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1. STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2019

Author

BLUNDEN, J., ARNDT, D. S., Dunn, R. J. H., Stanitski, D. M., Gobron, N., Willett, K. M., Lumpkin, Rick, Diamond, H. J., Schreck, C. J., Richter-Menge, J., Druckenmiller, M. L., Scambos, T., Stammerjohn, S., Bissolli, P., Ganter, C., Li, T., Mekonnen, A., and Sánchez-Lugo, A.

Published
2020

2. STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2018

Author

BLUNDEN, J., ARNDT, D. S., Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Stanitski, D. M., Gobron, N., Willett, K. M., Diamond, H. J., Schreck, C. J., Richter-Menge, J., Osborne, E., Druckenmiller, M., Jeffries, M. O., Scambos, T., Stammerjohn, S., Bissolli, P., Ganter, C., Li, T., Mekonnen, A., and Sánchez-Lugo, A.

Published
2019

3. REGIONAL CLIMATES

Author

Bissolli, P., Ganter, C., Li, T., Mekonnen, A., and Sánchez-Lugo, A.

Published
2021

5. 7. REGIONAL CLIMATES

Author

Bissolli, P., Ganter, C., Li, T., Mekonnen, A., and Sanchez-Lugo, A.

Subjects
Precipitation (Meteorology) -- International aspects -- Observations, Atmospheric temperature -- International aspects -- Measurement, Business, Earth sciences
Abstract

a. Overview This chapter provides summaries of the 2017 temperature and precipitation conditions across seven broad regions: North America, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and [...]

Published
2018

10. Outcomes of patients with initial acute respiratory failure on veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) requiring additional circulatory support by VVA-ECMO

Author

Seeliger, B, primary, Erlebach, R, additional, Wild, L, additional, Rath, A, additional, Andermatt, R, additional, Hofmänner, D, additional, Schewe, J, additional, Ganter, C, additional, Putensen, C, additional, Kühn, C, additional, Bauersachs, J, additional, Welte, T, additional, Hoeper, M M, additional, Wendel-Garcia, P D, additional, David, S, additional, Bode, C, additional, and Stahl, K, additional

Published
2022
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14. State of the Climate in 2018

Author

Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Stanitski, D. M., Gobron, N., Willett, K. M., Sanchez-lugo, A., Berrisford, P., Morice, C., Nicolas, Jp, Carrea, L., Woolway, R. I., Merchant, C. J., Dokulil, M. T., De Eyto, E., Degasperi, C. L., Korhonen, J., Marszelewski, W., May, L., Paterson, A. M., Rusak, J. A., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, M., Verburg, P., Watanabe, S., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., King, A. D., Donat, M. G., Christy, J. R., Po-chedley, S., Mears, C. R., Haimberger, L., Covey, C., Randel, W., Noetzli, J., Biskaborn, B. K., Christiansen, H. H., Isaksen, K., Schoeneich, P., Smith, S., Vieira, G., Zhao, L., Streletskiy, D. A., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M., Berry, D. I., Bosilovich, M. G., Simmons, A. J., Mears, C., Ho, S. P., Bock, O., Zhou, X., Nicolas, J, Vose, R. S., Adler, R., Gu, G., Becker, A., Yin, X, Tye, M. R., Blenkinsop, S., Durre, I., Ziese, M., Collow, A. B. Marquardt, Rustemeier, E., Foster, M. J., Di Girolamo, L., Frey, R. A., Heidinger, A. K., Sun-mack, S., Phillips, C., Menzel, W. P., Stengel, M., Zhao, G., Kim, H., Rodell, M., Li, B., Famiglietti, J. S., Scanlon, T., Van Der Schalie, R., Preimesberger, W., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Gruber, A., Kidd, R., De Jeu, R. A. M., Dorigo, W. A., Barichivich, J., Osborn, T. J., Harris, I., Van Der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Miralles, D. G., Martens, B., Beck, H. E., Dolman, A. J., Jimenez, C., Mccabe, M. F., Wood, E. F., Allan, R., Azorin-molina, C., Mears, C. A., Mcvicar, T. R., Mayer, M., Schenzinger, V., Hersbach, H., Stackhouse, P. W., Jr., Wong, T., Kratz, D. P., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G., Muhle, J., Elkins, J. W., Miller, Br, Remy, S., Bellouin, N., Kipling, Z., Ades, M., Benedetti, A., Boucher, O., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., Arosio, C., Van Der A, R., Frith, S. M., Anderson, J., Coldewey-egbers, M., Davis, S., Degenstein, D., Fioletov, V. E., Froidevaux, L., Hubert, D., Long, C. S., Loyola, D., Rozanov, A., Roth, C., Sofieva, V., Tourpali, K., Wang, R., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Hurst, D. F., Selkirk, H. B., Vomel, H., Ziemke, J. R., Cooper, O. R., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Pinty, B., Kaiser, J. W., Van Der Werf, G. R., Hemming, D. L., Garforth, J., Park, T., Richardson, A. D., Rutishauser, T., Sparks, T. H., Thackeray, S. J., Myneni, R., Lumpkin, R., Huang, B., Kennedy, J., Xue, Y., Zhang, H. -m., Hu, C., Wang, M., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Boyer, T., Cheng, L., Domingues, C. M., Gilson, J., Ishii, M., Killick, R. E., Monselesan, D., Purkey, S. G., Wijffels, S. E., Locarnini, R., Yu, L., Jin, X., Stackhouse, P. W., Kato, S., Weller, R. A., Thompson, P. R., Widlansky, M. J., Leuliette, E., Sweet, W., Chambers, D. P., Hamlington, B. D., Jevrejeva, S., Marra, J. J., Merrifield, M. A., Mitchum, G. T., Nerem, R. S., Kelble, C., Karnauskas, M., Hubbard, K., Goni, G., Streeter, C., Dohan, K., Franz, B. A., Cetinic, I., Karakoylu, E. M., Siegel, D. A., Westberry, T. K., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Carter, B. R., Landschutzer, P., Sutton, A. J., Cosca, C., Trinanes, J. A., Baxter, S., Schreck, C., Bell, G. D., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C. A. S., Wang, B., He, Q., Diamond, H. J., Schreck, C. J., Blake, E. S., Landsea, C. W., Wang, H., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Klotzbach, P. J., Kruk, M. C., Camargo, S. J., Trewin, B. C., Pearce, P. R., Lorrey, A. M., Domingues, R., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I. -i., Bringas, F., Richter-menge, J., Osborne, E., Druckenmiller, M., Jeffries, M. O., Overland, J. E., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I., Kim, S. -j., Walsh, J. E., Bhatt, U. S., Timmermans, M. -l., Ladd, C., Perovich, D., Meier, W., Tschudi, M., Farrell, S., Hendricks, S., Gerland, S., Haas, C., Krumpen, T., Polashenski, C., Ricker, R, Webster, M., Stabeno, P. J., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fausto, R. S., Fettweis, X., Andersen, J. K., Mote, T., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Romanovsky, V. E., Smith, S. L., Shiklomanov, N. I., Kholodov, A. L., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Marchenko, S. S., Jella, K. B., Mudryk, L., Brown, R., Derksen, C., Luojus, K., Decharme, B., Holmes, R. M., Shiklomanov, A. I., Suslova, A., Tretiakov, M., Mcclelland, J. W., Spencer, R. G. M., Tank, S. E., Epstein, H., Bhatt, U., Raynolds, M., Walker, D., Forbes, B., Phoenix, G., Bjerke, J., Tommervik, H., Karlsen, S. -r., Goetz, S., Jia, G., Bernhard, G. H., Grooss, J. -u., Ialongo, I., Johnsen, B., Lakkala, K., Manney, G. L., Mueller, R., Scambos, T., Stammerjohn, S., Clem, K. R., Barreira, S., Fogt, R. L., Colwell, S., Keller, L. M., Lazzara, M. A., Reid, P., Massom, R. A., Lieser, J. L., Meijers, A., Sallee, J. -b., Grey, A., Johnson, K., Arrigo, K., Swart, S., King, B., Meredith, M., Mazloff, M., Scardilli, A., Claus, F., Shuman, C. A., Kramarova, N., Newman, P. A., Nash, E. R., Strahan, S. E., Johnson, B., Pitts, M., Santee, M. L., Petropavlovskikh, I., Braathen, G. O., Coy, L., De Laat, J., Bissolli, P., Ganter, C., Li, T., Mekonnen, A., Gleason, K., Smith, A., Fenimore, C., Heim, R. R., Jr., Nauslar, N. J., Brown, T. J., Mcevoy, D. J., Lareau, N. P., Amador, J. A., Hidalgo, H. G., Alfaro, E. J., Calderon, B., Mora, N., Stephenson, T. S., Taylor, M. A., Trotman, A. R., Van Meerbeeck, C. J., Campbell, J. D., Brown, A., Spence, J., Martinez, R., Diaz, E., Marin, D., Hernandez, R., Caceres, L., Zambrano, E., Nieto, J., Marengo, J. A., Espinoza, J. C., Alves, L. M., Ronchail, J., Lavado-casimiro, J. W., Ramos, I., Davila, C., Ramos, A. M., Diniz, F. A., Aliaga-nestares, V., Castro, A. Y., Stella, J. L., Aldeco, L. S., Diaz, D. A. Campos, Misevicius, N., Kabidi, K., Sayouri, A., Elkharrim, M., Mostafa, A. E., Hagos, S., Feng, Z., Ijampy, J. A., Sima, F., Francis, S. D., Tsidu, G. Mengistu, Kruger, A. C., Mcbride, C., Jumaux, G., Dhurmea, K. R., Belmont, M., Rakotoarimalala, C. L., Labbe, L., Rosner, B., Benedict, I., Van Heerwaarden, C., Weerts, A., Hazeleger, W., Trachte, K., Zhu, Z., Zhang, P., Lee, T. C., Ripaldi, A., Mochizuki, Y., Lim, J. -y, Oyunjargal, L., Timbal, B., Srivastava, A. K., Revadekar, J. V., Rajeevan, M., Shimpo, A., Khoshkam, M., Kazemi, A. Fazl, Zeyaeyan, S., Lander, M. A., Mcgree, S., Tobin, S., Bettio, L., Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Stanitski, D. M., Gobron, N., Willett, K. M., Sanchez-lugo, A., Berrisford, P., Morice, C., Nicolas, Jp, Carrea, L., Woolway, R. I., Merchant, C. J., Dokulil, M. T., De Eyto, E., Degasperi, C. L., Korhonen, J., Marszelewski, W., May, L., Paterson, A. M., Rusak, J. A., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, M., Verburg, P., Watanabe, S., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., King, A. D., Donat, M. G., Christy, J. R., Po-chedley, S., Mears, C. R., Haimberger, L., Covey, C., Randel, W., Noetzli, J., Biskaborn, B. K., Christiansen, H. H., Isaksen, K., Schoeneich, P., Smith, S., Vieira, G., Zhao, L., Streletskiy, D. A., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M., Berry, D. I., Bosilovich, M. G., Simmons, A. J., Mears, C., Ho, S. P., Bock, O., Zhou, X., Nicolas, J, Vose, R. S., Adler, R., Gu, G., Becker, A., Yin, X, Tye, M. R., Blenkinsop, S., Durre, I., Ziese, M., Collow, A. B. Marquardt, Rustemeier, E., Foster, M. J., Di Girolamo, L., Frey, R. A., Heidinger, A. K., Sun-mack, S., Phillips, C., Menzel, W. P., Stengel, M., Zhao, G., Kim, H., Rodell, M., Li, B., Famiglietti, J. S., Scanlon, T., Van Der Schalie, R., Preimesberger, W., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Gruber, A., Kidd, R., De Jeu, R. A. M., Dorigo, W. A., Barichivich, J., Osborn, T. J., Harris, I., Van Der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Miralles, D. G., Martens, B., Beck, H. E., Dolman, A. J., Jimenez, C., Mccabe, M. F., Wood, E. F., Allan, R., Azorin-molina, C., Mears, C. A., Mcvicar, T. R., Mayer, M., Schenzinger, V., Hersbach, H., Stackhouse, P. W., Jr., Wong, T., Kratz, D. P., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G., Muhle, J., Elkins, J. W., Miller, Br, Remy, S., Bellouin, N., Kipling, Z., Ades, M., Benedetti, A., Boucher, O., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., Arosio, C., Van Der A, R., Frith, S. M., Anderson, J., Coldewey-egbers, M., Davis, S., Degenstein, D., Fioletov, V. E., Froidevaux, L., Hubert, D., Long, C. S., Loyola, D., Rozanov, A., Roth, C., Sofieva, V., Tourpali, K., Wang, R., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Hurst, D. F., Selkirk, H. B., Vomel, H., Ziemke, J. R., Cooper, O. R., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Pinty, B., Kaiser, J. W., Van Der Werf, G. R., Hemming, D. L., Garforth, J., Park, T., Richardson, A. D., Rutishauser, T., Sparks, T. H., Thackeray, S. J., Myneni, R., Lumpkin, R., Huang, B., Kennedy, J., Xue, Y., Zhang, H. -m., Hu, C., Wang, M., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Boyer, T., Cheng, L., Domingues, C. M., Gilson, J., Ishii, M., Killick, R. E., Monselesan, D., Purkey, S. G., Wijffels, S. E., Locarnini, R., Yu, L., Jin, X., Stackhouse, P. W., Kato, S., Weller, R. A., Thompson, P. R., Widlansky, M. J., Leuliette, E., Sweet, W., Chambers, D. P., Hamlington, B. D., Jevrejeva, S., Marra, J. J., Merrifield, M. A., Mitchum, G. T., Nerem, R. S., Kelble, C., Karnauskas, M., Hubbard, K., Goni, G., Streeter, C., Dohan, K., Franz, B. A., Cetinic, I., Karakoylu, E. M., Siegel, D. A., Westberry, T. K., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Carter, B. R., Landschutzer, P., Sutton, A. J., Cosca, C., Trinanes, J. A., Baxter, S., Schreck, C., Bell, G. D., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C. A. S., Wang, B., He, Q., Diamond, H. J., Schreck, C. J., Blake, E. S., Landsea, C. W., Wang, H., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Klotzbach, P. J., Kruk, M. C., Camargo, S. J., Trewin, B. C., Pearce, P. R., Lorrey, A. M., Domingues, R., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I. -i., Bringas, F., Richter-menge, J., Osborne, E., Druckenmiller, M., Jeffries, M. O., Overland, J. E., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I., Kim, S. -j., Walsh, J. E., Bhatt, U. S., Timmermans, M. -l., Ladd, C., Perovich, D., Meier, W., Tschudi, M., Farrell, S., Hendricks, S., Gerland, S., Haas, C., Krumpen, T., Polashenski, C., Ricker, R, Webster, M., Stabeno, P. J., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fausto, R. S., Fettweis, X., Andersen, J. K., Mote, T., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Romanovsky, V. E., Smith, S. L., Shiklomanov, N. I., Kholodov, A. L., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Marchenko, S. S., Jella, K. B., Mudryk, L., Brown, R., Derksen, C., Luojus, K., Decharme, B., Holmes, R. M., Shiklomanov, A. I., Suslova, A., Tretiakov, M., Mcclelland, J. W., Spencer, R. G. M., Tank, S. E., Epstein, H., Bhatt, U., Raynolds, M., Walker, D., Forbes, B., Phoenix, G., Bjerke, J., Tommervik, H., Karlsen, S. -r., Goetz, S., Jia, G., Bernhard, G. H., Grooss, J. -u., Ialongo, I., Johnsen, B., Lakkala, K., Manney, G. L., Mueller, R., Scambos, T., Stammerjohn, S., Clem, K. R., Barreira, S., Fogt, R. L., Colwell, S., Keller, L. M., Lazzara, M. A., Reid, P., Massom, R. A., Lieser, J. L., Meijers, A., Sallee, J. -b., Grey, A., Johnson, K., Arrigo, K., Swart, S., King, B., Meredith, M., Mazloff, M., Scardilli, A., Claus, F., Shuman, C. A., Kramarova, N., Newman, P. A., Nash, E. R., Strahan, S. E., Johnson, B., Pitts, M., Santee, M. L., Petropavlovskikh, I., Braathen, G. O., Coy, L., De Laat, J., Bissolli, P., Ganter, C., Li, T., Mekonnen, A., Gleason, K., Smith, A., Fenimore, C., Heim, R. R., Jr., Nauslar, N. J., Brown, T. J., Mcevoy, D. J., Lareau, N. P., Amador, J. A., Hidalgo, H. G., Alfaro, E. J., Calderon, B., Mora, N., Stephenson, T. S., Taylor, M. A., Trotman, A. R., Van Meerbeeck, C. J., Campbell, J. D., Brown, A., Spence, J., Martinez, R., Diaz, E., Marin, D., Hernandez, R., Caceres, L., Zambrano, E., Nieto, J., Marengo, J. A., Espinoza, J. C., Alves, L. M., Ronchail, J., Lavado-casimiro, J. W., Ramos, I., Davila, C., Ramos, A. M., Diniz, F. A., Aliaga-nestares, V., Castro, A. Y., Stella, J. L., Aldeco, L. S., Diaz, D. A. Campos, Misevicius, N., Kabidi, K., Sayouri, A., Elkharrim, M., Mostafa, A. E., Hagos, S., Feng, Z., Ijampy, J. A., Sima, F., Francis, S. D., Tsidu, G. Mengistu, Kruger, A. C., Mcbride, C., Jumaux, G., Dhurmea, K. R., Belmont, M., Rakotoarimalala, C. L., Labbe, L., Rosner, B., Benedict, I., Van Heerwaarden, C., Weerts, A., Hazeleger, W., Trachte, K., Zhu, Z., Zhang, P., Lee, T. C., Ripaldi, A., Mochizuki, Y., Lim, J. -y, Oyunjargal, L., Timbal, B., Srivastava, A. K., Revadekar, J. V., Rajeevan, M., Shimpo, A., Khoshkam, M., Kazemi, A. Fazl, Zeyaeyan, S., Lander, M. A., Mcgree, S., Tobin, S., and Bettio, L.

Published
2019

15. State of the climate in 2018

Author

Ades, M., Adler, R., Aldeco, L.S., Alejandra, G., Alfaro, E.J., Aliaga-Nestares, V., Allan, R.P., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andersen, J.K., Anderson, J., Arndt, D.S., Arosio, C., Arrigo, K., Azorin-Molina, C., Bardin, M.Y., Barichivich, J., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Beck, H.E., Becker, A., Bell, G.D., Bellouin, N., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Benedict, I., Bernhard, G.H., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettio, L., Bhatt, U.S., Biskaborn, B.K., Bissolli, P., Bjella, K.L., Bjerke, J.K., Blake, E.S., Blenkinsop, S., Blunden, J., Bock, O., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G., Bringas, F.G., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, A., Brown, R., Brown, T.J., Buehler, S.A., Cáceres, L., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Campos Diaz, D.A., Cappelen, J., Carrea, L., Carrier, S.B., Carter, B.R., Castro, A.Y., Cetinic, I., Chambers, D.P., Chen, L., Cheng, L., Cheng, V.Y.S., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, E.-S., Claus, F., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Cosca, C., Covey, C., Coy, L., Dávila, C.P., Davis, S.M., de Eyto, E., de Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Decharme, B., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Dhurmea, K.R., Di Girolamo, L., Diamond, H.J., Diaz, E., Diniz, F.A., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Domingues, R., Donat, M.G., Dorigo, W.A., Drozdov, D.S., Druckenmiller, M.L., Dunn, R.J.H., Durre, I., Dutton, G.S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Epstein, H.E., Espinoza, J.C., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S.L., Fausto, R.S., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogt, R.L., Forbes, B.C., Foster, M.J., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garforth, J., Gerland, S., Gilson, J., Gleason, K., Gobron, N., Goetz, S., Goldenberg, S.B., Goni, G., Gray, A., Groo, J.-U., Gruber, A., Gu, G., Guard, C.C.P., Gupta, S.K., Gutiérrez, D., Haas, Christian, Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Hazeleger, W., He, Q., Heidinger, A.K., Heim, Jr., Hemming, D.L., Hendricks, Stefan, Hernández, R., Hersbach, H.E., Hidalgo, H.G., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, C., Huang, B., Hubbard, K., Hubert, D., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Inness, A., Isaac, V., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jeffries, M.O., Jevrejeva, S., Jia, G., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, G.C., Johnson, K.S., Johnson, B., Jones, P.D., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Karaköylü, E.M., Karlsen, S.-R., Karnauskas, M., Kato, S., Kazemi, A.F., Kelble, C., Keller, L.M., Kennedy, J., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Kidd, R., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., King, A.D., King, B.A., Kipling, Z., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kramarova, N.A., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Krumpen, Thomas, Labbé, L., Ladd, C., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landschützer, P., Landsea, C.W., Lareau, N.P., Lavado-Casimiro, W., Lazzara, M.A., Lee, T.C., Leuliette, E., L�heureux, M., Li, B., Li, T., Lieser, J.L., Lim, J.-Y., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Long, C.S., López, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lyman, J.M., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G.L., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marin, D., Marquardt Collow, A.B., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M., McClelland, J.W., McEvoy, D.J., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meijers, A., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Miller, B., Miralles, D.G., Misevicius, N., Mitchum, G.T., Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, D., Montzka, S.A., Mora, N., Morice, C., Mosquera-Vásquez, K., Mostafa, A.E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Müller, R., Myneni, R., Nash, E.R., Nauslar, N.J., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nicolas, J.P., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., Osborn, T.J., Osborne, E., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Park, T., Pasch, R.J., Pascual Ramírez, R., Pastor Saavedra, M.A., Paterson, A.M., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, C., Phillips, D., Phoenix, G., Pinty, B., Pitts, M., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Preimesberger, W., Purkey, S.G., Quispe, N., Rajeevan, M., Rakotoarimalala, C.L., Ramos, A.M., Ramos, I., Randel, W., Raynolds, M.K., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Revadekar, J.V., Richardson, A.D., Richter-Menge, J., Ricker, Robert, Ripaldi, A., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodriguez Camino, E., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Rösner, B., Roth, C., Rozanov, A., Rusak, J.A., Rustemeier, E., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Scanlon, T., Scardilli, A.S., Schenzinger, V., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schoeneich, P., Schreck, III, Selkirk, H.B., Sensoy, S., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Shimpo, A., Shuman, C.A., Siegel, D.A., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, A., Smith, S.L., Soden, B., Sofieva, V., Sparks, T.H., Spence, J., Spencer, R.G.M., Spillane, S., Srivastava, A.K., Stabeno, P.J., Stackhouse, Jr., Stammerjohn, S., Stanitski, D.M., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S.E., Streeter, C., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Suslova, A., Sutton, A.J., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Takahashi, K.S., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S.J., Thompson, P.R., Timbal, B., Timmermans, M.-L., Tobin, S., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, K., Trachte, K., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Triñanes, J.A., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Tye, M.R., van As, D., van de Wal, R.S.W., van der A, R.J., van der Schalie, R., van der Schrier, G., van der Werf, G.R., van Heerwaarden, C., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Verburg, P., Vieira, G., Vincent, L.A., Vömel, H., Vose, R.S., Walker, D.A., Walsh, J.E., Wang, B., Wang, H., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, R., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Webster, M., Weerts, A., Weller, R.A., Westberry, T.K., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Widlansky, M.J., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Xue, Y., Yin, X., Yu, L., Zambrano, E., Zeyaeyan, S., Zhang, H.-M., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhao, L., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z., Ziemke, J.R., Ziese, M., Andersen, A., Griffin, J., Hammer, G., Love-Brotak, S.E., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., Veasey, S.W., Ades, M., Adler, R., Aldeco, L.S., Alejandra, G., Alfaro, E.J., Aliaga-Nestares, V., Allan, R.P., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andersen, J.K., Anderson, J., Arndt, D.S., Arosio, C., Arrigo, K., Azorin-Molina, C., Bardin, M.Y., Barichivich, J., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Beck, H.E., Becker, A., Bell, G.D., Bellouin, N., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Benedict, I., Bernhard, G.H., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettio, L., Bhatt, U.S., Biskaborn, B.K., Bissolli, P., Bjella, K.L., Bjerke, J.K., Blake, E.S., Blenkinsop, S., Blunden, J., Bock, O., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G., Bringas, F.G., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, A., Brown, R., Brown, T.J., Buehler, S.A., Cáceres, L., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Campos Diaz, D.A., Cappelen, J., Carrea, L., Carrier, S.B., Carter, B.R., Castro, A.Y., Cetinic, I., Chambers, D.P., Chen, L., Cheng, L., Cheng, V.Y.S., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, E.-S., Claus, F., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Cosca, C., Covey, C., Coy, L., Dávila, C.P., Davis, S.M., de Eyto, E., de Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Decharme, B., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Dhurmea, K.R., Di Girolamo, L., Diamond, H.J., Diaz, E., Diniz, F.A., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Domingues, R., Donat, M.G., Dorigo, W.A., Drozdov, D.S., Druckenmiller, M.L., Dunn, R.J.H., Durre, I., Dutton, G.S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Epstein, H.E., Espinoza, J.C., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S.L., Fausto, R.S., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogt, R.L., Forbes, B.C., Foster, M.J., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garforth, J., Gerland, S., Gilson, J., Gleason, K., Gobron, N., Goetz, S., Goldenberg, S.B., Goni, G., Gray, A., Groo, J.-U., Gruber, A., Gu, G., Guard, C.C.P., Gupta, S.K., Gutiérrez, D., Haas, Christian, Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Hazeleger, W., He, Q., Heidinger, A.K., Heim, Jr., Hemming, D.L., Hendricks, Stefan, Hernández, R., Hersbach, H.E., Hidalgo, H.G., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, C., Huang, B., Hubbard, K., Hubert, D., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Inness, A., Isaac, V., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jeffries, M.O., Jevrejeva, S., Jia, G., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, G.C., Johnson, K.S., Johnson, B., Jones, P.D., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Karaköylü, E.M., Karlsen, S.-R., Karnauskas, M., Kato, S., Kazemi, A.F., Kelble, C., Keller, L.M., Kennedy, J., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Kidd, R., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., King, A.D., King, B.A., Kipling, Z., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kramarova, N.A., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Krumpen, Thomas, Labbé, L., Ladd, C., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landschützer, P., Landsea, C.W., Lareau, N.P., Lavado-Casimiro, W., Lazzara, M.A., Lee, T.C., Leuliette, E., L�heureux, M., Li, B., Li, T., Lieser, J.L., Lim, J.-Y., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Long, C.S., López, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lyman, J.M., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G.L., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marin, D., Marquardt Collow, A.B., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M., McClelland, J.W., McEvoy, D.J., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meijers, A., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Miller, B., Miralles, D.G., Misevicius, N., Mitchum, G.T., Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, D., Montzka, S.A., Mora, N., Morice, C., Mosquera-Vásquez, K., Mostafa, A.E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Müller, R., Myneni, R., Nash, E.R., Nauslar, N.J., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nicolas, J.P., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., Osborn, T.J., Osborne, E., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Park, T., Pasch, R.J., Pascual Ramírez, R., Pastor Saavedra, M.A., Paterson, A.M., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, C., Phillips, D., Phoenix, G., Pinty, B., Pitts, M., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Preimesberger, W., Purkey, S.G., Quispe, N., Rajeevan, M., Rakotoarimalala, C.L., Ramos, A.M., Ramos, I., Randel, W., Raynolds, M.K., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Revadekar, J.V., Richardson, A.D., Richter-Menge, J., Ricker, Robert, Ripaldi, A., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodriguez Camino, E., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Rösner, B., Roth, C., Rozanov, A., Rusak, J.A., Rustemeier, E., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Scanlon, T., Scardilli, A.S., Schenzinger, V., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schoeneich, P., Schreck, III, Selkirk, H.B., Sensoy, S., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Shimpo, A., Shuman, C.A., Siegel, D.A., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, A., Smith, S.L., Soden, B., Sofieva, V., Sparks, T.H., Spence, J., Spencer, R.G.M., Spillane, S., Srivastava, A.K., Stabeno, P.J., Stackhouse, Jr., Stammerjohn, S., Stanitski, D.M., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S.E., Streeter, C., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Suslova, A., Sutton, A.J., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Takahashi, K.S., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S.J., Thompson, P.R., Timbal, B., Timmermans, M.-L., Tobin, S., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, K., Trachte, K., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Triñanes, J.A., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Tye, M.R., van As, D., van de Wal, R.S.W., van der A, R.J., van der Schalie, R., van der Schrier, G., van der Werf, G.R., van Heerwaarden, C., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Verburg, P., Vieira, G., Vincent, L.A., Vömel, H., Vose, R.S., Walker, D.A., Walsh, J.E., Wang, B., Wang, H., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, R., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Webster, M., Weerts, A., Weller, R.A., Westberry, T.K., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Widlansky, M.J., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Xue, Y., Yin, X., Yu, L., Zambrano, E., Zeyaeyan, S., Zhang, H.-M., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhao, L., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z., Ziemke, J.R., Ziese, M., Andersen, A., Griffin, J., Hammer, G., Love-Brotak, S.E., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., and Veasey, S.W.

Published
2019

18. State of the climate in 2016

Author

Aaron-Morrison, A. P., Ackerman, S. A., Adams, N. G., Adler, R. F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E. J., Allan, R., Alves, L. M., Amador, J. A., Andreassen, L. M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D. S., Arzhanova, N. M., Aschan, M. M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M. O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K. M., Behrenfeld, M. J., Bell, G. D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D. I., Bettolli, M. L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B. D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E. S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M. G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J. E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G. O., Bromwich, D. H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O. N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S. J., Campbell, J. D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B. R., Chambers, D. P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H. H., Christy, J. R., Chung, D., Chung, E. S., Cinque, K., Clem, K. R., Coelho, C. A., Cogley, J. G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O. R., Copland, L., Cosca, C. E., Cross, J. N., Crotwell, M. J., Crouch, J., Davis, S. M., Eyto, E., Jeu, R. A. M., Laat, J., Degasperi, C. L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M. T., Dolgov, A. V., Dolman, A. J., Domingues, C. M., Donat, M. G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W. A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D. S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R. J. H., Durán-Quesada, A. M., Dutton, G. S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J. W., Espinoza, J. C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T. E., Famiglietti, J. S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R. S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R. A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V. E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C. T., Fogt, R. L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M. J., Fountain, A., Francis, S. D., Franz, B. A., Frey, R. A., Frith, S. M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S. B., Gomez, R. S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J. U., Gruber, A., Guard, C. C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, J. M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B. D., Halpert, M. S., Hamlington, B. D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A. K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R. R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H. G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S. P. B., Holmes, R. M., Hu, Z. Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H. K., Huffman, G. J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D. F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Ingvaldsen, R. B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G. C., Jones, P. D., Joseph, A. C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J. W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L. M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S. J., Kimberlain, T. B., Klotzbach, P. J., Knaff, J. A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N. N., Kovacs, K. M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D. P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M. C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M. A., Landsea, C. W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M. A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’heureux, M., Lieser, J. L., Lin, I. I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N. G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C. S., López Álvarez, L. A., Lorrey, A. M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J. J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J. M., Maberly, S. C., Maddux, B. C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, J. A., Marra, J. J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R. A., Mata, M. M., Mathis, J. T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., Mcbride, C., Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Mcclelland, J. W., Mcgree, S., Mcvicar, T. R., Mears, C. A., Meier, W., Meinen, C. S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. P., Merchant, C. J., Meredith, M. P., Merrifield, M. A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D. G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G. T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S. A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A. B., Nash, E. R., Naveira-Garabato, A. C., Nerem, R. S., Newman, P. A., Nieto, J. J., Noetzli, J., O’neel, S., Osborn, T. J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R. M., Park, E. H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A. R., Pasch, R. J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A. M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P. R., Pelto, M. S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A. B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M. C., Pons, M. R., Porter, A. O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V. N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J. A., Revadekar, J. V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D. A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J. L., Romanovsky, V. E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K. H., Roth, C., Rusak, J. A., Sabine, C. L., Sallée, J. B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M. L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T. A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C. J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A. I., Shiklomanov, N. I., Siegel, D. A., Signorini, S. R., Sima, F., Simmons, A. J., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, S. L., Spence, J. M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, P. W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J. L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T. S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D. A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L. D., Tamar, G., Tank, S. E., Taylor, M. A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M. L., Maxim Timofeyev, Tirnanes, J. A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V. L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B. C., Trotman, A. R., Tschudi, M., As, D., Wal, R. S. W., A, R. J., Schalie, R., Schrier, G., Werf, G. R., Meerbeeck, C. J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L. A., Volkov, D., Vose, R. S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S. H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R. A., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S. E., Wilber, A. C., Wild, J. D., Willett, K. M., Williams, M. J. M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S. Y., Yin, X., Young, S. H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J. R., Love-Brotak, S. E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S. W., Ambrose, B. J., Griffin, J., Misch, D. J., Riddle, D. B., Young, T., Macias Fauria, M, Blunden, J, Arndt, D, Earth and Climate, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Clinical Developmental Psychology, Climate Change and Landscape Dynamics, and Molecular Cell Physiology

Subjects
Meteor (satellite), Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, Geography, 13. Climate action, Climatology, SDG 13 - Climate Action, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010 average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute similar to 7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01 degrees C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st century-to-date of +0.162 degrees C decade(-1) is much higher than the longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100 degrees C decade(-1). Global annual mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure records for August and November were set at several stations. During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the 1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson category 5 intensity level. The strong El Nino at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Nina contributed to enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses.

Published
2017

19. 7. REGIONAL CLIMATES.

Author

Bissolli, P., Ganter, C., Li, T., Mekonnen, A., and Sánchez-Lugo, A.

Subjects
*CLIMATOLOGY
Published
2020

21. State of the climate in 2015

Author

Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Ackerman, S.A., Adams, N.G., Adler, R.F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andreassen, L.M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D.S., Arzhanova, N.M., Aschan, M.M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M.U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K.M., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettolli, M.L., Bhatt, U.S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B.D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B.R., Chambers, D.P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, D., Chung, E.-S., Cinque, K., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A., Cogley, J.G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Copland, L., Cosca, C.E., Cross, J.N., Crotwell, M.J., Crouch, J., Davis, S.M., De Eyto, E., De Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolgov, A.V., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Donat, M.G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W.A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D.S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R.J.H., Durán-Quesada, A.M., Dutton, G.S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Espinoza, J.C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T.E., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R.S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C.T., Fogt, R.L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M.J., Fountain, A., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S.B., Gomez, R.S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J.-U., Gruber, A., Guard, C.C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, Somil, Gutiérrez, J.M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A.K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R.R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H.G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, Z.-Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H.K., Huffman, G.J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G.C., Jones, P.D., Joseph, A.C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L.M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., Kimberlain, T.B., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kovacs, K.M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landsea, C.W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M.A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’Heureux, M., Lieser, J.L., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C.S., López Álvarez, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J.M., Maberly, S.C., Maddux, B.C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., Mata, M.M., Mathis, J.T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M.F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J.W., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meinen, C.S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D.G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G.T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S.A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Nash, E.R., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., O’Neel, S., Osborn, T.J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R.M., Park, E.-H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A.R., Pasch, R.J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A.M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M.C., Pons, M.R., Porter, A.O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V.N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J.A., Revadekar, J.V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J.L., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Roth, C., Rusak, J.A., Sabine, C.L., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C.J., Selkirk, H.B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Siegel, D.A., Signorini, S.R., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, S.L., Spence, J.M., Srivastava, A.K., Stackhouse, P.W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L.D., Tamar, G., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R.L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M.-L., Tirnanes, J.A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V.L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R.S.W., van der A., R.J., Van Der Schalie, R., Van Der Schrier, G., Van Der Werf, G.R., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L.A., Volkov, D., Vose, R.S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R.A., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Williams, M.J.M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S.-Y., Yin, X., Young, S.H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J.R., Love-Brotak, S.E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S.W., Ambrose, B.J., Griffin, J., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., Young, T., Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub IER overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub IER overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Earth and Climate, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, and Climate Change and Landscape Dynamics

Subjects
Surface (mathematics), Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Mineralogy, 02 engineering and technology, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, F331 Atmospheric Physics, SDG 13 - Climate Action, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

SxviAUGUST 2016|ABSTRACT—J. BLUNDEN AND D. S. ARNDTIn 2015, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all continued to reach new high levels. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, the annual CO2 concentration increased by a record 3.1 ppm, exceeding 400 ppm for the first time on record. The 2015 global CO2 average neared this threshold, at 399.4 ppm. Additionally, one of the strongest El Niño events since at least 1950 developed in spring 2015 and continued to evolve through the year. The phenomenon was far reaching, impacting many regions across the globe and affecting most aspects of the climate system.Owing to the combination of El Niño and a long-term up-ward trend, Earth observed record warmth for the second con-secutive year, with the 2015 annual global surface temperature surpassing the previous record by more than 0.1°C and exceed-ing the average for the mid- to late 19th century—commonly considered representative of preindustrial conditions—by more than 1°C for the first time. Above Earth’s surface, lower troposphere temperatures were near-record high.Across land surfaces, record to near-record warmth was reported across every inhabited continent. Twelve countries, including Russia and China, reported record high annual tem-peratures. In June, one of the most severe heat waves since 1980 affected Karachi, Pakistan, claiming over 1000 lives. On 27 October, Vredendal, South Africa, reached 48.4°C, a new global high temperature record for this month. In the Arctic, the 2015 land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying 2007 and 2011 for the high-est annual temperature and representing a 2.8°C increase since the record began in 1900. Increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 25 February 2015, the lowest maximum sea ice extent in the 37-year satel-lite record was observed, 7% below the 1981–2010 average. Mean sea surface temperatures across the Arctic Ocean dur-ing August in ice-free regions, representative of Arctic Ocean summer anomalies, ranged from ~0°C to 8°C above average. As a consequence of sea ice retreat and warming oceans, vast walrus herds in the Pacific Arctic are hauling out on land rather than on sea ice, raising concern about the energetics of females and young animals. Increasing temperatures in the Barents Sea are linked to a community-wide shift in fish populations: boreal communities are now farther north, and long-standing Arctic species have been almost pushed out of the area.Above average sea surface temperatures are not confined to the Arctic. Sea surface temperature for 2015 was record high at the global scale; however, the North Atlantic southeast of Greenland remained colder than average and colder than 2014. Global annual ocean heat content and mean sea level also reached new record highs. The Greenland Ice Sheet, with the capacity to contribute ~7 m to sea level rise, experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface for the first time since the record melt of 2012.Other aspects of the cryosphere were remarkable. Alpine glacier retreat continued, and preliminary data indicate that 2015 is the 36th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, late-spring snow cover extent continued its trend of decline, with June the sec-ond lowest in the 49-year satellite record. Below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska, increasing by up to 0.66°C decade–1 since 2000. In the Antarctic, surface pressure and temperatures were lower than the 1981–2010 average for most of the year, consis-tent with the primarily positive southern annular mode, which saw a record high index value of +4.92 in February. Antarctic sea ice extent and area had large intra-annual variability, with a shift from record high levels in May to record low levels in August. Springtime ozone depletion resulted in one of the largest and most persistent Antarctic ozone holes observed since the 1990s.Closer to the equator, 101 named tropical storms were observed in 2015, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. The eastern/central Pacific had 26 named storms, the most since 1992. The western north Pacific and north and south Indian Ocean basins also saw high activity. Globally, eight tropical cyclones reached the Saffir–Simpson Category 5 intensity level.Overlaying a general increase in the hydrologic cycle, the strong El Niño enhanced precipitation variability around the world. An above-normal rainy season led to major floods in Paraguay, Bolivia, and southern Brazil. In May, the United States recorded its all-time wettest month in its 121-year national record. Denmark and Norway reported their second and third wettest year on record, respectively, but globally soil moisture was below average, terrestrial groundwater storage was the lowest in the 14-year record, and areas in “severe” drought rose from 8% in 2014 to 14% in 2015. Drought conditions prevailed across many Caribbean island nations, Colombia, Venezuela, and northeast Brazil for most of the year. Several South Pacific countries also experienced drought. Lack of rainfall across Ethiopia led to its worst drought in decades and affected millions of people, while prolonged drought in South Africa severely affected agricultural production. Indian summer monsoon rainfall was just 86% of average. Extremely dry conditions in Indonesia resulted in intense and widespread fires during August–November that produced abundant car-bonaceous aerosols, carbon monoxide, and ozone. Overall, emissions from tropical Asian biomass burning in 2015 were almost three times the 2001–14 average.

Published
2016

22. Variable flip angle T1 mapping in the human brain with reduced t2 sensitivity using fast radiofrequency‐spoiled gradient echo imaging

Author

Heule, R., Bieri, O., and Ganter, C.

Abstract

Purpose Variable flip angle (VFA) T1 quantification using three‐dimensional (3D) radiofrequency (RF) spoiled gradient echo imaging offers the acquisition of whole‐brain T1 maps in clinically acceptable times. However, conventional VFA T1 relaxometry is biased by incomplete spoiling (i.e., residual T2 dependency). A new postprocessing approach is proposed to overcome this T2‐related bias. Methods T1 is quantified from the signal ratio of two spoiled gradient echo (SPGR) images acquired at different flip angles using an analytical solution for the RF‐spoiled steady‐state signal in combination with a global T2 guess. T1 accuracy is evaluated from simulations and in vivo 3D SPGR imaging of the human brain at 3 Tesla. Results The simulations demonstrated that the sensitivity of VFA T1 mapping to T2 can considerably be reduced using a global T2 guess. The method proved to deliver reliable and accurate T1 values in vivo for white and gray matter in good agreement with inversion recovery reference measurements. Conclusion Based on a global T2 estimate, the accuracy of VFA T1 relaxometry in the human brain can substantially be improved compared with conventional approaches which rely on the generally wrong assumption of ideal spoiling.

Published
2016

24. State of the climate in 2015

Author

Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub ISEP overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Ackerman, S.A., Adams, N.G., Adler, R.F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andreassen, L.M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D.S., Arzhanova, N.M., Aschan, M.M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M.U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K.M., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettolli, M.L., Bhatt, U.S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B.D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B.R., Chambers, D.P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, D., Chung, E.-S., Cinque, K., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A., Cogley, J.G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Copland, L., Cosca, C.E., Cross, J.N., Crotwell, M.J., Crouch, J., Davis, S.M., De Eyto, E., De Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolgov, A.V., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Donat, M.G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W.A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D.S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R.J.H., Durán-Quesada, A.M., Dutton, G.S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Espinoza, J.C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T.E., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R.S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C.T., Fogt, R.L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M.J., Fountain, A., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S.B., Gomez, R.S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J.-U., Gruber, A., Guard, C.C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, Somil, Gutiérrez, J.M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A.K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R.R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H.G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, Z.-Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H.K., Huffman, G.J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G.C., Jones, P.D., Joseph, A.C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L.M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., Kimberlain, T.B., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kovacs, K.M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landsea, C.W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M.A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’Heureux, M., Lieser, J.L., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C.S., López Álvarez, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J.M., Maberly, S.C., Maddux, B.C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., Mata, M.M., Mathis, J.T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M.F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J.W., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meinen, C.S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D.G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G.T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S.A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Nash, E.R., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., O’Neel, S., Osborn, T.J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R.M., Park, E.-H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A.R., Pasch, R.J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A.M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M.C., Pons, M.R., Porter, A.O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V.N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J.A., Revadekar, J.V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J.L., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Roth, C., Rusak, J.A., Sabine, C.L., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C.J., Selkirk, H.B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Siegel, D.A., Signorini, S.R., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, S.L., Spence, J.M., Srivastava, A.K., Stackhouse, P.W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L.D., Tamar, G., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R.L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M.-L., Tirnanes, J.A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V.L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R.S.W., van der A., R.J., Van Der Schalie, R., Van Der Schrier, G., Van Der Werf, G.R., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L.A., Volkov, D., Vose, R.S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R.A., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Williams, M.J.M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S.-Y., Yin, X., Young, S.H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J.R., Love-Brotak, S.E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S.W., Ambrose, B.J., Griffin, J., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., Young, T., Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub ISEP overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Ackerman, S.A., Adams, N.G., Adler, R.F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andreassen, L.M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D.S., Arzhanova, N.M., Aschan, M.M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M.U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K.M., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettolli, M.L., Bhatt, U.S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B.D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B.R., Chambers, D.P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, D., Chung, E.-S., Cinque, K., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A., Cogley, J.G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Copland, L., Cosca, C.E., Cross, J.N., Crotwell, M.J., Crouch, J., Davis, S.M., De Eyto, E., De Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolgov, A.V., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Donat, M.G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W.A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D.S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R.J.H., Durán-Quesada, A.M., Dutton, G.S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Espinoza, J.C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T.E., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R.S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C.T., Fogt, R.L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M.J., Fountain, A., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S.B., Gomez, R.S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J.-U., Gruber, A., Guard, C.C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, Somil, Gutiérrez, J.M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A.K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R.R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H.G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, Z.-Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H.K., Huffman, G.J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G.C., Jones, P.D., Joseph, A.C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L.M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., Kimberlain, T.B., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kovacs, K.M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landsea, C.W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M.A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’Heureux, M., Lieser, J.L., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C.S., López Álvarez, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J.M., Maberly, S.C., Maddux, B.C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., Mata, M.M., Mathis, J.T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M.F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J.W., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meinen, C.S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D.G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G.T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S.A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Nash, E.R., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., O’Neel, S., Osborn, T.J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R.M., Park, E.-H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A.R., Pasch, R.J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A.M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M.C., Pons, M.R., Porter, A.O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V.N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J.A., Revadekar, J.V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J.L., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Roth, C., Rusak, J.A., Sabine, C.L., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C.J., Selkirk, H.B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Siegel, D.A., Signorini, S.R., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, S.L., Spence, J.M., Srivastava, A.K., Stackhouse, P.W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L.D., Tamar, G., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R.L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M.-L., Tirnanes, J.A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V.L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R.S.W., van der A., R.J., Van Der Schalie, R., Van Der Schrier, G., Van Der Werf, G.R., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L.A., Volkov, D., Vose, R.S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R.A., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Williams, M.J.M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S.-Y., Yin, X., Young, S.H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J.R., Love-Brotak, S.E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S.W., Ambrose, B.J., Griffin, J., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., and Young, T.

Published
2016

28. AUSTRALIA.

Author

Ganter, C. and Tobin, S.

Subjects
*TEMPERATURE measurements, *RAINFALL, *RAINFALL anomalies, *DROUGHTS, EL Nino
Abstract

The article focuses on the temperature and area-averaged rainfall in Australia in 2015. Topics discussed include the impact of El Niño and warm Indian Ocean on broad-scale rainfall anomalies in the country, the increase of drought in Victoria and southeast South Australia due to long-term rainfall deficiencies, and the regional differences on average rainfall.

Published
2016

29. STRONG NEGATIVE INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE ASSISTS IN AUSTRALIA'S WETTEST MAY-OCTOBER.

Author

GANTER, C. and TOBIN, S.

Subjects
*RAINFALL, *OSCILLATIONS, *FLOODS, *MARINE ecology, EL Nino
Abstract

The article discusses the combination of the decay of the 2015 and 2016 El Niňo and a strong negative Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) from mid-May to mid-November which has helped in Australia's wettest May to October 2016. It states that heavy rainfalls resulted to flooding that affected many areas during the wet period and was most widespread during September of 2016.

Published
2017

30. SIDEBAR 7.3: AUSTRALIA'S WARMEST SPRING ON RECORD, FOR A SECOND YEAR RUNNING.

Author

GANTER, C. and TOBIN, S.

Subjects
*ATMOSPHERIC temperature research, *GLOBAL temperature change research, *CLIMATE change research, *SPRING, *CLIMATE research
Abstract

The article discusses research that examined the weather conditions in Australia from September to November 2014. Topics covered include the country's warmest spring on record, the mean temperature anomaly recording during the season, and the national maximum temperature recorded in November due to two significant heat waves in many locations across the country.

Published
2015

31. Is YouTube a sufficient source of information on Sarcoidosis?

Author

Buschulte K, El-Hadi S, Höger P, Ganter C, Wijsenbeek M, Kahn N, Kriegsmann K, Goobie GC, Ryerson CJ, Polke M, Trudzinski F, and Kreuter M

Subjects
Humans, Patient Education as Topic methods, Patient Education as Topic standards, Consumer Health Information standards, Consumer Health Information methods, Information Dissemination methods, Internet standards, Information Sources, Social Media standards, Video Recording methods, Video Recording standards, Sarcoidosis diagnosis
Abstract

Background: The internet is a common source of health information for patients and caregivers. To date, content and information quality of YouTube videos on sarcoidosis has not been studied. The aim of our study was to investigate the content and quality of information on sarcoidosis provided by YouTube videos., Methods: Of the first 200 results under the search term "sarcoidosis," all English-language videos with content directed at patients were included. Two independent investigators assessed the content of the videos based on 25 predefined key features (content score with 0-25 points), as well as reliability and quality (HONCode score with 0-8 points, DISCERN score with 1-5 points). Misinformation contained in the videos was described qualitatively., Results: The majority of the 85 included videos were from an academic or governmental source (n = 63, 74%), and median time since upload was 33 months (IQR 10-55). Median video duration was 8 min (IQR 3-13) and had a median of 2,044 views (IQR 504 - 13,203). Quality assessment suggested partially sufficient information: mean HONCode score was 4.4 (SD 0.9) with 91% of videos having a medium quality HONCode evaluation. Mean DISCERN score was 2.3 (SD 0.5). Video content was generally poor with a mean of 10.5 points (SD 0.6). Frequently absent key features included information on the course of disease (6%), presence of substantial geographical variation (7%), and importance of screening for extrapulmonary manifestations (11%). HONCode scores were higher in videos from academic or governmental sources (p = 0.003), particularly regarding "transparency of sponsorship" (p < 0.001). DISCERN and content scores did not differ by video category., Conclusions: Most YouTube videos present incomplete information reflected in a poor content score, especially regarding screening for extrapulmonary manifestations. Quality was partially sufficient with higher scores in videos from academic or governmental sources, but often missing references and citing specific evidence. Improving patient access to trustworthy and up to date information is needed., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
Full Text
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32. Getting the phase consistent: The importance of phase description in balanced steady-state free precession MRI of multi-compartment systems.

Author

Plähn NMJ, Poli S, Peper ES, Açikgöz BC, Kreis R, Ganter C, and Bastiaansen JAM

Subjects
Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods, Reproducibility of Results, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Phantoms, Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Water chemistry, Computer Simulation, Acetone chemistry, Acetone analysis, Algorithms
Abstract

Purpose: Determine the correct mathematical phase description for balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) signals in multi-compartment systems., Theory and Methods: Based on published bSSFP signal models, different phase descriptions can be formulated: one predicting the presence and the other predicting the absence of destructive interference effects in multi-compartment systems. Numerical simulations of bSSFP signals of water and acetone were performed to evaluate the predictions of these different phase descriptions. For experimental validation, bSSFP profiles were measured at 3T using phase-cycled bSSFP acquisitions performed in a phantom containing mixtures of water and acetone, which replicates a system with two signal components. Localized single voxel MRS was performed at 7T to determine the relative chemical shift of the acetone-water mixtures., Results: Based on the choice of phase description, the simulated bSSFP profiles of water-acetone mixtures varied significantly, either displaying or lacking destructive interference effects, as predicted theoretically. In phantom experiments, destructive interference was consistently observed in the measured bSSFP profiles of water-acetone mixtures, supporting the theoretical description that predicts such interference effects. The connection between the choice of phase description and predicted observation enables unambiguous experimental identification of the correct phase description for multi-compartment bSSFP profiles, which is consistent with the Bloch equations., Conclusion: The study emphasizes that consistent phase descriptions are crucial for accurately describing multi-compartment bSSFP signals, as incorrect phase descriptions result in erroneous predictions., (© 2024 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Published
2024
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33. Robust T 2 estimation with balanced steady state free precession.

Author

Bieri O, Weidensteiner C, and Ganter C

Subjects
Algorithms, Neuroimaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Brain diagnostic imaging
Abstract

Purpose: To develop a novel signal representation for balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP) displaying its T 2 independence on B 1 and on magnetization transfer (MT) effects., Methods: A signal model for bSSFP is developed that shows only an explicit dependence (up to a scaling factor) on E 2 (and, therefore, T 2 ) and a novel parameter c (with implicit dependence on the flip angle and E 1 ). Moreover, it is shown that MT effects, entering the bSSFP signal via a binary spin bath model, can be captured by a redefinition of T 1 and, therefore, leading to modification of E 1 , resulting in the same signal model. Various sets of phase-cycled bSSFP brain scans (different flip angles, different TR, different RF pulse durations, and different number of phase cycles) were recorded at 3 T. The parameters T 2 (E 2 ) and c were estimated using a variable projection (VARPRO) method and Monte-Carlo simulations were performed to assess T 2 estimation precision., Results: Initial experiments confirmed the expected independence of T 2 on various protocol settings, such as TR, the flip angle, B 1 field inhomogeneity, and the RF pulse duration. Any variation (within the explored range) appears to directly affect the estimation of the parameter c only-in agreement with theory., Conclusion: BSSFP theory predicts an extraordinary feature that all MT and B 1 -related variational aspects do not enter T 2 estimation, making it a potentially robust methodology for T 2 quantification, pending validation against existing standards., (© 2024 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Published
2024
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34. Comparing CT-Like Images Based on Ultra-Short Echo Time and Gradient Echo T1-Weighted MRI Sequences for the Assessment of Vertebral Disorders Using Histology and True CT as the Reference Standard.

Author

Gassert FT, Kufner A, Renz M, Gassert FG, Bollwein C, Kronthaler S, Feuerriegel GC, Kirschke JS, Ganter C, Makowski MR, Braun C, Schwaiger BJ, Woertler K, Karampinos DC, and Gersing AS

Subjects
Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Prospective Studies, Sclerosis, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Tomography, X-Ray Computed methods, Lumbar Vertebrae diagnostic imaging, Reference Standards, Osteophyte
Abstract

Background: Several magnetic resonance (MR) techniques have been suggested for radiation-free imaging of osseous structures., Purpose: To compare the diagnostic value of ultra-short echo time and gradient echo T1-weighted MRI for the assessment of vertebral pathologies using histology and computed tomography (CT) as the reference standard., Study Type: Prospective., Subjects: Fifty-nine lumbar vertebral bodies harvested from 20 human cadavers (donor age 73 ± 13 years; 9 male)., Field Strength/sequence: Ultra-short echo time sequence optimized for both bone (UTEb) and cartilage (UTEc) imaging and 3D T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence (T1GRE) at 3 T; susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) gradient echo sequence at 1.5 T. CT was performed on a dual-layer dual-energy CT scanner using a routine clinical protocol., Assessment: Histopathology and conventional CT were acquired as standard of reference. Semi-quantitative and quantitative morphological features of degenerative changes of the spines were evaluated by four radiologists independently on CT and MR images independently and blinded to all other information. Features assessed were osteophytes, endplate sclerosis, visualization of cartilaginous endplate, facet joint degeneration, presence of Schmorl's nodes, and vertebral dimensions. Vertebral disorders were assessed by a pathologist on histology., Statistical Tests: Agreement between T1GRE, SWI, UTEc, and UTEb sequences and CT imaging and histology as standard of reference were assessed using Fleiss' κ and intra-class correlation coefficients, respectively., Results: For the morphological assessment of osteophytes and endplate sclerosis, the overall agreement between SWI, T1GRE, UTEb, and UTEc with the reference standard (histology combined with CT) was moderate to almost perfect for all readers (osteophytes: SWI, κ range: 0.68-0.76; T1GRE: 0.92-1.00; UTEb: 0.92-1.00; UTEc: 0.77-0.85; sclerosis: SWI, κ range: 0.60-0.70; T1GRE: 0.77-0.82; UTEb: 0.81-0.92; UTEc: 0.61-0.71). For the visualization of the cartilaginous endplate, UTEc showed the overall best agreement with the reference standard (histology) for all readers (κ range: 0.85-0.93)., Data Conclusions: Morphological assessment of vertebral pathologies was feasible and accurate using the MR-based bone imaging sequences compared to CT and histopathology. T1GRE showed the overall best performance for osseous changes and UTEc for the visualization of the cartilaginous endplate., Level of Evidence: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Published
2024
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35. Simultaneous 18-FDG PET and MR imaging in lower extremity arterial disease.

Author

Koppara T, Dregely I, Nekolla SG, Nährig J, Langwieser N, Bradaric C, Ganter C, Laugwitz KL, Schwaiger M, and Ibrahim T

Abstract

Background: Simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a novel hybrid imaging method integrating the advances of morphological tissue characterization of MRI with the pathophysiological insights of PET applications., Aim: This study evaluated the use of simultaneous 18-FDG PET/MR imaging for characterizing atherosclerotic lesions in lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD)., Methods: Eight patients with symptomatic stenoses of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) under simultaneous acquisition of 18-FDG PET and contrast-enhanced MRI using an integrated whole-body PET/MRI scanner. Invasive plaque characterization of the SFA was performed by intravascular imaging using optical coherence tomography. Histological analysis of plaque specimens was performed after directional atherectomy., Results: MRI showed contrast enhancement at the site of arterial stenosis, as assessed on T2-w and T1-w images, compared to a control area of the contralateral SFA (0.38 ± 0.15 cm vs. 0.23 ± 0.11 cm; 1.77 ± 0.19 vs. 1.57 ± 0.15; p -value <0.05). On PET imaging, uptake of 18F-FDG (target-to-background ratio TBR > 1) at the level of symptomatic stenosis was observed in all but one patient. Contrast medium-induced MR signal enhancement was detected in all plaques, whereas FDG uptake in PET imaging was increased in lesions with active fibroatheroma and reduced in fibrocalcified lesions., Conclusion: In this multimodal imaging study, we report the feasibility and challenges of simultaneous PET/MR imaging of LEAD, which might offer new perspectives for risk estimation., Competing Interests: TK received research grants and speaker honoraria from Abbott Medical Germany. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (© 2024 Koppara, Dregely, Nekolla, Nährig, Langwieser, Bradaric, Ganter, Laugwitz, Schwaiger and Ibrahim.)

Published
2024
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37. Is the internet a sufficient source of information on sarcoidosis?

Author

Buschulte K, Höger P, Ganter C, Wijsenbeek M, Kahn N, Kriegsmann K, Wilkens FM, Fisher JH, Ryerson CJ, Herth FJF, and Kreuter M

Abstract

Introduction: Many patients use the internet as a source of health information. Sarcoidosis is a complex disease, and internet resources have not yet been analyzed for reliability and content on sarcoidosis., Aims: Our study aimed to investigate the content and the quality of information on sarcoidosis provided by internet resources., Methods: Google, Yahoo, and Bing were searched for the term "sarcoidosis," and the first 200 hits were saved in each case. Those websites that met the inclusion criteria (English language, no registration fees, and relevant to sarcoidosis) were then analyzed by two independent investigators for readability, quality (HON, JAMA, and DISCERN), and content (25 predefined key facts) of the provided information., Results: The websites were most commonly scientific or governmental ( n = 57, 46%), and the median time since the last update was 24 months. Quality was rated with a median JAMA score of 2 (1; 4) and a median overall DISCERN score of 2.4 (1.1; 4.1), both scores represent partially sufficient information. In total, 15% of websites had a HON certificate. Website content measured by the median key fact score was 19 (ranging from 2.5 to 25) with the lowest scores for acute vs. chronic course of the disease, screening for extrapulmonary disease, and diffuse body pain. Poor results were achieved in industry websites and blogs ( p = 0.047) with significant differences regarding definition ( p = 0.004) and evaluation ( p = 0.021)., Discussion: Sarcoidosis-related content of internet resources is partially sufficient; however, several important aspects are frequently not addressed, and the quality of information is moderate. Future directions should focus on providing reliable and comprehensive information on sarcoidosis; physicians from different disciplines and patients including self-support groups should collaborate on achieving this., Competing Interests: KB received payment for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim and a grant from Sarkoidose-Netzwerk e.V. JF has received grant funding from the University of Toronto and the Canadian Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation and has received honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim and AstraZeneca. CR reports grants from Boehringer Ingelheim and Hoffman la Roche; consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Hoffman la Roche, Astra Zeneca, Veracyte, Ensho, and Pliant Therapeutics; payment for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim, Hoffman la Roche, and Cipla Ltd.; and support for attending meetings from Cipla Ltd., and Boehringer Ingelheim (unrelated to this submission). FH reports payment for lectures from Astra Zeneca, GSK, and Chiesi and is a part of the Data Safety Monitoring Board from Apogenix. MK reports grants, consulting fees, and payment for lectures from Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche. KK was employed by Limbach Gruppe SE. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Buschulte, Höger, Ganter, Wijsenbeek, Kahn, Kriegsmann, Wilkens, Fisher, Ryerson, Herth and Kreuter.)

Published
2023
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38. Immunomodulatory treatment in unclassifiable interstitial lung disease: A retrospective study of treatment response.

Author

Hyldgaard C, Torrisi S, Kronborg Brix-White S, Prior TS, Ganter C, Bendstrup E, and Kreuter M

Subjects
Humans, Retrospective Studies, Lung diagnostic imaging, Vital Capacity, Tidal Volume, Lung Diseases, Interstitial drug therapy
Abstract

Background and Objective: The optimal management of unclassifiable Interstitial lung disease (ILD) remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to describe pulmonary function trajectories for patients treated with immunomodulatory therapy and for untreated patients., Methods: Clinical information and treatment data were obtained retrospectively at two ILD centres. Pulmonary function data were analysed using (1) mixed effects linear regression models with and without clinical covariates and (2) propensity score matching using gender, age, physiology (GAP) stage, smoking and presence of ground glass opacities., Results: Sixty-five percent of the 249 patients included received corticosteroids and/or other immunomodulators. Treated patients had lower forced vital capacity (FVC) (72% vs. 83% predicted) and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco) (44% vs. 60% predicted). In mixed effects linear regression, the adjusted change in FVC was -0.22%, [-0.34; -0.11], and -0.15% [-0.28;-0.012] for DLco. The difference in pulmonary function decline between treated and untreated patients was insignificant, -0.082% per month, [-0.28; 0.11], p = 0.10 for FVC and -0.14% per month, [-0.36; 0.079], p = 0.15, for DLco. In propensity score matched analysis, the difference in change in FVC was 0.039% per month, p = 0.12, and for DLco, 0.0085% per month, p = 0.7., Conclusion: The pulmonary function trajectories for treated and untreated patients were parallel, despite treated patients having more severe disease at baseline. The persisting differences between the groups suggest no overall effect, although improvement or stabilization may be seen in some patients. Prospective studies are needed to define subsets of patients with unclassifiable interstitial lung disease and their optimal management., (© 2022 The Authors. Respirology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Asian Pacific Society of Respirology.)

Published
2023
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39. How Informed Are German Patients with Pulmonary Sarcoidosis about Their Disease?

Author

Buschulte K, Höger P, Ganter C, Wijsenbeek M, Kahn N, Kriegsmann K, Wilkens FM, Polke M, El-Hadi S, Lederer C, Herth FJ, and Kreuter M

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Fatigue, Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary, Sarcoidosis
Abstract

Background: Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disease with a heterogenous course of disease. Comprehensive information about the complexity and treatment indications is essential for improving patient knowledge and adhering to therapy., Objectives: The aim of our study was to investigate the level and resources of information in patients with sarcoidosis and to analyze differences in patient subgroups including age and gender., Methods: We conducted a questionnaire-based online survey in Germany and three semi-structured focus group interviews. The interviews were evaluated independently by two investigators using a structured qualitative content analysis., Results: A total of 402 completed questionnaires were analyzed, 65.8% of participants were women, and the mean age was 53 years. The majority of patients felt well informed about their disease in general (59.4%), but 40.6% were inadequately informed. The most relevant information gaps related to the future perspective (70.6%) as well as fatigue and diffuse pain (63.9%). Most patients received information from their treating pulmonologist (72.1%). 94% used the internet, especially homepages of patient support groups (75.2%). Male participants more often reported being well informed about their disease and were more satisfied with the information (p = 0.001). During the interviews, patients expressed their wish for more comprehensive information and highlighted the importance of psychological co-care as well as the future perspective., Conclusions: A relevant proportion of patients with sarcoidosis are inadequately informed about their own disease, particularly with regard to factors impeding quality of life such as fatigue. Efforts are needed to improve the level and quality of information., (© 2023 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Published
2023
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40. Highly Deep-Blue Luminescent Twisted Diphenylamino Terphenyl Emitters by Bromine-Lithium Exchange Borylation-Suzuki Sequence.

Author

Wiefermann J, Schmeinck P, Ganter C, and Müller TJJ

Subjects
Luminescence, Bromine, Lithium
Abstract

Four novel intensively blue luminescent chromophores were readily synthesized by bromine-lithium exchange borylation-Suzuki (BLEBS) sequence in moderate to good yields. Their electronic properties were studied by absorption and emission spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations revealing deep-blue emission in solution as well as in the solid state and upon embedding into a PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) matrix with small FWHM (full width at half maximum) values and CIE y values smaller than 0.1. Moreover, high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY), partially close to unity, are found., (© 2022 The Authors. Chemistry - A European Journal published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Published
2022
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41. YouTube-videos for patient education in lymphangioleiomyomatosis?

Author

Wilkens FM, Ganter C, Kriegsmann K, Wilkens H, Kahn N, Goobie GC, Ryerson CJ, and Kreuter M

Subjects
Humans, Information Dissemination, Patient Education as Topic, Reproducibility of Results, Video Recording, Lymphangioleiomyomatosis diagnosis, Lymphangioleiomyomatosis therapy, Social Media
Abstract

Background: The Internet is commonly used by patients to acquire health information. To date, no studies have evaluated the quality of information available on YouTube regarding lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). Our aim was to determine the quality and content of YouTube videos regarding LAM and to compare the information provided with current knowledge and guidelines about the disease., Methods: The first 200 video hits on YouTube in English for the search term "lymphangioleiomyomatosis" were recorded. All videos suitable for patient education on LAM were included. Video quality was analyzed independently by two investigators utilizing the Health on the Net (HONcode) score, which assesses whether websites provide understandable, accessible, and trustworthy health information; the DISCERN score, which evaluates the quality of information about treatment decisions; and a newly developed LAM-related content score (LRCS) with 31 guideline elements., Results: The search identified 64 eligible videos. The "engagement rate" of 0.3 was low, with a median number of views of 408 (range 42-73,943), a median of 4 likes (range 0-2082), and the majority (53%) receiving a low HONcode score (≤ 2) and only 10% of videos achieving a high score (> 5). The median DISCERN score was 28 (range 15-61, maximum possible score 80), indicating poor video quality and reliability. The median LRCS was 8 (range 0-29, maximum possible score 31) and videos frequently failed to provide sources of information., Conclusions: Online resources could contribute to the limited and often inaccurate information available to patients with LAM, with only a few YouTube videos providing high-quality patient-relevant information., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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42. Configuration space representation of MRI sequences.

Author

Ganter C

Subjects
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Motion, Phantoms, Imaging, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Algorithms, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods
Abstract

Purpose: Local solutions provide little intuition about the contrast, generated by MRI sequences with unbalanced gradients. A configuration space representation of the spin density allows to formalize signal localization and thereby overcome these limitations., Theory and Methods: The continuous configuration model (CCM) constitutes a Fourier integral decomposition of the spin density, such that intrinsic tissue properties are separated from accumulated effects due to gradients and/or bulk off-resonance. Thereby, any set of local dynamic equations is automatically transformed into a corresponding set of differential equations between configurations., Results: The CCM generalizes the Fourier-based EPG formalism such that it becomes applicable to arbitrary MRI sequences. It enables a rigorous and concise treatment of signal localization (selective excitation, spatial encoding), inhomogeneous broadening and motion. Applied to frequency swept NMR, a close connection between SWIFT and SSFP sequences can be found., Conclusion: The CCM allows to view arbitrary MRI sequences from a signal processing perspective, which might simplify the development and optimization of novel imaging strategies., (© 2021 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Published
2022
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43. Pure balanced steady-state free precession imaging (pure bSSFP).

Author

Schäper J, Bauman G, Ganter C, and Bieri O

Subjects
Brain diagnostic imaging, Phantoms, Imaging, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods
Abstract

Purpose: To show that for tissues the conspicuous asymmetries in the frequency response function of bSSFP can be mitigated by using a short enough TR., Theory and Methods: Configuration theory indicates that bSSFP becomes apparently "pure" (i.e., exhibiting a symmetric profile) in the limit of TR → 0 . To this end, the frequency profile of bSSFP was measured as a function of the TR using a manganese-doped aqueous probe, as well as brain tissue that was shown to exhibit a pronounced asymmetry due to its microstructure. The frequency response function was sampled using N = 72 (phantom) and N = 36 (in vivo) equally distributed linear RF phase increments in the interval [ 0 , 2 π ) . Imaging was performed with 2.0 mm isotropic resolution over a TR range of 1.5-8 ms at 3 and 1.5 T., Results: As expected, pure substances showed a symmetric TR-independent frequency profile, whereas brain tissue revealed a pronounced asymmetry. The observed asymmetry for the tissue, however, decreases with decreasing TR and gives strong evidence that the frequency response function of bSSFP becomes symmetric in the limit of TR → 0 , in agreement with theory. The limit of apparently pure bSSFP imaging can thus be achieved for a TR ∼ 1.5 ms at 1.5 T, whereas at 3 T, tissues still show some residual asymmetry., Conclusion: In the limit of short enough TR, tissues become apparently pure for bSSFP. This limit can be reached for brain tissue at 1.5 T with TR ∼ 1-2 ms at clinically relevant resolutions., (© 2021 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Published
2022
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44. Comorbidities in unclassifiable interstitial lung disease.

Author

Prior TS, Hyldgaard C, Torrisi SE, Kronborg-White S, Ganter C, Bendstrup E, and Kreuter M

Subjects
Aged, Comorbidity, Denmark epidemiology, Female, Germany epidemiology, Humans, Lung Diseases, Interstitial mortality, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, Survival Rate, Lung Diseases, Interstitial epidemiology
Abstract

Background: Comorbidities are common in interstitial lung diseases (ILD) and have an important association with survival, but the frequency and prognostic impact of comorbidities in unclassifiable interstitial lung disease (uILD) remains elusive. We aimed to describe the prevalence of comorbidities and assess the impact on survival in patients with uILD. Furthermore, we aimed to identify and characterize potential phenotypes based on clusters of comorbidities and examine their association with disease progression and survival., Methods: Incident patients diagnosed with uILD were identified at two ILD referral centers in Denmark and Germany from 2003 to 2018. The diagnosis uILD was based on multidisciplinary team meetings. Clinical characteristics and comorbidities were extracted from ILD registries and patient case files. Survival analyses were performed using Cox regression analyses, disease progression was analyzed by linear mixed effects models, and clusters of comorbidities were analyzed using self-organizing maps., Results: A total of 249 patients with uILD were identified. The cohort was dominated by males (60%), former (49%) or current (15%) smokers, median age was 70 years, mean FVC was 75.9% predicted, and mean DLCO was 49.9% predicted. One-year survival was 89% and three-year survival was 73%. Eighty-five percent of the patients had ≥ 1 comorbidities, 33% had ≥ 3 comorbidities and 9% had ≥ 5 comorbidities. The only comorbidity associated with excess mortality was dyslipidemia. No association between survival and number of comorbidities or the Charlson comorbidity index was observed. Three clusters with different comorbidities profiles and clinical characteristics were identified. A significant annual decline in FVC and DLCO % predicted was observed in cluster 1 and 2, but not in cluster 3. No difference in mortality was observed between the clusters., Conclusions: The comorbidity burden in uILD is lower than reported in other types of ILD and the impact of comorbidities on mortality needs further clarification. Three clusters with distinct comorbidity profiles were identified and could represent specific phenotypes. No difference in mortality was observed between clusters, but slower disease progression was observed in cluster 3. Better understanding of disease behavior and mortality will require further studies of subgroups of uILD with longer observation time., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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45. Complex B 1 + mapping with Carr-Purcell spin echoes and its application to electrical properties tomography.

Author

Iyyakkunnel S, Weigel M, Ganter C, and Bieri O

Subjects
Head, Phantoms, Imaging, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Brain diagnostic imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Abstract

Purpose: To present a new complex-valued B 1 + mapping method for electrical properties tomography using Carr-Purcell spin echoes., Methods: A Carr-Purcell (CP) echo train generates pronounced flip-angle dependent oscillations that can be used to estimate the magnitude of B 1 + . To this end, a dictionary is used that takes into account the slice profile as well as T 2 relaxation along the echo train. For validation, the retrieved B 1 + map is compared with the actual flip angle imaging (AFI) method in a phantom (79 ε 0 , 0.34 S/m). Moreover, the phase of the first echo reflects the transceive phase. Overall, the CP echo train yields an estimate of the complex-valued B 1 + , allowing electrical properties tomography with both permittivity and conductivity. The presented method is evaluated in phantom scans as well as for in vivo brain at 3 T., Results: In the phantom, the obtained magnitude B 1 + maps retrieved from the CP echo train and the AFI method show excellent agreement, and both the reconstructed estimated permittivity (79 ± 3) ε 0 and conductivity (0.35 ± 0.04) S/m values are in accordance with expectations. In the brain, the obtained electrical properties are also close to expectations. In addition to the retrieved complex B 1 + information, the decay of the CP echo trains also yields an estimate for T 2 ., Conclusion: The CP sequence can be used to simultaneously provide both B 1 + magnitude and phase estimations, and therefore allows for full reconstruction of the electrical properties., (© 2021 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)

Published
2022
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46. Linear Carbene Pyridine Copper Complexes with Sterically Demanding N , N '-Bis(trityl)imidazolylidene: Syntheses, Molecular Structures, and Photophysical Properties.

Author

Hölzel T, Belyaev A, Terzi M, Stenzel L, Gernert M, Marian CM, Steffen A, and Ganter C

Abstract

The sterically demanding carbene ITr ( N,N '-bis(triphenylmethyl)imidazolylidene) was used as a ligand for the preparation of luminescent copper(I) complexes of the type [(ITr)Cu(R-pyridine/R'-quinoline)]BF 4 (R = H, 4-CN, 4-CHO, 2,6-NH 2 , and R' = 8-Cl, 6-Me). The selective formation of linear, bis(coordinated) complexes was observed for a series of pyridine and quinoline derivatives. Only in the case of 4-cyanopyridine a one-dimensional coordination polymer was formed, in which the cyano group of the cyanopyridine ligand additionally binds to another Cu atom in a bridging manner, thus leading to a trigonal planar coordination environment. In contrast, employing sterically less demanding monotrityl-substituted carbene 3 , no (NHC)Cu-pyridine complexes could be prepared. Instead, a bis-carbene complex [( 3 ) 2 Cu]PF 6 was obtained which showed no luminescence. All linear pyridine/quinoline coordinated complexes show weak emission in solution but intense blue to orange luminescence doped with 10% in PMMA films and in the solid state either from triplet excited states with unusually long lifetimes of up to 4.8 ms or via TADF with high radiative rate constants of up to 1.7 × 10 5 s -1 at room temperature. Combined density functional theory and multireference configuration interaction calculations have been performed to rationalize the involved photophysics of these complexes. They reveal a high density of low-lying electronic states with mixed MLCT, LLCT, and LC character where the electronic structures of the absorbing and emitting state are not necessarily identical.

Published
2021
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47. Closed-Loop Versus Conventional Mechanical Ventilation in COVID-19 ARDS.

Author

Wendel Garcia PD, Hofmaenner DA, Brugger SD, Acevedo CT, Bartussek J, Camen G, Bader PR, Bruellmann G, Kattner J, Ganter C, Schuepbach RA, and Buehler PK

Subjects
Humans, Prospective Studies, Respiration, Artificial, SARS-CoV-2, Tidal Volume, COVID-19, Respiratory Distress Syndrome therapy
Abstract

Background: Lung-protective ventilation is key in bridging patients suffering from COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to recovery. However, resource and personnel limitations during pandemics complicate the implementation of lung-protective protocols. Automated ventilation modes may prove decisive in these settings enabling higher degrees of lung-protective ventilation than conventional modes., Method: Prospective study at a Swiss university hospital. Critically ill, mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients were allocated, by study-blinded coordinating staff, to either closed-loop or conventional mechanical ventilation, based on mechanical ventilator availability. Primary outcome was the overall achieved percentage of lung-protective ventilation in closed-loop versus conventional mechanical ventilation, assessed minute-by-minute, during the initial 7 days and overall mechanical ventilation time. Lung-protective ventilation was defined as the combined target of tidal volume <8 ml per kg of ideal body weight, dynamic driving pressure <15 cmH 2 O, peak pressure <30 cmH 2 O, peripheral oxygen saturation ≥88% and dynamic mechanical power <17 J/min., Results: Forty COVID-19 ARDS patients, accounting for 1,048,630 minutes (728 days) of cumulative mechanical ventilation, allocated to either closed-loop (n = 23) or conventional ventilation (n = 17), presenting with a median paO 2 / FiO 2 ratio of 92 [72-147] mmHg and a static compliance of 18 [11-25] ml/cmH 2 O, were mechanically ventilated for 11 [4-25] days and had a 28-day mortality rate of 20%. During the initial 7 days of mechanical ventilation, patients in the closed-loop group were ventilated lung-protectively for 65% of the time versus 38% in the conventional group (Odds Ratio, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.76-1.82; P < 0.001) and for 45% versus 33% of overall mechanical ventilation time (Odds Ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.21-1.23; P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Among critically ill, mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients during an early highpoint of the pandemic, mechanical ventilation using a closed-loop mode was associated with a higher degree of lung-protective ventilation than was conventional mechanical ventilation.

Published
2021
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48. Clinical Quality Considerations when Using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) in Clinical Drug Development.

Author

Ménard T, Barros A, and Ganter C

Subjects
Clinical Trials as Topic, Drug Development, Humans, Quality Control, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Precision Medicine
Abstract

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and decreased costs of genomic testing are changing the paradigm in precision medicine and continue to fuel innovation. Integration of NGS into clinical drug development has the potential to accelerate clinical trial conduct and ultimately will shape the landscape of clinical care by making it easier to identify patients who would benefit from particular therapy(ies) and to monitor treatment outcomes with less invasive tests. This has led to an increased use of NGS service providers by pharmaceutical sponsors: to screen patients for clinical trials eligibility and for patient stratification, expanded Companion Diagnostic (CDx) development for treatment recommendations and Comprehensive Genomic profiling (CGP). These changes are reshaping the face of clinical quality considerations for precision medicine. Although some clinical quality considerations do exist in Health Authorities (HA) guidances and regulations (e.g., International Conference of Harmonization Good Clinical Practices-GCP), there is currently no holistic GxP-like detailed framework for pharmaceutical sponsors using NGS service providers in clinical trials, or for the development of CDx and CGP. In this research, we identified existing and applicable regulations, guidelines and recommendations that could be translated into clinical quality considerations related to technology, data quality, patients and oversight. We propose these considerations as a basis for pharmaceutical sponsors using NGS service providers in clinical drug development to develop a set of guidelines for NGS clinical quality., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Published
2021
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49. Fully Automated Segmentation of Pulmonary Fibrosis Using Different Software Tools.

Author

Ley-Zaporozhan J, Giannakis A, Norajitra T, Weinheimer O, Kehler L, Dinkel J, Ganter C, Ley S, Van Lunteren C, Eichinger M, Heussel G, Kauczor HU, Maier-Hein KH, Kreuter M, and Heussel CP

Subjects
Aged, Case-Control Studies, Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted, Female, Humans, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis diagnostic imaging, Linear Models, Lung diagnostic imaging, Lung Volume Measurements, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Algorithms, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis pathology, Lung pathology, Software
Abstract

Objective: Evaluation of software tools for segmentation, quantification, and characterization of fibrotic pulmonary parenchyma changes will strengthen the role of CT as biomarkers of disease extent, evolution, and response to therapy in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients., Methods: 418 nonenhanced thin-section MDCTs of 127 IPF patients and 78 MDCTs of 78 healthy individuals were analyzed through 3 fully automated, completely different software tools: YACTA, LUFIT, and IMBIO. The agreement between YACTA and LUFIT on segmented lung volume and 80th (reflecting fibrosis) and 40th (reflecting ground-glass opacity) percentile of the lung density histogram was analyzed using Bland-Altman plots. The fibrosis and ground-glass opacity segmented by IMBIO (lung texture analysis software tool) were included in specific regression analyses., Results: In the IPF-group, LUFIT outperformed YACTA by segmenting more lung volume (mean difference 242 mL, 95% limits of agreement -54 to 539 mL), as well as quantifying higher 80th (76 HU, -6 to 158 HU) and 40th percentiles (9 HU, -73 to 90 HU). No relevant differences were revealed in the control group. The 80th/40th percentile as quantified by LUFIT correlated positively with the percentage of fibrosis/ground-glass opacity calculated by IMBIO (r = 0.78/r = 0.92)., Conclusions: In terms of segmentation of pulmonary fibrosis, LUFIT as a shape model-based segmentation software tool is superior to the threshold-based YACTA, tool, since the density of (severe) fibrosis is similar to that of the surrounding soft tissues. Therefore, shape modeling as used in LUFIT may serve as a valid tool in the quantification of IPF, since this mainly affects the subpleural space., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Published
2021
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50. T2 mapping of the distal sciatic nerve in healthy subjects and patients suffering from lumbar disc herniation with nerve compression.

Author

Sollmann N, Weidlich D, Klupp E, Cervantes B, Ganter C, Zimmer C, Rummeny EJ, Baum T, Kirschke JS, and Karampinos DC

Subjects
Healthy Volunteers, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Reproducibility of Results, Sciatic Nerve, Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, Intervertebral Disc Displacement
Abstract

Objective: To measure T2 values for magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) of the healthy distal sciatic nerve and compare those to T2 changes in patients with nerve compression., Materials and Methods: Twenty-one healthy subjects and five patients with sciatica due to disc herniation underwent MRN using a T2-prepared turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence of the distal sciatic nerve bilaterally. Six and one of those healthy subjects further underwent a commonly used multi-echo spin-echo (MESE) sequence and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), respectively., Results: T2 values derived from the T2-prepared TSE sequence were 44.6 ± 3.0 ms (left) and 44.5 ± 2.6 ms (right) in healthy subjects and showed good inter-reader reliability. In patients, T2 values of 61.5 ± 6.2 ms (affected side) versus 43.3 ± 2.4 ms (unaffected side) were obtained. T2 values of MRS were in good agreement with measurements from the T2-prepared TSE, but not with those of the MESE sequence., Discussion: A T2-prepared TSE sequence enables precise determination of T2 values of the distal sciatic nerve in agreement with MRS. A MESE sequence tends to overestimate nerve T2 compared to T2 from MRS due to the influence of residual fat on T2 quantification. Our approach may enable to quantitatively assess direct nerve affection related to nerve compression.

Published
2020
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