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The article highlights new discoveries about these ailments, too often understudied given their terrible toll and fresh ideas emerges about the ways such disorders get started, ideas that run counter to a century of medical dogma. Topics include considered that advances are leading to more refined treatments, based on a nuanced understanding of immune systems.

Bouts of disabling pain, bleeding, weight loss and hospitalization that sometimes require surgery: that's the lot of about three million adults in the U.S. who suffer from inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD. Now scientists have traced two detailed molecular pathways from the brain to the gut that produce IBD flares. And in three different groups of IBD patients, they found that psychological stress - a death in the family or a bad fight with a loved one, for instance - can trigger the release of brain chemicals that cause IBD symptoms. [Extracted from the article]

An introduction is presented in which the guest editors discuss the theme of the issue, air pollution raises the risk of Alzheimer's disease to a startling degree and explore the path between dirty air and brain destruction.

The sex chromosome has been shrinking throughout mammalian evolution, but many of its remaining genes play crucial roles beyond sex determination.

Legally, dogs and cats are moving closer to personhood. A new book says this poses problems for biomedical researchers and veterinarians.