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The transition of shock-to-detonation is of great significance for the investigation of supernova formation, disaster prevention and supersonic propulsion technology. In this paper, the influence Equation of shock-to-detonation transition is summarized for the oblique detonation problem from aerodynamic analysis. The Equation integrates the effects of parameters such as chemical reaction, shock intensity and wall conditions, which quantitatively explains the physical mechanism of shock-to-detonation transition in the form of mathematical expression. Comparison with numerical simulation results as well as their gradients verified the reliability of the influence Equation. Further, the influence Equation can also be used to predict the critical conditions for the transition from shock to detonation transition form. In addition to oblique detonation, the influence Equation is compatible with the deflagration-to-detonation problem for normal detonation, which shows a wide applicability.

The convergence of topology and correlations represents a highly coveted realm in the pursuit of novel quantum states of matter. Introducing electron correlations to a quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulator can lead to the emergence of a fractional topological insulator and other exotic time-reversal-symmetric topological order, not possible in quantum Hall and Chern insulator systems. However, the QSH insulator with quantized edge conductance remains rare, let alone that with significant correlations. In this work, we report a novel dual QSH insulator within the intrinsic monolayer crystal of TaIrTe4, arising from the interplay of its single-particle topology and density-tuned electron correlations. At charge neutrality, monolayer TaIrTe4 demonstrates the QSH insulator that aligns with single-particle band structure calculations, manifesting enhanced nonlocal transport and quantized helical edge conductance. Interestingly, upon introducing electrons from charge neutrality, TaIrTe4 only shows metallic behavior in a small range of charge densities but quickly goes into a new insulating state, entirely unexpected based on TaIrTe4's single-particle band structure. This insulating state could arise from a strong electronic instability near the van Hove singularities (VHS), likely leading to a charge density wave (CDW). Remarkably, within this correlated insulating gap, we observe a resurgence of the QSH state, marked by the revival of nonlocal transport and quantized helical edge conduction. Our observation of helical edge conduction in a CDW gap could bridge spin physics and charge orders. The discovery of a dual QSH insulator introduces a new method for creating topological flat minibands via CDW superlattices, which offer a promising platform for exploring time-reversal-symmetric fractional phases and electromagnetism., Comment: 23 pages, 15 figures, submitted version

Creating heterostructures with graphene/graphite is a practical method for charge-doping $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$, but not sufficient to cause the insulator-to-metal transition. In this study, detailed scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy measurements on $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$ with various lattice deformations reveal that both in-plane and out-of-plane lattice distortions may collapse the Mott-gap in the case of monolayer $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$ in proximity to graphite, but have little impact on its bulk form alone. In the Mott-Hubbard framework, the transition is attributed to the lattice distortion-facilitated substantial modulation of the electron correlation parameter. Observation of the orbital textures on a highly compressed monolayer $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$ flake on graphite provides valuable evidence that electrons are efficiently transferred from the heterointerface into Cl3$p$ orbitals under the lattice distortion. It is believed that the splitting of Ru $t_{2g}$ bands within the trigonal distortion of Ru-Cl-Ru octahedra bonds generated the electrons transfer pathways. The increase of the Cl3$p$ states enhance the hopping integral in the Mott-Hubbard bands, resulting in the Mott-transition. These findings suggest a new route for implementing the insulator-to-metal transition upon doping in $\alpha$-RuCl$_3$ by deforming the lattice in addition to the formation of heterostructure., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in Physical Review B

The fine-tuning paradigm in addressing long-tail learning tasks has sparked significant interest since the emergence of foundation models. Nonetheless, how fine-tuning impacts performance in long-tail learning was not explicitly quantified. In this paper, we disclose that heavy fine-tuning may even lead to non-negligible performance deterioration on tail classes, and lightweight fine-tuning is more effective. The reason is attributed to inconsistent class conditions caused by heavy fine-tuning. With the observation above, we develop a low-complexity and accurate long-tail learning algorithms LIFT with the goal of facilitating fast prediction and compact models by adaptive lightweight fine-tuning. Experiments clearly verify that both the training time and the learned parameters are significantly reduced with more accurate predictive performance compared with state-of-the-art approaches. The implementation code is available at https://github.com/shijxcs/LIFT., Comment: Accepted by ICML 2024

Quantum steering is commonly shared among multiple observers by utilizing unsharp measurements. However, their usage is limited to local measurements and is not suitable for nonlocal-measurement-based cases. Here, we present a novel approach in this study, suggesting a highly efficient technique to construct optimal nonlocal measurements by utilizing quantum ellipsoids to share quantum steering. This technique is suitable for any bipartite state and offers benefits even in scenarios with a high number of measurement settings. Using the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state as an illustration, we show that employing unsharp nonlocal product measurements can activate the phenomenon of steering sharing in contrast to using local measurements. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that nonlocal measurements with unequal strength possess a greater activation capability compared to those with equal strength. Our activation method differs from previous ones as it eliminates the need to copy the shared states or diminish other quantum correlations, thus making it convenient for practical experimentation and conservation of resources., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures

The energy spectrum of topological semimetals contains protected degeneracies in reciprocal space that correspond to Weyl, Dirac, or multifold fermionic states. To exploit the unconventional properties of these states, one has to access the electronic structure of the three-dimensional bulk. In this work, we resolve the bulk electronic states of candidate topological semimetal FeSi using momentum-dependent resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) at the Fe $L_3$ edge. We observe a broad excitation continuum devoid of sharp features, consistent with particle-hole scattering in an underlying electronic band structure. Using density functional theory, we calculate the electronic structure of FeSi and derive a band theory formulation of RIXS in the fast collision approximation to model the scattering process. We find that band theory qualitatively captures the number and position of the main spectral features, as well as the overall momentum dependence of the RIXS intensity. Our work paves the way for targeted studies of band touchings in topological semimetals with RIXS.

As a way of saving quantum resources, recycling of Bell nonlocality has been experimentally studied, but restricted to sequential unsharp measurements. However, it has been theoretically shown recently that projective measurements are sufficient for recycling nonlocality [Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{129}, 230402 (2022)]. Here, we go beyond unsharp measurement scenarios and experimentally demonstrate the recycling of nonlocal resources with projective measurements. By verifying the violation of Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality, we find that three independent parties can recycle the Bell nonlocality of a two-qubit state, whether it is maximally or partially entangled. Furthermore, in the double violation region, the optimal trade-off for partially entangled states can be 11 standard deviations better than that for maximally entangled states. Our results experimentally eliminate the common misconception that projective measurements are incompatible with the recycling of quantum correlations. In addition, our nonlocality recycling setup does not require entanglement assistance, which is much more experimentally friendly, thus paving the way for the reuse of other kinds of quantum correlations., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures

The oblique detonation engine (ODE) has established a clear superiority for hypersonic flight because of its high thermal efficiency and compact structure. It has become the research hot spot all over the world in recent years. The aim of this study is to derive a criterion on the propulsive balance of ODE, from which we can find the key parameters governing the propulsive performance explicitly. A physical model of ODE is put forth, which consists of the inlet, the constant cross-section combustor and the divergent nozzle. The mathematical equations to calculate the thrust generated by the divergent nozzle and the pressure drag produced by the inlet are deduced. The net thrust of ODE is then obtained. The criterion shows clearly that the static temperature at the engine inlet exit is a very important parameter. The lower the inlet exit temperature is, the higher the specific impulse will be. The specific impulse of ODE with stoichiometric H2/air mixture and hydrocarbon/air mixture are calculated by using these equations. The results show that ODE can obtain positive net thrust from Ma8 to Ma15., Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures

Opinion dynamics on social networks have been received considerable attentions in recent years. Nevertheless, just a few works have theoretically analyzed the condition in which a certain opinion can spread in the whole structured population. In this paper, we propose an evolutionary game approach for a binary opinion model to explore the conditions for an opinion's spreading. Inspired by real-life observations, we assume that an agent's choice to select an opinion is not random, but is based on a score rooted both from public knowledge and the interactions with neighbors. By means of coalescing random walks, we obtain a condition in which opinion $A$ can be favored to spread on social networks in the weak selection limit. We find that the successfully spreading condition of opinion $A$ is closely related to the basic scores of binary opinions, the feedback scores on opinion interactions, and the structural parameters including the edge weights, the weighted degrees of vertices, and the average degree of the network. In particular, when individuals adjust their opinions based solely on the public information, the vitality of opinion $A$ depends exclusively on the difference of basic scores of $A$ and $B$. When there are no negative (positive) feedback interactions between connected individuals, we find that the success of opinion $A$ depends on the ratio of the obtained positive (negative) feedback scores of competing opinions. To complete our study, we perform computer simulations on fully-connected, small-world, and scale-free networks, respectively, which support and confirm our theoretical findings.

The Mott insulator provides an excellent foundation for exploring a wide range of strongly correlated physical phenomena, such as high-temperature superconductivity, quantum spin liquid, and colossal magnetoresistance. A Mott insulator with the simplest degree of freedom is an ideal and highly desirable system for studying the fundamental physics of Mottness. In this study, we have unambiguously identified such an anticipated Mott insulator in a van der Waals layered compound Nb3Cl8. In the high-temperature phase, where interlayer coupling is negligible, density functional theory calculations for the monolayer of Nb3Cl8 suggest a half-filled flat band at the Fermi level, whereas angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy experiments observe a large gap. This observation is perfectly reproduced by dynamical mean-field theory calculations considering strong electron correlations, indicating a correlation-driven Mott insulator state. Since this half-filled band derived from a single 2a1 orbital is isolated from all other bands, the monolayer of Nb3Cl8 is an ideal realization of the celebrated single-band Hubbard model. Upon decreasing the temperature, the bulk system undergoes a phase transition, where structural changes significantly enhance the interlayer coupling. This results in a bonding-antibonding splitting in the Hubbard bands, while the Mott gap remains dominant. Our discovery provides a simple and seminal model system for investigating Mott physics and other emerging correlated states., Comment: 23 pages, 4 figures, and the Supplemental Material

High-precision surface roughness estimation plays an important role in many applications. However, the classical estimating methods are limited by shot noise and only can achieve the precision of 0.1 nm with white light interferometer. Here, we propose two weak measurement schemes to estimate surface roughness through spectrum analysis and intensity analysis. The estimating precision with spectrum analysis is about $10 ^{-5}$ nm by using a currently available spectrometer with the resolution of $\Delta \lambda= 0.04$ pm and the corresponding sensitivity is better than 0.1 THz/nm. And the precision and sensitivity of the light intensity analysis scheme achieve as high as 0.07 nm and 1/nm, respectively. By introducing a modulated phase, we show that the sensitivity and precision achieved in our schemes can be effectively retained in a wider dynamic range. We further provide the experimental design of the surface profiler based on our schemes. It simultaneously meets the requirements of high precision, high sensitivity, and wide measurement range, making it to be a promising practical tool., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures

The destructive interference of wavefunctions in a kagome lattice can give rise to topological flat bands (TFBs) with a highly degenerate state of electrons. Recently, TFBs have been observed in several kagome metals, including Fe$_3$Sn$_2$, FeSn, CoSn, and YMn$_6$Sn$_6$. Nonetheless, kagome materials that are both exfoliable and semiconducting are lacking, which seriously hinders their device applications. Herein, we show that Nb$_3$Cl$_8$, which hosts a breathing kagome lattice, is gapped out because of the absence of inversion symmetry, while the TFBs survive because of the protection of the mirror reflection symmetry. By angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements and first-principles calculations, we directly observe the TFB and a moderate band gap in Nb$_3$Cl$_8$. By mechanical exfoliation, we successfully obtain monolayers of Nb$_3$Cl$_8$ and confirm that they are stable under ambient conditions. In addition, our calculations show that monolayers of Nb$_3$Cl$_8$ have a magnetic ground state, thus providing opportunities to study the interplay between geometry, topology, and magnetism., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Quantum thermal transport and two-photon statistics serve as two representative nonequilibrium features in circuit quantum electrodynamics systems. Here, we investigate quantum heat flow and two-photon correlation function at steady-state in a composite qubit-resonator model, where one qubit shows both transverse and longitudinal couplings to a single-mode optical resonator. With weak qubit-resonator interaction, we unravel two microscopic transport pictures, i.e., cotunneling and cyclic heat exchange processes, corresponding to transverse and longitudinal couplings respectively. At strong qubit-resonator coupling, the heat current exhibits nonmonotonic behavior by increasing qubit-resonator coupling strength, which tightly relies on the scattering processes between the qubit and corresponding thermal bath. Furthermore, the longitudinal coupling is preferred to enhance heat current in strong qubit-resonator coupling regime. For two-photon correlation function, it exhibits an antibunching-to-bunching transition, which is mainly dominated by the modulation of energy gap between the first and second excited eigenstates. Our results are expected to deepen the understanding of nonequilibrium thermal transport and nonclassical photon radiation based on the circuit quantum electrodynamics platform., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures