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For a detailed examination of the interaction of rhamnose containing derivatives with recombinant horseshoe crab plasma lectin (rHPL), two di-rhamno-di-lipids (an α-1,2- and an α-1,3-linked) were synthesized via a new simple method. The N-iodosuccinimide/triflic acid mediated glycosylation of the methyl (R)-3-hydroxydecanoate with phenyl-1-thio-rhamnobioside donors afforded the mono-lipid disaccharides. Removal of the methyl ester group followed by esterification of the mono-lipids with a second (R)-3-hydroxydecanoate unit resulted in fully protected di-lipid derivatives, transformation of which into the target compounds was accomplished in two steps. This method allows the synthesis of both regioisomers in only 6 steps starting from the corresponding free disaccharides. Both synthetic di-rhamnolipids were biologically active for lectin binding differential binding preference between two isomeric di-rhamno-di-lipids. The rHPL lectin favours the α-1,3-linked di-rhamno-di-lipids over its α-1,2-linked regioisomer., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cosmeceutical peptides have become an important topic in recent decades in both academic and industrial fields. Many natural or synthetic peptides with different biological functions including anti-ageing, anti-oxidation, anti-infection and anti-pigmentation have been developed and commercialized. Current cosmeceutical peptides have already satisfied most market demand, remaining: "cargos carrying skin penetrating peptide with high safety" still an un-met need. To this aim, a cell-penetrating peptide, CPP AIF , which efficiently transported cargos into epithelial cells was exanimated. CPP AIF was evaluated with cell model and 3D skin model following OECD guidelines without using animal models. As a highly stable peptide, CPP AIF neither irritated nor sensitized skin, also did not disrupt skin barrier. In addition, such high safety peptide had anti-inflammation activity without allergic effect. Moreover, cargo carrying activity of CPP AIF was assayed using HaCaT cell model and rapid CPP AIF penetration was observed within 30 min. Finally, CPP AIF possessed transepidermal activity in water in oil formulation without disruption of skin barrier. All evidences indicated that CPP AIF was an ideal choice for skin penetrating and its anti-inflammatory activity could improve skin condition, which made CPP AIF suitable and attractive for novel cosmeceutical product development., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

More than 80% of infectious bacteria form biofilm, which is a bacterial cell community surrounded by secreted polysaccharides, proteins and glycolipids. Such bacterial superstructure increases resistance to antimicrobials and host defenses. Thus, to control these biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria requires antimicrobial agents with novel mechanisms or properties. Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a Gram-negative opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, is a model strain to study biofilm development and correlation between biofilm formation and infection. In this study, a recombinant hemolymph plasma lectin (rHPL OE ) cloned from Taiwanese Tachypleus tridentatus was expressed in an Escherichia coli system. This rHPL OE was shown to have the following properties: (1) Binding to P. aeruginosa PA14 biofilm through a unique molecular interaction with rhamnose-containing moieties on bacteria, leading to reduction of extracellular di-rhamnolipid (a biofilm regulator); (2) decreasing downstream quorum sensing factors, and inhibiting biofilm formation; (3) dispersing the mature biofilm of P. aeruginosa PA14 to improve the efficacies of antibiotics; (4) reducing P. aeruginosa PA14 cytotoxicity to human lung epithelial cells in vitro and (5) inhibiting P. aeruginosa PA14 infection of zebrafish embryos in vivo. Taken together, rHPL OE serves as an anti-biofilm agent with a novel mechanism of recognizing rhamnose moieties in lipopolysaccharides, di-rhamnolipid and structural polysaccharides (Psl) in biofilms. Thus rHPL OE links glycan-recognition to novel anti-biofilm strategies against pathogenic bacteria.

Objective: Pericallosal artery aneurysms are not common clinically. The microsurgery and endovascular therapy are surgically challenging operations. The objective of the study is to summarize their clinical symptoms and optimal treatment strategies of pericallosal artery aneurysms., Methods: Nine cases of pericallosal artery aneurysms detected by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were reviewed. The clinical manifestation, brain imaging characteristics, and optimal treatment methods were summarized., Results: Patients with spontaneous aneurysm had good clinical outcomes after endovascular coiling or microsurgical clipping treatment. There were no any neurological function deficits in five patients. One patient suffered from permanent neurological function deficits. Patients with traumatic aneurysm pericallosal had relatively poor outcomes, including two patients showing disturbed consciousness and the paralysis of the lower limbs with slow recovery, and one patient was dead after the surgery., Conclusion: Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage and interhemispheric fissure hematoma suggest spontaneously pericallosal aneurysm, while traumatic corpus callosum hematoma as well the accompanying embryo of intraventricular hemorrhage suggest traumatic pericallosal aneurysm. Endovascular embolization is the primary surgical treatment for pericallosal aneurysm, while patients with pericallosal aneurysm are not suitable for surgical treatment. Microsurgical clipping treatment may be a choice. However, both of these treatment strategies have high risk., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z o.o.)