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Palygorskite has attracted particular attention as a specialized adsorbent due to its high specific surface area, porous texture and abundant surface groups, but its processing for commercial products makes the resulting material more expensive. In this scope, the aim of this work is to evaluate the potential of Brazilian naturally occurring palygorskite samples with low processing degree as an alternative to commercial palygorskites adsorbents for methylene blue, evaluating samples with different compositions, morphologies and microporous profiles. Materials were characterized using FTIR, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and surface area analysis (BET method). The Brazilian ones were processed in bar and disk mills and passed through a # 325 mesh sieve system. All samples showed common palygorskite X-ray diffraction patterns and specific surface area ranging from 100 to 147 m/g. The application of clay samples was investigated for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) dye, and the influence time of adsorption, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage were evaluated. The methylene blue adsorption was best described by the pseudo-second order model. The adsorption kinetics of methylene blue by palygorskite conforms to the pseudo-second-order model (R = 0,9997). The maximum removal capacity for methylene blue was determined to be 694 (±36.53) mg/g. Additionally, the Freundlich model demonstrated the most favorable mathematical fit. Adsorption capacities varied between 49 and 150 mg/g for 300 mg/L MB solutions, with noteworthy performance exhibited by Brazilian samples, achieving up to twice the adsorption compared to their commercial counterparts, despite possessing lower specific surface areas. The presence of two distinct pore modes, centered at 25 and 45 Å, proved pivotal in the sample with the highest adsorption capacity, reaching adsorption equilibrium at 40 min.

The development of fluorescent materials that can act as sensors for the determination of metal ions in biological fluids is important since they show, among others, high sensitivity and specificity. However, most of the molecules that are used for these purposes possess a very low solubility in aqueous media, and, thus, it is necessary to adopt some derivation strategies. Clay minerals, for example, hectorite, as natural materials, are biocompatible and available in large amounts at a very low cost that have been extensively used as carrier systems for the delivery of different hydrophobic species. In the present work, we report the synthesis and characterization of a hectorite/phenanthroline nanomaterial as a potential fluorescent sensor for Zn ion detection in water. The interaction of phenanthroline with the Ht interlaminar space was thoroughly investigated, via both theoretical and experimental studies (i.e., thermogravimetry, FT-IR, UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies and XRD measurements), while its morphology was imaged by scanning electron microscopy. Afterwards, the possibility to use it as sensor for the detection of Zn2+ ions, in comparison to other metal ions, was investigated through fluorescent measurements, and the stability of the solid Ht/Phe/Zn complex was assessed by different experimental and theoretical measurements.

Collagen is a cornerstone protein for tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting due to its outstanding biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and natural abundance in human tissues. Nonetheless, it still poses some important challenges, such as complicated and limited extraction processes, usually accompanied by batchto-batch reproducibility and influence of factors, such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength. In this work, we evaluated the suitability and performance of new, fibrillar type I collagen as standardized and reproducible collagen source for 3D printing and bioprinting. The acidic, native fibrous collagen formulation (5% w/w) performed remarkably during 3D printing, which was possible to print constructs of up to 27 layers without collapsing. On the other hand, the fibrous collagen mass has been modified to provide a fast, reliable, and easily neutralizable process. The neutralization with TRIS-HCl enabled the inclusion of cells without hindering printability. The cell-laden constructs were printed under mild conditions (50–80 kPa, pneumatic 3D printing), providing remarkable cellular viability (>90%) as well as a stable platform for cell growth and proliferation in vitro. Therefore, the native, type I collagen masses characterized in this work offer a reproducible and reliable source of collagen for 3D printing and bioprinting purposes.

Drug adherence is a significant medical issue, often responsible for sub-optimal outcomes during the treatment of chronic diseases such as rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis. Monoclonal antibodies (which are exclusively given parenterally) have been proven to be an effective treatment in these cases. The use of auto-injectors is an effective strategy to improve drug adherence in parenteral treatments since these pen-like devices offer less discomfort and increased user-friendliness over conventional syringe-based delivery. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of including a monoclonal antibody as a solid formulation inside an auto-injector pen. Specifically, the objective was to evaluate the drug stability after a concentration (to reduce the amount of solvent and space needed) and freeze-drying procedure. A preliminary screening of excipients to improve stability was also performed. The nano-DSC results showed that mannitol improved the stability of the concentrated, freeze-dried antibody in comparison to its counterpart without it. However, a small instability of the CH2 domain was still found for mannitol samples, which will warrant further investigation. The present results serve as a stepping stone towards advancing future drug delivery systems that will ultimately improve the patient experience and associated drug adherence.

Development of new medicinal products for particular therapeutic treatment or for better manipulations with better quality and less side effects are possible as a result of advanced inorganic and organic materials application, among which zeolites, due to their properties and versatility, have been gaining attention. This paper is an overview of the development in the use of zeolite materials and their composites and modifications as medicinal products for several purposes such as active agents, carriers, for topical treatments, oral formulations, anticancer, the composition of theragnostic systems, vaccines, parenteral dosage forms, tissue engineering, etc. The objective of this review is to explore the main properties of zeolites and associate them with their drug interaction, mainly addressing the advances and studies related to the use of zeolites for different types of treatments due to their zeolite characteristics such as molecule storage capacity, physical and chemical stability, cation exchange capacity, and possibility of functionalization. The use of computational tools to predict the drug—zeolite interaction is also explored. As conclusion was possible to realize the possibilities and versatility of zeolite applications as being able to act in several aspects of medicinal products.

Vascular stents (VS) have revolutionized the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, as evidenced by the fact that the implantation of VS in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients has become a routine, easily approachable surgical intervention for the treatment of stenosed blood vessels. Despite the evolution of VS throughout the years, more efficient approaches are still required to address the medical and scientific challenges, especially when it comes to peripheral artery disease (PAD). In this regard, three-dimensional (3D) printing is envisaged as a promising alternative to upgrade VS by optimizing the shape, dimensions and stent backbone (crucial for optimal mechanical properties), making them customizable for each patient and each stenosed lesion. Moreover, the combination of 3D printing with other methods could also upgrade the final device. This review focuses on the most recent studies using 3D printing techniques to produce VS, both by itself and in combination with other techniques. The final aim is to provide an overview of the possibilities and limitations of 3D printing in the manufacturing of VS. Furthermore, the current situation of CAD and PAD pathologies is also addressed, thus highlighting the main weaknesses of the already existing VS and identifying research gaps, possible market niches and future directions.

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is an additive manufacturing technique that creates a physical three-dimensional piece from a digital computer design. One of the most important advantages of 3DP lies in its versatility, demonstrated by the wide variety of 3DP techniques currently available and the plethora of materials that can be used, to the possibility of adapting the dimensions and shape of the 3D construct just by changing the digital design to be printed. 3DP has influenced a significant number of areas. Regarding the pharmaceutical field, 3DP has opened a new door to the development of tailor-made dosage forms and medical devices (Desu et al., 2021). 3DP has even adapted to the idiosyncrasies of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, enabling the production of anatomical models (acellular scaffolds) (Wang and Yang, 2021) and tailor-made 3D tissues and organs (cellular scaffolds) (Agarwal et al., 2020). In the last case, ink formulations are based on biocompatible and biodegradable polymers with high water content like gelatin, alginate, chitosan, fibrinogen, collagen, etc. However, their low mechanical resistance compromises their functionality and handling. At this point, there is a need for biocompatible ingredients to improve the limitations of the aforementioned polymeric ingredients. Among the potential candidates, inorganic materials like clay minerals (natural and synthetic) have proven their usefulness as mechanical reinforcement and rheology additives of different polymers (Ruiz-Hitzky et al., 2013). Moreover, they are naturally occurring materials with recognized biocompatibility and bioactivity, revealing them as optimal candidates for this cutting-edge technology. The pairing of ¿clay minerals¿ and ¿3DP¿ is a rather recent field of study. For the particular case of 3D bioprinting and tissue engineering, the number of publications dealing with clay minerals is still scarce but those already published highlight that these ingredients are use

Development of new medicinal products for particular therapeutic treatment or for better manipulations with better quality and less side effects are possible as a result of advanced inorganic and organic materials application, among which zeolites, due to their properties and versatility, have been gaining attention. This paper is an overview of the development in the use of zeolite materials and their composites and modifications as medicinal products for several purposes such as active agents, carriers, for topical treatments, oral formulations, anticancer, the composition of theragnostic systems, vaccines, parenteral dosage forms, tissue engineering, etc. The objective of this review is to explore the main properties of zeolites and associate them with their drug interaction, mainly addressing the advances and studies related to the use of zeolites for different types of treatments due to their zeolite characteristics such as molecule storage capacity, physical and chemical stability, cation exchange capacity, and possibility of functionalization. The use of computational tools to predict the drug—zeolite interaction is also explored. As conclusion was possible to realize the possibilities and versatility of zeolite applications as being able to act in several aspects of medicinal products.

The development of green synthesized polymeric nanoparticles with anticancer studies has been an emerging field in academia and the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Vegetable oils are potential substitutes for petroleum derivatives, as they present a clean and environmentally friendly alternative and are available in abundance at relatively low prices. Biomass-derived chemicals can be converted into monomers with a unique structure, generating materials with new properties for the synthesis of sustainable monomers and polymers. The production of bio-based polymeric nanoparticles is a promising application of green chemistry for biomedical uses. There is an increasing demand for biocompatible and biodegradable materials for specific applications in the biomedical area, such as cancer therapy. This is encouraging scientists to work on research toward designing polymers with enhanced properties and clean processes, containing oncology active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The nanoencapsulation of these APIs in bio-based polymeric nanoparticles can control the release of the substances, increase bioavailability, reduce problems of volatility and degradation, reduce side effects, and increase treatment efficiency. This review discusses the use of green chemistry for bio-based nanoparticle production and its application in anticancer medicine. The use of castor oil for the production of renewable monomers and polymers is proposed as an ideal candidate for such applications, as well as more suitable methods for the production of bio-based nanoparticles and some oncology APIs available for anticancer application.

Osteochondral injuries can lead to osteoarthritis (OA). OA is characterized by the progressive degradation of the cartilage tissue together with bone tissue turnover. Consequently, joint pain, inflammation, and stiffness are common, with joint immobility and dysfunction being the most severe symptoms. The increase in the age of the population, along with the increase in risk factors such as obesity, has led OA to the forefront of disabling diseases. In addition, it not only has an increasing prevalence, but is also an economic burden for health systems. Current treatments are focused on relieving pain and inflammation, but they become ineffective as the disease progresses. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches, such as tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting, have emerged. In this review, the advantages of using 3D bioprinting techniques for osteochondral regeneration are described. Furthermore, the biomaterials, cell types, and active molecules that are commonly used for these purposes are indicated. Finally, the most recent promising results for the regeneration of cartilage, bone, and/or the osteochondral unit through 3D bioprinting technologies are considered, as this could be a feasible therapeutic approach to the treatment of OA.

Bone tissue is usually damaged after big traumas, tumors, and increasing aging-related diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Current treatments are based on implanting grafts, which are shown to have several inconveniences. In this regard, tissue engineering through the 3D bioprinting technique has arisen to manufacture structures that would be a feasible therapeutic option for bone regenerative medicine. In this study, nanocellulose–alginate (NC–Alg)-based bioink is improved by adding two different inorganic components such as hydroxyapatite (HAP) and graphene oxide (GO). First, ink rheological properties and biocompatibility are evaluated as well as the influence of the sterilization process on them. Then, scaffolds are characterized. Finally, biological studies of embedded murine D1 mesenchymal stem cells engineered to secrete erythropoietin are performed. Results show that the addition of both HAP and GO prevents NC–Alg ink from viscosity lost in the sterilization process. However, GO is reduced due to short cycle autoclave sterilization, making it incompatible with this ink. In addition, HAP and GO have different influences on scaffold architecture and surface as well as in swelling capacity. Scaffolds mechanics, as well as cell viability and functionality, are promoted by both elements addition. Additionally, GO demonstrates an enhanced bone differentiation capacity.

In the last few years, attempts to improve the regeneration of damaged tendons have been rising due to the growing demand. However, current treatments to restore the original performance of the tissue focus on the usage of grafts; although, actual grafts are deficient because they often cannot provide enough support for tissue regeneration, leading to additional complications. The beneficial effect of combining 3D bioprinting and dECM as a novel bioink biomaterial has recently been described. Tendon dECMs have been obtained by using either chemical, biological, or/and physical treatments. Although decellularization protocols are not yet standardized, recently, different protocols have been published. New therapeutic approaches embrace the use of dECM in bioinks for 3D bioprinting, as it has shown promising results in mimicking the composition and the structure of the tissue. However, major obstacles include the poor structural integrity and slow gelation properties of dECM bioinks. Moreover, printing parameters such as speed and temperature have to be optimized for each dECM bioink. Here, we show that dECM bioink for 3D bioprinting provides a promising approach for tendon regeneration for future clinical applications.

Vascular stents (VS) have revolutionized the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, as evidenced by the fact that the implantation of VS in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients has become a routine, easily approachable surgical intervention for the treatment of stenosed blood vessels. Despite the evolution of VS throughout the years, more efficient approaches are still required to address the medical and scientific challenges, especially when it comes to peripheral artery disease (PAD). In this regard, three-dimensional (3D) printing is envisaged as a promising alternative to upgrade VS by optimizing the shape, dimensions and stent backbone (crucial for optimal mechanical properties), making them customizable for each patient and each stenosed lesion. Moreover, the combination of 3D printing with other methods could also upgrade the final device. This review focuses on the most recent studies using 3D printing techniques to produce VS, both by itself and in combination with other techniques. The final aim is to provide an overview of the possibilities and limitations of 3D printing in the manufacturing of VS. Furthermore, the current situation of CAD and PAD pathologies is also addressed, thus highlighting the main weaknesses of the already existing VS and identifying research gaps, possible market niches and future directions.

Nanocomposites formed by clay and lipid carriers (NLCs) show a high potential for providing controlled release and specific delivery of bioactive molecules and have recently gained attention in the pharmaceutical sector due to their ability to transport hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Recent studies have recognized the biological activity of the oil of Bixa orellana L. (AO) with regards to its healing, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-leishmanial properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the preparation and characterization of hybrid systems based on lipid nanocarriers and laponite for the delivery of AO. NLCs were prepared by the fusion-emulsification method, using cetyl palmitate (CP) or myristyl myristate (MM), AO, and Poloxamer 188. The morphology, hydrodynamic diameters, zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), viscosity behavior, and cytotoxicity testing of the hybrid systems were performed. The thermal study and X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD) revealed polymorphic structural changes compatible with the amorphization of the material. Rheological assays highlighted a typical pseudoplastic behavior in all systems (MM and CP with LAP). The hybrid systems’ morphology, size diameters, and PDIs were similar, preset spherical and monodisperse structures (≈200 nm; <0.3), without significant change up to sixty days. The ZP values differed from each other, becoming higher with increasing AO concentration. XEDS spectra and elemental X-ray maps show peaks of lipids (organic components, C and O) and inorganic components O, Mg, and Si. All samples showed cell viability above 60%. The results indicated a stable, biocompatible hybrid system that can be an alternative for topical application.

This work developed an innovative membrane based on the high-performance PEBAX®2533 (PEBA) block copolymer and particles of iron-based layered double hydroxide (LDH) (MgFeAl layer composition) intercalated with phytotherapeutic abietate anions (ABI); both guest and host species are active in the promotion of wound healing. The presence of conjugated double bonds in the ABI structure promotes chemical reactions confronting its stability. Hence, LDH can protect the phytochemical species and promote its modified release. Aiming the development of wound dressings, LDH-ABI particles were immobilized in a biocompatible polymer (PEBA) by simple casting method. All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrational (infrared and Raman) spectroscopies, thermogravimetry analysis coupled to mass spectrometry (TGA-MS), elemental chemical analyses and, in the case of polymer composites, by mechanical tests. Although the intercalation of organic anions into iron-based LDH materials is challenging, ABI intercalation was successful and using one-pot method (coprecipitation at constant pH value), according to XRD data. Additionally, spectroscopic techniques indicated the integrity of the ABI chemical structure after intercalation. The sodium abietate (NaABI) salt and the PEBA_NaABI membrane were also prepared to evaluate the effect of LDH in the formulations. In vitro release assays in saline solution at 32 °C showed the release (or solubilization) of around 3 and 5 wt./wt% of the ABI amount from LDH and salt, respectively, after 10 h. Comparatively, ABI release from the PEBA_MgFeAl-ABI and PEBA_NaABI formulations was improved to 20 and 22 wt%, respectively. The improvement in ABI release profiles from the membranes was related to the decrease in particles aggregation and improved media permeation. LDH particles released bioactive Mg cations in the saline solution and, unlike NaABI particles, also improved the mechanical performance of the polymer. Thus, PEBA_MgFeAl

An ordered nanoporous carbon (ONC) was synthesized by the hard-template method and then superficially modified with amino groups from 3-aminopropyltrietoxisilane (ONC-A). Both carbons, ONC and ONC-A, were characterized and tested as carriers of a high-frequency dosing drug such as cephalexin (CFX). Density functional theory calculations were used to study the interactions between ONC and the amino groups of ONC-A and CFX. Finally, the biocompatibility of human colon carcinoma (Caco-2) cells and in vitro release kinetics at gastric and intestinal pH were evaluated. The results show that drug loading capacity was higher in ONC than in ONC-A, which was associated with a localized increase in adsorption energy and a decrease in the textural properties on the surface of the ONC-A sample. Both carbon materials showed cell viability above 80 %, even at high concentrations (1000 µg mL). The CFX release profiles of both carbons reached their maximum at 12 h, whereas the rapid release of pure CFX at gastric and intestinal pH was 30 min. The release mechanisms obeyed the Weibull model governed by Fickian diffusion, influenced by both porosity and functional groups in ONC and ONC-A.

KIT-6 mesoporous silica has been synthesized using the sol-gel method and functionalized with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane by grafting route to obtain KIT-6/NH. These samples were used as carriers in the loading and controlled release of cephalexin (CFX). The effect of temperature and gastric and intestinal pH on the stability of pure CFX and loaded in KIT-6 and KIT-6/NH were investigated. The properties of the synthesized materials and their CFX loading capacity were studied through FTIR, ads-des N at 77 K, TEM, SEM, XPS, and TGA. The controlled release tests were carried out in a simulated physiological medium at gastric (1.2) and intestinal pH (6.8). Furthermore, the biocompatibility of both materials was studied through cell viability tests in Caco-2 intestinal cells. The results revealed that KIT-6 and KIT-6/NH had similar CFX loading capacities. It was found that CFX degrades at pH 6.8, however, KIT-6 and KIT-6/NH were able to protect it from the aforementioned degradation. Moreover, KIT-6 materials presented a good performance as CFX carriers since both materials provided diffusion-controlled release profiles during 24 h, satisfying the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. Mesoporous silicas presented in this work are promising candidates to be used in CFX controlled release systems due to their chemical interactions, textural properties, and high cell viability.

The adaptation and progress of 3D printing technology toward 3D bioprinting (specifically adapted to biomedical purposes) has opened the door to a world of new opportunities and possibilities in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this regard, 3D bioprinting allows for the production of tailor-made constructs and organs as well as the production of custom implants and medical devices. As it is a growing field of study, currently, the attention is heeded on the optimization and improvement of the mechanical and biological properties of the so-called bioinks/biomaterial inks. One of the strategies proposed is the use of inorganic ingredients (clays, hydroxyapatite, graphene, carbon nanotubes and other silicate nanoparticles). Clays have proven to be useful as rheological and mechanical reinforcement in a wide range of fields, from the building industry to pharmacy. Moreover, they are naturally occurring materials with recognized biocompatibility and bioactivity, revealing them as optimal candidates for this cutting-edge technology. This review deals with the use of clays (both natural and synthetic) for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine through 3D printing and bioprinting. Despite the limited number of studies, it is possible to conclude that clays play a fundamental role in the formulation and optimization of bioinks and biomaterial inks since they are able to improve their rheology and mechanical properties, thus improving printability and construct resistance. Additionally, they have also proven to be exceptionally functional ingredients (enhancing cellular proliferation, adhesion, differentiation and alignment), controlling biodegradation and carrying/releasing actives with tissue regeneration therapeutic activities.

La turba, en razón de su composición, tiene un potencial empleo en el ámbito de la salud, asociado principalmente a los efectos de los ácidos húmicos y fúlvicos administrados por vía tópica. La turba se emplea como excipiente de formas semisólidas de uso en Hidrología Médica, en la formulación de peloides]. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido estudiar la estabilidad de un sistema disperso turba/agua purificada para evaluar su posible uso en este ámbito.

Nanocomposite systems attract considerable interest in the pharmaceutic and cosmetic fields due to the wide range of advantageous properties compared to free polymers, such as the high potential to provide predictable, accurate, and reproducible patterns of controlled release and specific delivery of bioactive molecules. Studies have shown the hybridization of different clays with polymers or surfactants by strong secondary interactions of the mineral compounds with their guests. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) associated with clays have gained attention in pharmaceutical areas due to their ability to transport hydrophobic drugs. Additionally, lipid-based nanoparticles are considering “nano-safety, stable, biocompatible, and have low dermal toxicity. In this context, Bixa orellana L. or “annatto,” has been proposed as a potential active ingredient in pharmaceuticals by its biological activity as healing, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-leishmaniasis properties. The purpose of the present study was to produce and characterize NLCs with AO in association with Laponite (L) nanoparticles (Na+ 0.7[(Si8 Mg5.5Li0.3) O20(OH)4 ]-0.7).