetes mellitus, [OR=1.65 (95%CI: 1.33, 2.040] and among those with limitations in ADL, [OR=1.90 (95%CI: 1.43, 2.54)] or IADL, [OR=1.47 (95%CI: 1.16, 1.84)]. 3. Multiple logistic regression revealed that falls were positively associated with those who had diabetes mellitus [aOR:1.55 (95% CI: 1.23,1.94)] and limitation in ADL [aOR:1.56 (95% CI: 1.14, 2.15)]. DiscussionIn comparison to other Asian countries, the fall prevalence of our population approximated most to Japan 15.9% and Taiwan 19.1% , but appears to be lower than the prevalence reported by Thailand 26.1% . Diabetes mellitus was a prominent risk factor of falls among the population included in the NHMS 2018 confirming the findings of previous local studies . A meta-analysis found that older persons with diabetes mellitus had a 64% greater risk of falls with an overall increased risk of 94% and 27% among those who are insulin and non-insulin treated respectively . The relationship between falls and impaired ADLs has also been established in numerous previous studies. ConclusionOne in six older Malaysians experienced at least one fall over a 12 months period. Diabetes mellitus and limitation in ADL were the factors significantly associated with falls among older persons. A comprehensive and targeted program designed to reduce risk of falls is urgently needed. Future research should identify suitable programs for our setting to reduce the potential societal burden of falls in older Malaysians. &nbsp

IntroductionTobacco advertisings and/or promotions are prohibited in Malaysia as stipulated in Part II & III of Control of Tobacco Product Regulations 2004 [CTPR], Food Act 1983 (Act 281) [FA]. However, any packaging or wrapping contains tobacco products on or inside it are not considered to be violating CTPR . This exception was confirmed by WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), where in Malaysia all tobacco advertisings, promotions and sponsorships are comprehensively banned except for tobacco product displays at point of sales as well as nor it is covering cross-border advertising originating from Malaysia (for exportation purpose) . Therefore, tobacco advertising or promotion still exists in this country. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the exposure to tobacco advertising or promotion among male population aged 15 years old and above in Malaysia. Materials and MethodsWe’re using secondary data from National Health & Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019 conducted between July 14, 2019 until September 30, 2019 using face-to-face interview or self-administered questionnaires. The survey was cross-sectional nationwide population-based with two stages stratified random sampling methods. “Exposure to tobacco advertising” was defined as either the respondents noticed any advertisement or sign promoting cigarettes in stores where cigarettes are sold within the past 30 days from the data collection. “Exposure to one of the tobacco promotions” was defined as either the respondents noticed any tobacco promotions (free samples of cigarettes, cigarettes at sale prices, coupons for cigarettes, free gifts or special discount offers on other products when buying cigarettes, clothing or other items with a cigarette brand name or logo, or cigarette promotions in the mail) within the past 30 days from the data collection. Data were analysed using complex sampling design and multiple logistic regressions. Results[Refer to Poster]. DiscussionAmong all types of exposures to tobacco advertising or promotion of male aged 15+ years in Malaysia, the exposure to any advertisement or signs promoting cigarettes in stores where cigarettes are sold ranked the highest (17.6%). This result was consistent with other survey conducted in Vietnam where the highest type of exposure to tobacco advertising and promotion was points of sale (8.6%). Respondents within younger age group (15-34 years old) are two times more likely to exposed to tobacco advertising or promotion compared to the eldest age group (65 years old and above). Younger age group is major target client for tobacco industry thus more attractive advertising or promotion improvised to tackle this group’s sight especially in the store selling tobacco product. This study found that respondent with higher educational background are more prone to the exposure to tobacco advertising or promotion as compared to those with lower educational background. This is similar to the findings in Vietnam but contradict to the findings in Hong Kong and United States . Based on ethnicity,Malay and other Bumiputra were more likely to be exposed to tobacco adevertising or promotion compared with Chinese ethnic in Malaysia. As strongly agreed by most of the studies, current smokers were more likely to be exposed with tobacco advertising or promotion. Tobacco advertising or promotion contributes to the consumption of cigarettes as it increasing the desire to use the advertised tobacco products and discouraging smoking cessation especially among current smoker. Conclusion and RecommendationAlthough prohibited by CTPR 2004 but with an exception, Malaysian male population aged 15 and above is still exposed with the tobacco advertisements or promotions. An immediate revision of the law is required so that strictly enforcement can be done to bring down this matter to zero exposure to the population.

IntroductionCommunity health workers (CHW) are health workers who are trained but do not possess a formal professional certificate, live and work in the community. The Ministry of Health Malaysia had initiated a community-based intervention programme, known as Healthy Community Empowers the Nation or ‘Komuniti Sihat Pembina Negara’ (KOSPEN) where CHWs main task is to conduct non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factor screening. MethodsData from the “Evaluation of the implementation of KOSPEN programme in Malaysia 2016” was used. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine factors associated with not performing KOSPEN screening activities by the volunteers. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results[Refer to Poster]. Discussion / ConclusionVolunteers and community health workers have been widely recognised to help in reducing the burden of NCDs in their communities. Sufficient training and resources is needed to facilitate their work. Volunteers who were not trained were not likely to perform screening activities maybe be due to lack of confidence as community volunteers are usually lay persons with little or no medical training. Attendance of training should be a pre-requisite to qualify as a volunteer. Improvement to the training module should done to increase comprehensibility of the modules among the volunteers.

IntroductionDiabetes is a major non-communicable health problem in both developed and developing countries, including Malaysia. Person with diabetes are living longer and are vulnerable to microvascular and macrovascular complications thus representing an important public health problem with high morbidity, mortality and significant economic repercussions. ObjectiveTo determine the national prevalence of diabetes and to identify associated factors among adults population in Malaysia. MethodologyA nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 involving 10,464 respondents in Malaysia. Two-stage stratified sampling design was used to select a representative sample of Malaysia adults population. Structured validated questionnaire with face-to-face interview were used to obtain data from selected respondents aged ≥ 18 years. Finger pricked fasting blood glucose test by using Accutrend GC machine were performed on respondents who claimed that they were not having diabetes. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to determine associations between diabetes and associated factors at the significance level of =0.05. For the purpose of this study, a respondent was classified as having “diabetes” when the respondent had a fasting capillary blood glucose (FBG) of ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (or non-fasting capillary blood glucose of ≥ 11.1 mmol/L). ResultsThe overall prevalence of diabetes among adults respondents was 18.3% (n=2629). The highest prevalence of diabetes were among females (18.4%), aged 60 & above (41.5%) Indian (31.4%), those without formal education (28.7%), widow/widower/divorce (33.2%), not working (24.9%), inactive (22.5%), obese (27.1%), hypertension (36.0%) and high cholesterol level (30.4%). Logistic regression analyses revealed that age group, ethnicity, education level, marital status, physical activity level, obesity, blood pressure status and cholesterol status were associated with diabetes among adults. DiscussionThis study showed the prevalence of diabetes among adults Malaysian population at 18.3%. Our study recorded a relatively higher level of diabetes among adults population as compared to 7.5% in Brazil (Luisa SF and Monica RC) but lower than Majmaah, Arab Saudi at 34.6% (Mohammed Abdullah AM) There were significant associations between diabetes with age groups, ethnicity and education level, marital status, physical activity which concurred with findings from Alemayehu Z et. al. and Meiqin Hu et. al. Our study also showed there were significant associations between diabetes with obesity, hypertension and cholesterol. Similar findings were reported by Wan Nazaimoon WM et al. and Shiferaw BA & Ayalew JZ. However, no significant association was found in gender, residence and occupational status. ConclusionThis study showed that the prevalence of diabetes among adults populations in Malaysia to be high, with one in five persons found to have diabetes. This study also found that established risk factors like age group, ethnicity, education, physical activity, obesity, hypertension and cholesterol were associated with diabetes. Awareness program and interventions on diabetes need to be improved especially related to behavioural charge as a strategy for prevention and control of diabetes and its complications.

IntroductionHypercholesterolemia is one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease. Overall, raised cholesterol is estimated to cause 2.6 million deaths and 29.7 million disability adjusted life years (DALYS). As the result, knowing the cholesterol level status, treatment and control have received a great deal of surveillance. ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to examine the trends in hypercholesterolaemia prevalence, known hypercholesterolaemia, treatment and control among adults in Malaysia. MethodologyData from the three cycles (2011,2015,2019) of the NHMS were used. • The NHMS is a cross-sectional community-based survey which employed a two-stage stratified cluster random sampling design to ensure national representativeness. Respondents aged 18 years and above were asked via face-to-face interview to respond to the hypercholesterolemia module. Hypercholesterolaemia was defined as a total cholesterol equal to or more than 5.2 mmol/L. For respondents with hypercholesterolemia, awareness was defined as ‘Yes’ if they had been informed previously by medical personnel that they had high cholesterol. • Treatment for hypercholesterolemia was defined as ‘Yes’ if they were currently receiving medication from a doctor in the past 2 weeks for high cholesterol. • Controlled hypercholesterolemia was defined as having a desirable blood cholesterol level at the time of the survey among respondents who were on treatment • Complex sampling design analysis was used to account for sampling weights and study design properties. Results and DiscussionThe findings showed that the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia escalated from 35.1% in 2011 to 47.7% in 2015 but decreased to 38.1% in 2019. This was lower compared to study in Philippine in 2011 (46.9%)and higher compared to study in Korea in 2016(19.9%). Meanwhile, there is an increase in the prevalence of known hypercholesterolaemia from 8.4% in 2011 to 13.5% in 2019. The finding was lower compared to a study in Korea (47.4%) in 2012 and 58.4% in 2016. The proportion those reported on medications among those who were aware that they had hypercholesterolaemia increased from 64.2% in 2011 to 80.1% in 2019. It was higher than a study in Korea (37.3%) in 2012 and 49.1% in 2016.The proportion whose hypercholesterolemia was controlled among those who were on medications increased slightly from 59.6% in 2011 to 62.6% in 2019. This finding was higher compared to Korea (29.7%) in 2010 and lower (84.3%) in 2016. ConclusionThere is a promising trend in hypercholesterolemia prevalence, treatment and known hypercholesterolaemia from 2011 through 2019. However, hypercholesterolemia control remains poor. The government and health authorities must intensify disease control intervention to achieve the desired cholesterol levels.

IntroductionSmoking has been a major contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide including in Malaysia. Every year, more than 8 million people die from tobacco use worldwide1 . In Malaysia, smoking related-diseases have been identified as the major contributor to disability-adjusted life years and lost of years of life among the Malaysian population. The government of Malaysia through the Ministry of Health and other ministries have introduced numerous anti-smoking measures to prevent and control smoking behaviour in the country. Continuous monitoring of smoking status is essential in evaluating the effectiveness of anti-smoking policies. Objectives This paper aimed to study the trend in prevalence and sociodemographic factors of smoking in Malaysia. MethodologyThe study utilised data from three national household surveys in Malaysia namely the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) 2011, the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2015 and the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019. The surveys adopted a multistage stratified sampling design that could represent population in Malaysia. All the three surveys had the same target population (population aged 15 years and above) and smoking questionnaires. Smoking status was measured based on GATS protocol and definitions5 . Complex sample design analysis was used to estimate the prevalence and complex multivariable logistic regression was used to identify sociodemographic factors of smoking for all the three surveys. ResultsA total of 4250, 21,410 and 11,111 respondents aged 15 years and above participated in GATS 2011, NHMS 2015 and NHMS 2019 respectively with the response rate of 85% to 87%. The prevalence of smoking was 23.1% (95% CI; 21.2, 25.2) in 2011, 22.8% (95% CI; 21.9, 23.8) in 2015 and 21.3% (95% CI; 19.9, 22.8) in 2019. The prevalence was consistently higher in males (40.5% - 43.9%), adults aged 25-44 years (25.4% - 29.0%), Malay (22.6% - 24.7%), other ethnics (30.0% - 35.0%), and among the self-employed (33.7% - 44.6%) (Table 1). Multiple logistic regression analysis of the three surveys showed that the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of smoking was markedly higher in males, higher in younger and middle age groups, Malays and those with lower education attainment (Table 2). Discussion / ConclusionAlmost 5 million population aged 15 years and above were smokers in Malaysia. A reduction trend was seen in the prevalence of smoking across almost all sociodemographic characteristics from 2011 to 2019 although the reduction was not statistically significant. Based on the trend, it is still far from achieving the target set by WHO which is 30% reduction in the prevalence of smoking by 2025 from the 2010 baseline. The smoking prevalence in Malaysia is also high compared to in developed countries such as Singapore (14.1%) 6 and Australia (12.8%) 7 . Although there were slight changes in the aOR of the associated factors, the sociodemographic factors associated with smoking were almost consistent in the three surveys. These findings indicate there is a need to strengthen the current anti-smoking policies in terms of their planning, implementation and evaluation.

Aim Falls are a common problem among older people, leading to major morbidity and increased mortality. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of falls among older persons in Malaysia and its associated factors. Methods Data were obtained from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2018 (NHMS 2018), a cross-sectional study using stratified cluster sampling design. Older persons were defined as aged ≥60 years in this study. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 25.0. Results Overall, 14.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.46, 15.84) of older persons reported having experienced at least one fall during the past 12 months. Univariate analyses revealed an association between the history of falls with not being employed (odds ratio [OR]: 1.35 [95% CI: 1.03, 1.77]), diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.65 [95% CI: 1.33, 2.04]), limitation in activities of daily living (ADL) (OR: 1.90 [95% CI: 1.43, 2.54]) or instrumental ADL (OR: 1.47 [95% CI: 1.16, 1.84]). Multiple logistic regression revealed that falls were positively associated with those who had diabetes mellitus (OR: 1.55 [95% CI: 1.23, 1.94]) and limitation in ADL (OR: 1.56 [95% CI: 1.14, 2.15]); 43.9% of falls occurred outdoors. Conclusion One in six older Malaysian people experience at least one fall over a 12-month period. Diabetes mellitus and limitation in ADL were the factors associated with falls among older persons. A comprehensive and targeted program designed to reduce risk of falls is urgently needed. Future research should identify suitable programs for our setting to reduce the potential society burden of falls in older Malaysians. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 33-37.

Additional file 1. PRISMA-P checklist.

Objectives: This study was carried out to determine the proportion of hypertension and its associated factors among current drinkers in Malaysia.Methodology: The data were obtained from the Nationa...

Novels were first introduced in the 20th century and they have grown rapidly ever since. Various novel themes are presented according to the current situations and among them are social, political, economic, war, community and humanity. Novels have secured a special place in the printed and electronic media. Indie novels are becoming popular especially among youngsters. This work is relatively free and relaxed and it is not tied to a strict writing structure. Its publishing is solely based on authors? own initiative thus it is not restricted by any publishing policy. This work, however, is full of implicit and explicit elements and meanings.

In the article “Hypercholesterolemia Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control Among Adults in Malaysia: The 2015 National Health and Morbidity Survey, Malaysia” which appeared in Volume 10, No. 7(2018), a sentence in the abstract under results section, “Only a mere 12.7% (95% CI:12.4 -13.1) among those who were aware were on treatment and out of which only 53.7% (95% CI: 50.1-57.2) had their cholesterol levels controlled” appeared incorrect and should have appeared as “Only a mere 12.7% (95% CI:12.4 -13.1) were on treatment and out of which only 53.7% (95% CI: 50.1-57.2) had their cholesterol levels controlled”. We apologise to the readers of Global Journal of Health Science for this error.

Karya adaptasi kini makin mendapat tempat di kalangan peminat drama. Proses adaptasi memberi dimensi baru dalam dunia seni kerana karya daripada mata pena diolah dan cerna, dijelmakan dan dijadikan dalam bentuk drama. Banyak karya adaptasi yang diutarakan adalah berkisar tentang watak wanita. Ini merupakan teraju penting dalam menggerakkan plot sesebuah cerita. Karya yang dikaji ialah Kampung Girl hasil karya Umi Kalsom. Keseluruhannya karya ini memaparkan nilai positif dan negatif dalam karya. Semua ini menjadi contoh dan teladan kepada berguna kepada masyarakat. Karya sebegini memang popular dan diminati dewasa ini.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are handheld devices that deliver an aerosol by heating a solution made up of propylene glycol and/or glycerol with or without flavoring agents and nicotine. This nationwide cross-sectional survey examined factors associated with e-cigarette usage and reasons for its initiation among 13 162 Malaysian adolescents. Data from TECMA (Tobacco and E-Cigarette Survey among Malaysian Adolescents) were used. Nine percent of adolescents had used e-cigarettes in the past month. Males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 4.08; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.36-4.95), 16 to 19 year olds (aOR = 2.64; 95% CI = 2.13-3.26), Malays (aOR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.79-2.83), Sabah and Sarawak Bumiputeras (aOR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.61-3.15), and cigarette smokers (aOR = 13.16; 95% CI = 11.14-15.54) were more likely to use e-cigarettes. Three main reasons for e-cigarette initiation among adolescents were its taste and smell, experimentation, and popularity. Sale of e-cigarettes with or without nicotine to people aged younger than 18 years should be banned. Flavored e-cigarettes should also be banned since there is evidence suggesting increased appeal among the younger generation.

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of illicit drug use and its associated factors among male adolescents in Malaysia. Data of 13 135 adolescents were extracted from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2017, a cross-sectional survey among school-going adolescents in Malaysia aged between 13 and 17 years, using a 2-stage stratified cluster sampling. A complex sample design analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis were applied. The overall prevalence of lifetime illicit drug use among male adolescents was 6.6%. The multivariable model showed that illicit drug use among male adolescents were associated with younger age, rural school area, marital status of parent, current smoker, ever having sex, truancy, involved in physical fight, and lack of peer support. The findings from this study can assist community and relevant authorities in their efforts to combat illicit drug usage among adolescents using intervention programs that diminishes risk factors and enhances the protective factors.

We assessed the prevalence of cessation of e-cigarette and its associated factors among adolescents in Malaysia. This study analyzed data from the Tobacco and E-Cigarette Survey among Malaysian Adolescent (TECMA) in 2016, a cross-sectional study with 2-stage stratification cluster sampling. A total of 14 832 school-going adolescents aged 10 to 19 years participated in this survey. A complex sampling design and multiple logistic regression analysis were applied. Nearly half of the adolescents (49.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 44.9-55.0) who had ever used e-cigarette ceased the usage. Based on multivariate analysis, adolescents were more likely to quit e-cigarette because they could not afford the e-cigarette (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.78-3.20), if they are aged 13 year and older (aOR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.25-2.61), and those who claimed their e-cigarette does not contain nicotine (aOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.03-1.78). E-cigarette prevention efforts among adolescents could consider the cessation factors described in this study.

Empathy is derived from Greek. Empathy can be generally defined as the ability of a person to know and feel the feelings of others. The ability of someone in delving into the feelings of others is capable of strengthening the relationship between the person with someone else. Empathy is seen as the way a person understands something problems experienced by others and strives to show that he's hard to understand the feelings of the person. Early Islam language is clear that picture liver beam represented through the behavior and use of language politeness that do not offend either to read or listen. As such, this paper will examine the practice of writing early speaking class of managers through management documents issued to the public based on a sense of empathy are shown. The review approach is to use analytical methods of document management documents obtained from selected government departments. Early writing speaking will be classified based on four key principles, namely, the most delicate, subtle, less fine and gross. The result saw the class Manager highly on related matters expressed impati. This is evident when there is a use of words in the form of empathy that is used in accordance with the context of the document was issued.

BACKGROUND Smoking is a learnt behavior during adolescence and understanding the factor/s associated with smoking will assist in identifying suitable measures in combating the rising prevalence of smoking among adolescents. This research aimed to identify the factor/s associated with smoking among form four students in Kota Tinggi, Johor. Multistage sampling was used to select a representative sample of students in 2008 and data were collected using a self-administered validated questionnaire. This study revealed that the overall smoking prevalence was 19.0% with a significantly higher proportion of male smokers (35.8%) as compared to females (3.15%). Adolescents who were male (aOR 6.6, 95%CI 2.61-16.4), those who had peer/s who smoked (aOR 4.03, 95% CI 1.31-12.4), and those who studied in rural areas and Felda Settlements ( aOR 4.59, 95 CI 1.11-18.0; aOR 9.42, 95%CI 3.91-29.1) were more likely to smoke in the past one week. On the other hand, adolescents with better knowledge on the hazards of smoking and negative attitudes towards smoking were less likely to smoke (aOR 0.51, 95%CI 0.37-0.72; aOR 0.67, 95%CI 0.46-0.99). Future promotional and interventional programmes on smoking should be considered and the above identified risk factors integrated to reduce smoking prevalence among students of school-going ages in Kota Tinggi. Johor.

The novel creation has been growing since ancient times until now. Indie's work is the latest masterpiece of the novel. This work is rather free and relaxed, even loaded with implicit and explicit elements. This study will examine the novel of Seronok on the issues and create conflicts. The problems that Rozilla had to do were to differentiate between desires, disagreements, inconsistencies and a sense of discontent that created action. The resulting conflict is a manifestation of dissatisfaction when an opinion to uphold justice is not accepted. However, the help of fellow human beings has solved the problems.

In 2000, legislation on mandatory universal salt iodisation was enacted in Sabah, Malaysia, to reduce the incidence of iodine deficiency disorders among its population. To evaluate the iodine levels among pregnant women from selected rural divisions in Sabah 13 years after the enactment of the universal salt iodisation programme.This cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 May to 30 June, 2013, in three rural divisions of Sabah (the Interior, the West Coast, and Kudat). Data regarding domestic iodised salt use and iodine-containing supplement consumption were obtained from respondents through face-to-face interviews; goitre enlargement was examined through palpation and graded according to the World Health Organization classification. Spot urine samples were also obtained to assess urinary iodine levels by using an in-house modified micromethod.In total, 534 pregnant women participated. The prevalence of goitre was 1.0% (n=5), noted only in the West Coast and Kudat divisions. Although all pregnant women consumed iodised salt, overall median urinary iodine concentration was only 106 μg/L, indicating insufficient iodine intake, with nearly two-thirds of the women (60%) having a median urinary iodine concentrations of150 μg/L.Pregnant women from the rural divisions in Sabah still exhibit iodine deficiency disorder despite the mandatory universal salt iodisation programme. Iodine supplementation programmes targeting pregnant women are warranted.

This paper discussed the 17th century Malay civilisation specifically in science. This century was the golden age of Malay as the influences of the Arab and Western regarding technology, science, and literature had given the positive impact on the development of Malay language, especially since they brought together the printing technology to documenting knowledge of the Malays at that time. Immigrants who came to the Malay world were not only carried out trading activities but also conducting research and documenting the language, place, culture, and specific knowledge that is owned by the community. Thomas Bowrey was the first Englishman to make a note on the Malay nation through the dictionary entitled ‘English-Malayo Malayo-English’ which published in 1701. This dictionary is one of the documents produced in the golden age of Malay which describes in details about Malay civilisation of the 17th century. This study uses review method to the vocabulary in the domain of religion, geography, trade, mathematics and astronomy. The study found that vocabulary in the domain of religion contains the Arabic vocabulary such as ‘Allah’ god, ‘syaitan’ devil, ‘Islam’ Islam ,‘Nasrani’ Nazirite. Vocabulary related to geographical such as ‘barat daya’ south-west, ‘barat semata selatan’ south-west, ‘barat semata utara’ north-west. Vocabulary in the domain of trade such as the word ‘lanzan’ almond, ‘mazejon’, bitter almond, ‘saffron’ saffron. Vocabulary in the field of mathematics such as ‘satu setengah’ one half, ‘tiga perempat’ three quarter, ‘codee’ twenty. Vocabulary in the field of astronomy such as the word ‘bintang utara’ the north star, ‘bintang siang’ the morning star, ‘bintang zahar’ the evening star. The vocabulary in Bowrey dictionary meets all the specified fields and show that Malay people in the 17th century already have substantial knowledge of science and it is still relevance until now and even being used at the international level.

Ungkapan hormat dilahirkan untuk menyatakan rasa hormat seseorang sewaktu berhubung dengan orang lain. Penggunaan ungkapan hormat bukan bermaksud menghina diri, tetapi menunjukkan sikap yang tidak sombong dan angkuh. Penggunaan ungkapan ini juga mampu memaparkan sifat sopan santun yang dicirikan oleh budi bahasa, tertib, beradat dan bertatasusila yang akan membentuk akhlak terpuji yang berwatak mesra dan disenangi oleh semua anggota masyarakat. Dapatan mendapati, masih terdapat penulis yang mengabaikan penggunaan ungkapan hormat hingga menimbulkan kesan negatif kepada kelangsungan berkomunikasi. Sehubungan itu, kertas kerja ini akan meneliti amalan penulisan kesantunan berbahasa golongan pengurus berdasarkan kata hormat yang digunakan. Pendekatan kajian ialah dengan menggunakan kaedah analisis dokumen terhadap dokumen-dokumen berformat. Ungkapan hormat akan dianalisis berdasarkan Asmah (2007).

Novel ialah prosa yang panjang yang kini makin popular menjadi santapan minda pembaca. Novel mengalami perubahan dalam proses pengkaryaan. Plot, latar, watak karya diungkapkan pada laman sesawang iaitu face book, blog, twitter dan lain-lain. Karya indie makin popular dan diminati oleh para remaja kerana garapan situasi semasa yang santai dan ringan dipaparkan. Karya ini lebih bebas tidak terikat dengan struktur penulisan novel. Plot penceritaan penulisan berbentuk nasihat, catatan perjalanan, catatan diari, memberontak, sarkastik, jenaka, maki hamun, menentang dan sebagainya. Hasil kajian ini akan melihat matlamat dan tujuan penulisan indie dihasilkan serta teknik atau trend penulisan baharu kini.

Modal insan ialah modal yang digagaskan bagi menjana suatu kerja yang dilihat sebagai aset penting dalam sesebuah negara. Aset ini penting dalam memastikan masyarakat yang lahir adalah masyarakat yang mampu memberi sumbangan kemajuan kepada sesebuah negara. Kemajuan ini mencakupi semua aspek sama ada aspek rohaniah dan lahiriah. Objektif kertas kerja ini dibuat ialah bagi membincangkan sumbangan 25 orang tokoh dalam pelbagai yang boleh dianggap sebagai penyuntik dalam melahirkan modal insan rakyat Malaysia. Semua tokoh yang diutarakan ini memberi banyak sumbangan dan jasa kepada agama bangsa dan negara. Sumbangan yang diberikan termasuklah dalam bidang kesusasteraan, media massa dan pembangunan politik. Nilai-nilai murni melalui deskripsi yang diberikan tentang setiap tokoh mampu membantu dalam pembinaan modal insan rakyat khususnya golongan muda. Insan yang terbangun jiwanya haruslah berlandaskan nilai-nilai murni seterusnya membantu membangunkan peradaban manusia.