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The roles of finance are well stipulated in the various indicators of the sustainable development goals (SDGS). However, the extant literature still finds conflicting outcomes of the finance-led growth. Hence, this study redirects empirical evidence by unbundling the effects of financial development on sustainable economic growth into aggregated and disaggregated, focusing on seven robust indicators (financial development index, financial institution index, depth, and access, and financial market index, depth, and access) in selected African countries from 1995 to 2021. Similarly, the intervening roles of government expenditure, digital economy, domestic investment, human capital, macroeconomic volatility, and trade openness are evaluated based on advanced estimators. Findings show that the seven indices of financial development drive sustainable economic growth in Africa both in the long and short runs. Similarly, government expenditure, digital economy, and human capital promote sustainable economic growth both in the short- and long-term periods. The driving effects of domestic investment are only noticeable in the long run. Conversely, trade openness and macroeconomic instability are noted to be growth-deterring. Policy insights that support sustainable economic growth in Africa emanate from the outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most cases, researchers assume that control of corruption, rule of law, accountability, and government expenditure tend to have a positive impact on government effectiveness. Nonetheless, recent theoretical and empirical evidence supports a mixed relationship between these variables. The paper, therefore, seeks to answer the extent to which corruption, the rule of law, accountability, and government expenditure affect government effectiveness. We employed Johansen method of cointegration and vector error correction model to examine the long-run and short-run relationship between the variables under study. By using Sri Lankan data covering the period from 1996 to 2020, we find a significant and positive relationship only between the control of corruption and government effectiveness both in the long run and in the short run. Yet, rule of law has a positive and significant impact on government effectiveness only in the long run. Voice and accountability, and government expenditure affect the government's effectiveness negatively in the long run and positively in the short run. The article demonstrates that weak anti-corruption mechanisms and weak legal and criminal justice systems seem to have a detrimental impact on government effectiveness in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze the effect of government spending on multidimensional poverty in Indonesia in 2018-2020. The government expenditure used is government expenditure for housing functions, public facilities and social assistance expenditure. This research uses a quantitative approach and Tobit panel regression techniques as well as secondary data for 2018-2020. The research results show that government spending, both government spending for public facilities housing functions and social assistance spending, has a positive and significant effect on multidimensional poverty in Indonesia. This research recommends to the Government that in making expenditure policies it is necessary to examine more broadly the impact on multidimensional poverty. Furthermore, the Government needs to evaluate and review the effectiveness of policies that have been implemented to reduce poverty, especially multidimensional poverty, which can be done through budget decomposition based on programs, so that the effect of spending on poverty can be seen in more detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the cyclicality of government expenditure and the impact of fiscal rules in a panel of five East African Community (EAC) countries using annual data for the period 1980–2019. The analysis is based on pooled ordinary least squares and panel autoregressive distributed lag regressions. We find that government consumption is acyclical while investment is procyclical. In addition, we find suggestive evidence that fiscal policy became less procyclical following the adoption of fiscal rules consistent with the EAC macroeconomic convergence criteria. These results highlight the importance of strengthening the scope and implementation of existing fiscal rules to facilitate the complete transition to countercyclical fiscal policy stance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In 2021, an estimated 750,000 people died from malaria. Despite this significant burden, globally, malaria incidence and mortality rates have substantially dropped over the last 30 years. However, growth in spending on malaria and improved outcomes have recently stagnated. This development has made it more important than ever to understand what constitutes efficient spending on malaria. Methods Data from various sources, including disaggregated data on malaria spending from the WHO Global Malaria Programme, National Health Accounts, and the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study was used in this study. The National Health Account report is produced at the end of a national accounting exercise that aims to map the flow of financial resources from all perspectives—incl. sources, agencies—in the health sector. Malaria spending estimates for all malaria-endemic countries from 2000 to 2020, with government and donor spending disaggregated into 11 key programme areas were generated in this study. Then, these spending estimates were combined with outcome data and estimated country efficiency using robust non-parametric stochastic frontier analysis and linear regression to examine the types of malaria spending associated with better malaria outcomes. Results Across malaria-endemic countries, there is wide variation in malaria spending, with spending associated with the malaria burden within the country. Argentina, Paraguay, and Turkmenistan stood out as examples of low spending relative to their respective malaria incident per person at risk rates, while the Philippines, Guatemala, and Sri Lanka stood out as countries with case fatality ratios that were low relative to their malaria spending. Having a greater proportion of malaria spending sourced from donors or on prevention was associated with increases in incidence efficiency, while having a greater proportion of spending on anti-malarial medicines was associated with increases in case fatality efficiency. Conclusions Prioritization of spending on prevention, anti-malarial medicines, and health systems strengthening can fight incident cases and fatalities simultaneously, especially in resource-scarce, malaria-endemic countries. Furthermore, improving the availability, frequency of collection, and quality of detailed disaggregated spending data is essential to support work that strengthens the evidence base on spending efficiency and work that improves understanding of how spending on malaria could be leveraged to bridge gaps in equity across population groups.

The total fixed capital formation is one of the main and influential determinants of production function through its impact on production costs, competitiveness, and profits. The Iraqi gross domestic product depends on one sector (the oil sector) in financing the government budget, which may lead to crises in case of oil price collapse. Therefore, the study aims to clarify the imbalance in the production function and the real output of the Iraqi economy and to indicate the role of the total fixed capital formation in this imbalance. The econometric methods were used to measure the degree of influence of the total fixed capital formation (independent variable) on the gross domestic product (dependent variable) from 2004 to 2020. The results showed a robust relationship between fixed capital formation and gross domestic product, where the independent variable affects the dependent variable by 4.5%, while the oil sector dominated the total value added by its acquisition of the total fixed capital formation by 47.45%, and the productive sectors of agriculture and industry achieved value added of 3.8%. The study concluded that the distribution of total capital formation by sector has an impact on the gross domestic product. Therefore, it is necessary to distribute the total fixed capital formation to the productive and production-supporting sectors to achieve economic growth and diversify the structure of the gross domestic product.

This study aims to investigate the differential impacts of recurrent and non-recurrent government expenditures on the gross domestic product (GDP) of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1996 to 2022. Aggregating data from various government levels, it employs ordinary least squares (OLS) regression techniques to analyze the relationship between these types of expenditures and economic growth. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between recurrent expenditure and GDP, indicating that spending on health, education, and security contributes to economic growth. Conversely, non-recurrent expenditure, encompassing capital and development investments, does not show a statistically significant impact on GDP in the short term. This suggests that while recurrent spending is crucial for immediate economic performance, non-recurrent investments require strategic planning and efficiency to realize their growth potential. The study underscores the importance of efficient expenditure allocation in transitioning economies like Bosnia and Herzegovina, highlighting the need for a balanced fiscal strategy that supports both immediate economic stability and long-term development.

Most of the recent environmental and economic studies focus on the influence of renewable energy consumption and effective government expenditure respecting global climate change in leading sustainable economic growth. The empirical studies showed variation in the relationship between these variables. Based on the Keynesian economic growth framework, this study aims to investigate the impact of government expenditure, renewable energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions on the sustainable economic growth of Lebanon. The study used the ordinary least square method to test the short- and long-run relationship between the model variables by employing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Stationarity estimation. The research data are gathered from the World Development Indicators annually from 1990 to 2022. The empirical findings showed that all variables are stationary at first difference except for carbon dioxide emissions. A long-term relationship between the dependent and independent variables was shown by the model test simulation employing the bound test. The model test for model residuals showed no heteroscedasticity based on the White test. The residuals are normally distributed by applying the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the model is stable with no structural break at the period. According to the study results, government spending has a robust reverse relation with sustainable economic growth and positive significant results for both renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. The study findings are consistent with some literature sources and raise attention to monitoring the nature of government spending and boosting green energy sources in an economy.

Numerous studies have been conducted on the relationship between trade openness and government expenditure in several developing countries including African countries, however, the studies are limited in South Africa. Therefore, South Africa does not have adequate empirical studies regarding the impact of trade openness on government expenditure, which could assist in developing their trade policies.

Background One of the main goals of the government is to ensure a development that would enhance the living standard of the people in the society. In this regard, capital expenditure that would promote infrastructure is most desired. However, in Nigeria, the government spends more on administrative cost (recurrent expenditure) than capital expenditure. Under such condition, contributions to economic growth and national development become an illusion. Methods This study employed Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF) with Bound testing procedure, time series data that covers the period from 1990 to 2020 in Nigeria were used. Results The result from the analysis showed that governmental expenditure has a significant effect on the national development of Nigeria. All the variables have a long-run relationship with economic growth (RGDP), according to the ARDL model’s results. If the government poor policies on education, health services, and infrastructure etc. are addressed, in the long-run, Nigeria will achieve monumental development. Conclusion The study adopted indices such as expenditure on Social and Community Services, Economic Services and Administrative Services to reflect the dynamics of government expenditure coupled with the yearly data garnered from the Central Bank of Nigeria spanning from 1990 to 2020.

In the Netherlands, access to disability insurance has become gradually more limited and demanding. The same holds for sheltered work. This puts disabled workers, and especially those with no working history, in disadvantaged competition with the non-disabled segment of the working population. In this study, we employ a Lotka–Volterra competition model based on differential equations to investigate how government expenditures for disability and other social benefits interacted in the period between 2010 and 2018. We contribute to the literature by showing that public expenditure for disability is not autonomous and that its competitive power in the social protection ecosystem changes both in type and over time. Our findings suggest that government expenditure for disability benefits in the Netherlands behaved both as prey in favour and predator at the cost of social exclusion and unemployment benefits. Reforms that took place in the ecosystem of interest are used to interpret such behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically examines the effectiveness of announced government fiscal measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. First, we build a new panel dataset of fiscal announcements by type, such as above-the line, below-the-line, and contingent liabilities for a wide sample of 136 advanced and developing countries between January 2020 and May 2021. Then, using this newly constructed dataset, we show, using both static and dynamic panel analyses, how various types of fiscal announcements affect alternative proxies of economic activity and across different income groups. We also evaluate how these effects vary depending on the country's initial conditions (degree of public indebtedness or the business cycle positioning). Fiscal announcements also matter in terms of external credibility since they have an effect on government bond spreads. Ultimately, our findings suggest why it might be critical to consider the "news" effect of a fiscal measure by type rather than at the aggregated level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fair distribution of income in the society is necessary as an important factor for increasing social welfare and raising productivity in the country. In this article, in a practical way, while extracting the status of income distribution in the form of three Generalized Gini coefficient indicators, emphasizing the role of the rich and the poor, the effect of macroeconomic variables on income inequality in the rural areas of the country's provinces were studied using the Quantile panel approach. Method: In this paper, using household income-expenditure information, the Gini coefficient and the generalized Gini coefficient are calculated in the 2006-2019, and then using the Quantile panel regression method and specifying two relationships, to investigate the effects of taxes, government expenses, gross domestic product and financial development are discussed on income distribution in the rural areas of Iran's provinces. Results: The results of this research indicate that increasing the tax rate in rural areas, if the distribution of income among the rich is not appropriate, can improve the mentioned distribution. But the government's expenses in general cause the distribution of income in favor of the poor, which is not significant when these expenses are divided into current and construction expenses. Also, the economic policy maker can use indirect tax as a tool to stabilize the income distribution in a favorable situation. In the end, the effect of financial development is different according to the state of income distribution in rural areas and Kuznets hypothesis is not confirmed in rural areas. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the effect of macroeconomic variables on the distribution of income in the rural areas of the country is different according to the conditions of the mentioned distribution and which strata of the society are prioritized, and the economic policy maker applies economic tools to Improving income distribution should take into account the mentioned conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between transparency in government expenditure authorization and public trust and economic growth in Nigeria. The study aims to achieve three primary objectives: first, to investigate how the level of accessibility of budgetary information influences public trust, to examine the extent to which public debt transparency influences public trust in government institutions and to analyze the relationship between transparency in disclosing revenue sources and its impact on public trust with a focus on the federal university system in South West Nigeria. The study’s population comprises bursary staff across the six federal universities in south west Nigeria. A sample size of 385 participants was selected using purposive sampling methods. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed, including surveys, interviews, and document analysis. The response rate of questionnaires varies across universities, with a total response rate of 96%, indicating a robust and representative sample for analysis. The findings of the study revealed that the accessibility of budgetary information was found to have a non-significant influence on public trust (coefficient: -0.017131, p-value: 0.0781), public debt transparency has positive and significant influence on public trust with (coefficient: 0.232477, p-value: 0.0000) and transparency in disclosing revenue sources also have positive and significant effect on public trust with (coefficient: 0.654819, pvalue: 0.0000) contributing to public trust in government institutions, particularly federal universities. Which is a clear indication that transparency in government expenditure authorization has significant impact on public trust within the federal university system in South West Nigeria. These results emphasize the importance of transparent financial practices in strengthening public trust within government institutions, highlighting the significant impact of transparency in government expenditure authorization on public trust in the federal university system in South West Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between transparency in government expenditure authorization and public trust in Nigeria. The study aims to achieve three primary objectives: first, to investigate how the level of accessibility of budgetary information influences public trust, to examine the extent to which public debt transparency influences public trust in government institutions and to analyze the relationship between transparency in disclosing revenue sources and its impact on public trust with a focus on the federal university system in South West Nigeri.. The study’s population comprises bursary staff across the six federal universities in south west Nigeria. A sample size of 385 participants was selected using purposive sampling methods. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were employed, including surveys, interviews, and document analysis. The response rate of questionnaires varies across universities, with a total response rate of 96%, indicating a robust and representative sample for analysis. The findings of the study revealed that the accessibility of budgetary information was found to have a non-significant influence on public trust (coefficient: -0.017131, pvalue: 0.0781), public debt transparency has positive and significant influence on public trust with (coefficient: 0.232477, p-value: 0.0000) and transparency in disclosing revenue sources also have positive and significant effect on public trust with (coefficient: 0.654819, p-value: 0.0000) contributing to public trust in government institutions, particularly federal universities. Which is a clear indication that transparency in government expenditure authorization has significant impact on public trust within the federal university system in South West Nigeria. These results emphasize the importance of transparent financial practices in strengthening public trust within government institutions, highlighting the significant impact of transparency in government expenditure authorization on public trust in the federal university system in South West Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to illustrate how the degree of effectiveness of fiscal policy measures varies depending on the level of public debt within a group of Central and Eastern European (CEE) states. To this end, a T-SVAR (Threshold Structural Vector Autoregressive) model was implemented, based on two regimes, calibrated as a function of the evolution of public debt. The results illustrate that, in most of the countries analysed, increasing government expenditure generates a stronger increase in economic growth under the low public debt regime in comparison with the situation at the level of the high public debt regime. Thus, the effectiveness of fiscal policy measures declines as the level of government debt rises. Another result obtained within the analysis highlights that the positive effect of public debt reduction on economic growth is more strongly felt in the higher public debt regime than under a low public debt regime. On the basis of these results, it is recommended that the CEE countries continue their efforts to reduce public debt in order to increase the effectiveness of fiscal policy measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study forecasts the government expenditure components in Nigeria, including recurrent and capital expenditures for 2021 and 2022, based on data from 1981 to 2020. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs statistical/econometric problems using the Feasible Quasi Generalized Least Squares approach. Expenditure forecasts involve three simulation scenarios: (1) do nothing where the economy follows its natural path; (2) an optimistic scenario, where the economy grows by specific percentages and (3) a pessimistic scenario that defines specific economic contractions. Findings: The estimation model is informed by Wagner's law specifying a positive link between economic activities and public spending. Model estimation affirms the expected positive relationship and is relevant for generating forecasts. The out-of-sample results show that a higher proportion of the total government expenditure (7.6% in 2021 and 15.6% in 2022) is required to achieve a predefined growth target (5%). Originality/value: This study offers empirical evidence that specifically requires Nigeria to invest a ratio of 3 to 1 or more in capital expenditure to recurrent expenditure for the economy to be guided on growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government expenditures may tend to defray to increasing social needs with economic growth and development. This study focused on the effects of government expenditure on unemployment and conducted empirical research on the possible positive or negative effects of government expenditure on unemployment. This study employed the asymmetric causality and Kernel-based Regulated least squares (KRLS) method with machine learning to examine the effect of government expenditure on the unemployment rate for two Baltic countries (Estonia and Latvia) for annual time frequency data from 1995 to 2019. Asymmetric causality findings show that increase government final government consumption has a decreasing impact on unemployment in the Estonia. In addition to this, no enough evidence for Abrams Curve from Estonia and Latvia. Additionally, the government's final consumption and expenditure effects have different signs at different quantiles. KRLS quantile coefficient findings point out that V-shape and inverse V-shape curve instead of the Abrams Curve for our sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the role of institutional quality in the government expenditure‐unemployment nexus in Nigeria using different components of government expenditures (total, recurrent, and capital expenditures). Causality tests and the autoregressive distributed lag estimation methods are used to analyse data spanning the period from 1984 to 2019. The key findings are as follows: (i) unidirectional causality runs from unemployment to total and capital expenditure and a partial unidirectional causality runs from recurrent expenditure to unemployment; (ii) total and capital expenditures are pro‐employment in the long run, while the recurrent expenditure is only pro‐employment in the short run; (iii) institutional quality is detrimental to employment in the long run; and (iv) institutional quality significantly moderates the impact of government expenditure on unemployment in Nigeria. The Nigerian government need to increase pro‐employment expenditure and make concerted efforts at improving the institutional quality in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the unemployment rate on life expectancy is based on Grossman's theory which emphasizes that an individual's economic disposition is very important for the affordability of health consumption. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of government spending on health and the unemployment rate on life expectancy in Central Java Province in 2015-2019. This research uses multiple linear regression analysis with the Eviews 10. The research results show government spending in the health sector and the unemployment rate simultaneously have a significant effect on life expectancy according to districts/cities in Central Java Province for the 2015-2019 period, government spending in the health sector has a positive and significant effect on life expectancy according to districts/cities in Central Java Province for the 2015 period -2019, the unemployment rate has a negative and insignificant effect on Life Expectancy according to Regency/City in Central Java Province for the 2015-2019 period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the dynamic linkages among government expenditure, informality, and economic growth in 15 Eastern and Southern African countries over a 25‐year period during 1991–2015. The analysis exploits panel vector autoregressive models to construct the time path of one variable following an orthogonal shock to another variable using impulse response functions. The analysis is complemented by panel quantile regressions to investigate the potential role of informality in the expenditure–economic growth nexus. The findings are threefold. First, both government consumption and investment expenditure have positive and significant effects on real per capita GDP. Second, informality has a direct negative impact on real per capita GDP. Third, the informal sector dampens the impact of government expenditure on real per capita GDP. These results are robust to the inclusion of selected control variables and are unchanged across GDP quantiles. The study's findings suggest that government policies aimed at reducing informality can have direct impacts on economic growth and indirect impacts through improvements in the effectiveness of government expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study aims to investigate the effect of government expenditure on the poverty rate and detect the moderating role of the unemployment rate in the functional relationship between the two variables. Using a panel data set of 24 provinces in Indonesia during 2005-2018, we use the dynamic model of the Generalized Methods of Moment to estimate the functional relationships. Our findings discovered that government expenditure on goods, services, and capital significantly reduces poverty. Conversely, grant and social aid expenditures have a positive and significant effect. The unemployment rate substantially increases the poverty rate and moderates the impact of the three types of public spending on the poverty rate. The higher the unemployment rate, the smaller the poverty reduction effect of government expenditure. These findings imply that the government budgetary allocation for a particular spending component should consider the unemployment rate as the primary consideration. It is due to the effectiveness of each expenditure group in reducing poverty differing at the various levels of the unemployment rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates the influence of government expenditure (GE) on Oman's economic growth by examining different government-spending dimensions as predictors of economic progression based on collected time-series data of Oman for 30 years. The study uses 'Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag' (ARDL) to assess the short-range and long-term effects of the dimensions on economic growth. GE, personal consumption expenditure and public debt are significant negative predictors of Oman's economic progress in the long run. However, government and private consumption expenditures (PCEs) are significantly negative in the short run. Gross domestic investment is not a significant predictor in the long run, whereas public debt is a substantial positive predictor of Oman's economic growth in the short run. The study will help policymakers recognize GE in Oman's economic progression and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our main contribution to this paper consists of analyzing the impact of public sector efficiency on economic growth. For this purpose, we based on a sample of seventy-five developing countries during the period 2000–2018. In the first step, we have estimated the countries' efficiency scores of public spending using data envelopment analysis (DEA). In the second step, we have incorporated them into a simple model of growth through government expenditure by applying a generalized method of moments (GMM). The results demonstrate that increasing government expenditure reduces economic growth in developing countries. However, when government expenditure is interacted with public sector efficiency, we find evidence for efficiency to boost the impacts of public spending on economic growth. Moreover, the empirical results show that above a critical threshold, efficiency lowers the optimal size of government expenditure required to maximize growth. Our findings can be useful for policymakers in order to set out a structural adjustment plan to improve the efficiency level of the public sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the swiftly advancing field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a field where every country aims to keep pace, significant disparities are observed in how different nations adopt AI. This study explores the deep, yet insufficiently studied, effects of AI on societal, economic, and environmental aspects. It particularly examines how brain drain influences governmental AI implementation capabilities, addressing a gap in existing literature. The study investigates the interplay between government AI implementation and brain drain, factoring in macroeconomic conditions, governance quality, educational levels, and R&D efforts. Utilizing 2022 data from European Union countries, the research employs instrumental- variables regressions (2SLS and LIML) to counteract endogeneity and uses clustering methods for categorizing countries based on their government AI levels, alongside spatial analysis to detect cross-national spillovers and interactions. The findings reveal brain drain's detrimental effect on governmental AI preparedness, highlight clustering tendencies, and identify spatial interdependencies. This paper underscores the need for strategic policy-making and institutional reforms to bolster government AI capabilities. It advocates for a paradigm shift in government frameworks post-New Public Management era, tailored to the new challenges posed by AI. The research, however, is limited to a single year and region, with constraints on data availability and indicator breadth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to illustrate how the degree of effectiveness of fiscal policy measures varies depending on the level of public debt within a group of Central and Eastern European (CEE) states. To this end, a T-SVAR (Threshold Structural Vector Autoregressive) model was implemented, based on two regimes, calibrated as a function of the evolution of public debt. The results illustrate that, in most of the countries analysed, increasing government expenditure generates a stronger increase in economic growth under the low public debt regime in comparison with the situation at the level of the high public debt regime. Thus, the effectiveness of fiscal policy measures declines as the level of government debt rises. Another result obtained within the analysis highlights that the positive effect of public debt reduction on economic growth is more strongly felt in the higher public debt regime than under a low public debt regime. On the basis of these results, it is recommended that the CEE countries continue their efforts to reduce public debt in order to increase the effectiveness of fiscal policy measures.

India’s higher education system grapples with myriad challenges perpetuated by scarcity of resources. This study seeks to analyse the quantitative growth of India’s higher education since independence, particularly focusing on the post-reform period. The research employs regression models, including the semi-log, Gompertz and multiple linear models, to determine growth rates and forecast variables up to 2035. The study reveals a significant expansion of higher education during the examined period, though it falls short of meeting the increasing demands. To achieve the goal of a 50 per cent Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) by 2035, the Government of India must take steps to boost its expenditure on higher education. The analysis powerfully underscores that despite the extensive proliferation of higher education in India, its efficacy might be limited without concurrent implementation of robust policies directed towards amplifying government expenditure within the sector.

The paper presents a cross-country analysis of seven countries in the MENA region and explores the effects of COVID-19 on educational policymaking. The paper uses a quasi-thematic literature review to highlight the emerging themes related to the quality of education during the pandemic. The paper investigates the educational trends in seven MENA region countries and provides descriptive analysis to understand if there were changes from 2016 to 2020. In order to investigate these trends, the study uses the conceptualization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 4) “Quality of education.” The analysis is based on the data from the World Bank Development indicators. The paper’s evidence identifies a difference in the level of government expenditure on education within the MENA region. Pre and during COVID-19 provides crucial insights such as all countries increased their government expenditure on education except Egypt and Bahrain. The paper further addresses the contributing factors to the educational gaps in the region, such as digital exclusion, inequality (income and gender), and the government’s budget constraints during the pandemic. This study presents recommendations to bridge these identified gaps in the post-pandemic era.

Purpose: The relationship between public expenditure and revenue that determines the budget balance in the explanation of budget deficits is very important. This study aimed to examine the association between public spending and income in Turkey. Methodology: This article applies the continuous wavelet transform method (CWT) to study the relationship between government revenues and expenditures in Turkey. The study, which covers the period 2006-2020, consists of monthly data. The following four CWT tools were used in the analysis: Wavelet Power Spectrum, Cross Wavelet Power, Wavelet Coherence, and Phase Difference. Results: The results of the study, controlling taxes rather than expenditures, play a key role in reducing fiscal deficits in Turkey in the short term. It is revealed that the dynamics of the budget balance in the medium term can be explained by the spend-tax hypothesis and that the tax burden can be alleviated by spending cuts. In the long term, results were obtained that support the spend-tax hypothesis. Conclusion: The paper reveals that taxes play an important role in controlling budget deficits in the short run. It turns out that the dynamics of the budget balance can be explained in the medium term by expenditure cuts and then the tax burden can be alleviated. In the long run, implementing fiscal policies based on public spending rather than taxation will be more effective against budget deficits.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine key macroeconomic determinants on Cameroon's economic growth from 1970 to 2018. Design/methodology/approach – Data were obtained from the World Development Indicators and applied on time series data econometric techniques. The auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds model analyzed the data since the variables had different order of integration. Findings – The results showed long and short runs’ positive and significant connection between economic growth in Cameroon and government expenditure; trade openness, gross capital formation and exchange rate. Human capital development, foreign aid, money supply, inflation and foreign direct investment negatively and significantly affected economic growth in the short and long-runs. Hence, the macroeconomic indicators are not death. Research limitations/implications – The present research paper has tried to capture the impact of nine macroeconomic determinants on economic growth such as the government expenditure (LNGOVEXP), human capital development (LNHCD), foreign aids (AID), trade openness (LNTOP), foreign direct investment (LNFDI), gross capital formation (INVEST), broad money (LNM2), official exchange rate (LNEXHRATE) and Inflation (LNINFLA). However, these variables have the tendency to affect each other in a unidirectional or bidirectional manner. Further, the present research paper is unable to capture the impact of other macroeconomic variable due to the unavailability of data. Practical implications – The study recommends that Cameroon should use proper planning and strategic policy interventions to achieve higher sustainable economic growth with human capital development, foreign aid, money supply, foreign direct investment and moderate inflation. Social implications – Macroeconomic indicators, if managed well, increase economic growth. Originality/value – This paper to the best of the researcher's knowledge presents new background information to both policymakers and researchers on the main macroeconomic determinants using econometric analysis.

This paper presents an analytical overview of the effects of inflation on government revenues, expenditure and fiscal positions. Evidence for a range of countries from the current inflation episode and that of the 1980s is compared and contrasted. The key finding is that high inflation initially boosts tax revenues and improves fiscal positions, but expenditure quickly catches up and offsets this improvement. The short-term boost is partly due to structural changes that have made modern tax systems more elastic with respect to inflation. The medium-turn deterioration reflects a shift toward spending items more responsive to inflation. The key risk is that the impression of abundant tax revenues will lead to spending programmes or tax cuts that damage public finances in the long term. As research on inflation and public finances has been dormant since the 1980s, this analysis fills a gap in our understanding of the fiscal consequences of inflation.

Fiscal policy methods are critical to a country’s economic stability. However, when fiscal policy changes occur, all economic sectors react either favorably or adversely. The stock market is not spared from this reaction because it is likewise an important aspect of the economy. From 1998 through 2020, the inquiry looks at the link between fiscal policy mechanisms and stock market performance. The Levin, Lin, and Chu test is used to determine data stationarity. At zero latency, all factors remain constant. Other screening tools employed indicate that all datasets and models utilized in this work are of satisfactory quality. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) is a statistical method used to investigate the link between fiscal policy plans and stock market results. Correlation coefficients quantify the strength of a link between two variables. The study’s findings indicate that fiscal measures such as tax income, domestic borrowing, government capital, and regular expenditure have a substantial and extremely strong positive relationship with Nigerian stock market returns. The study also indicates that foreign borrowing is harmful to Nigeria’s stock market advancement. Other data indicate that foreign borrowing has a modest to very weak link with other fiscal policy methods when compared to the outcomes of the other instruments. As a result, the report recommends increased tax income collection and a significant reduction in the country’s foreign debt.

In this paper, we assess the effects of fiscal policy on load capacity factor using data spanning from 1990 to 2018 in BRICS nations (Brazil, Russia, China, India, and South Africa). Unlike both CO2 emissions and ecological footprint, the load capacity factor captures both the demand and supply sides of the environment. This research leverages on co-integration test, second-generation unit root tests, and the novel panel nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (PNARDL). The results revealed that the major contributors to environmental deterioration are economic expansion and nonrenewable energy, while environmental sustainability is attributed to increased renewable energy. Furthermore, a positive shock in taxation revenue increases the quality of the environment while positive (negative) shocks in government expenditure decrease environmental quality. In affirming the PNARDL testing approach findings, the current study employed the pool mean group (PMG) and mean group (MG) estimators to assess the linkage between the independent and dependent variables. The results of the MG and PMG estimators align with the panel nonlinear ARDL results. Besides, the panel causality test also revealed unidirectional causality from renewable energy, nonrenewable energy, economic growth, government expenditure, and taxation revenues to load capacity factor. These findings affirm the findings of the PNARDL testing approach. The study suggests that the BRICS nations' governments should use the fiscal policy to enhance ecological sustainability by promoting investment and projects in renewable sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]