Search

L'articolo vuole analizzare l'introduzione e l'applicazione nell'ordinamento italiano dell'assicurazione obbligatoria contro la disoccupazione involontaria, assumendo come periodizzazione il periodo compreso fra la Grande guerra e la promulgazione della Carta del lavoro fascista. Il saggio si sofferma principalmente sugli aspetti istituzionali e politici, prestando particolare attenzione alla costituzione del sistema amministrativo per gestire l'assicurazione sociale e alle critiche di natura sia politica sia culturale alla nuova forma di tutela sociale. In primo luogo, il testo cerca di ricostruire, in una prospettiva internazionale, il retroterra della assicurazione contro la disoccupazione, per poi soffermarsi sul caso italiano, dal momento che l'Italia fu il primo Stato europeo a introdurre una comprensiva legislazione in materia. L'articolo si sviluppa in tre sezioni, al fine di enfatizzare i principali snodi: la Grande guerra (1915-1918), i primi anni post-bellici (1919-1922) e l'avvio della dittatura fascista (1922-1927). In particolare, prendendo in considerazione le posizioni dei vari attori (governo, datori di lavoro, sindacati), il testo vuole ricostruire le caratteristiche assunte durante gli anni dal sistema assicurativo contro il rischio di disoccupazione. Combinando l'analisi della legislazione (decreti, circolari) e di vari documenti d'archivio, il saggio vuole fornire un contributo alla storia dello Stato sociale italiano, riempiendo un vuoto lasciato dalla storiografia.

This essays aims to analyze the Italian debate on French solidarism, the political doctrine elaborated by Léon Bourgeois at the end of the XIX century. The article focuses on the transnational circulation of political concepts like solidarity, social obligation and social rights, in an attempt to identify the main topics of the Italian cultural discussion around the way to solve the «social question». In this perspective, the text draws attention on the struggle for the social reforms, underlining in particular the relevance of the cultural aspects in order to comprehend and explain the complexity of the formation of the Welfare State

The article develops along two research lines. On the one hand it analyses the legislation concerning the accident insurance issued during the transition period from Liberal State to fascist dictatorship (1922-1926), assuming as general explanation for the birth of the laws or the bureaucrats' and the élites' influence or the general political plan. On the other hand, the essay analyses the history of the linked National Insurance Institute, the National Accident Insurance Institute. The double level of analysis is due to the conviction that Welfare State is not only a political and social topic but also an administrative and institutional one, considering that it couldn't work without institutes and bureaucracy. Obviously, in the light of periodization (1922-1926), the text tries also to identify the steps that formed the "fascistization" process of the Institute.

Background: Cryopreservation of platelets (PLTs) at -80°C with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) can extend their shelf life up to 2 years. Cryopreserved PLTs (CRY-PLTs) are reported to have a greater in vivo hemostatic effect than liquid-stored PLTs. Aims of this study were: i. to evaluate the thrombin generation potential of buffy coat derived cryopreserved PLTs (CRY- BC PLT) in comparison with fresh buffy coat derived platelets concentrates; ii. to determine the efficacy and safety of CRY-PLTs transfusion in hematological patients with severe thrombocytopenia. Materials and methods: BC PLTs were obtained from 5 buffy coats and pooled. The final PLTs concentrates were leukoreduced by filtration and transferred to a 650 mL patented cryopreservation kit (Promedical ®) which allowed mixing with DMSO 25% in a closed system and following removal of supernatant without further manipulations. BC-PLTs were washed prior freezing, suspended in homologous plasma from 1 of the 5 donors to a final concentration of 200 mL and frozen at - 80°. CRY- BC PLTs were preserved at -80°C with 6% DMSO. A system of 3 accessory bags directly connected to the mother bag was adopted for the in vitro study, to avoid repeated freezing/thawing of samples. In vitro assays were performed before freezing and at 3,6 and 9 months after thawing. Before assay, CRY-BC PLT were thawed at 37°C and diluted in plasma to adjust to 300× 109/L PLTs. Fresh BC PLTs underwent the same dilution to adjust to 300 ×109/L PLTs. Thrombin generation (TGA) was tested in CRY BC-PLTs and compared to TG potential of fresh BC PLTs. TGA was triggered by the addition of 0.5 pmol/L of recombinant human tissue factor. Endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) and peak height (PH) were determined. Flow Cytometry assays for PLTs activation markers and thromboelastography were also determined on each sample. CRY-BC PLTs, separately prepared according to the above described method for in vivo study, were infused in five hematological patients with acute leukemia (AL) and severe thrombocytopenia (PLTs Results Fourty nine BC-PLTs from 245 healthy volunteer donors (145 males and 100 females, mean age: 48.16.±18.91) were prepared, cryopreserved and analyzed up to 9 months after storage. Cryopreserved PLTs show a good thrombin generation potential that is stably maintained up to 9 months after cryopreservation [ETP (nM min): 529.25±98.64 at T0, 558.82±114.67 at T3, at 548.57±93.38 T6 and 533.04±103.15 at T9 months, respectively; PH(nM): 132.77±44.9 at T0, 103.4±44.9 at T3, 108.0±36.7 at T6 and 132.0±44.6 at T9 months, respectively]. At TGA, fresh BC-PLTs (n=35) had a mean ETP of 760.13±130.11, PH was 138.9±40.2. Thrombin generation of CRY-BC PLTs is comparable to fresh BC-PLTs, even if slightly decreased. Infusion of CRY-BC PLT (1U) was effective in controlling mucosal bleeding (epistaxis) in two patients with AL and severe thrombocytopenia. CRY-PLT were also effective when administered for prophylaxis in 3 patients with very low platelets count secondary to chemotherapy. In vivo, thrombin generation is stably maintained up to 24 hours after infusion of 1 Unit of CRY-BC PLTs, without any adverse effect (mean ETP pre-treatment was: 414.13±160.60, 24 hours after transfusion: 326.95±152.54). CRY-BC PLTs were safe and they did not determine any thrombotic event. At flow-cytometry, CRY-BC PLTs expressed higher activation markers (CD62P,CD63) than fresh BC PLTs. CRY-BC PLTs are able to significantly decrease the time to clot formation and clot strength, as measured also by thromboelastography. CRY-BCPLTs activation/deterioration is accompanied by an effective hemostatic in vivo function. Conclusions: Cryopreserved PLTs have an enhanced hemostatic activity and a good thrombin generation potential. They are effective and safe in preventing and controlling bleeding, being available in emergency/urgency settings also for patients with acute leukemia and severe thrombocytopenia. Disclosures Reina: Promedical: Consultancy.