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Transformation from chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm to acute leukemia is a feature of myeloproliferative neoplasm; however, the rate is not high. Transformation to acute promyelocytic leukemia is rare. Here, we report a case of transformation of polycythemia vera to acute promyelocytic leukemia and describe a process of clonal evolution that has not yet been reported.In this case, a 51-year-old woman was diagnosed with polycythemia vera and concomitant JAK2/V617F mutations in July 2019. She underwent intermittent phlebotomy and oral hydroxyurea irregularly. After 2 years, the patient complained of fatigue and poor sleep quality for 2 months.Further examination revealed marked hypercellularity and grade 1 bone marrow fibrosis with the PML/RARαV variant (23.85% mutation load), WT1-Exon1 (37.8%), WT1-Exon9 (4.1%), JAK3-Exon7 (49.3%), and RELN-Exon55 (45.8%). According to the World Health Organization classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, the patient was ultimately diagnosed with a rare transformation of polycythemia vera to acute promyelocytic leukemia.The patient underwent dual induction therapy with all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide.After 28 days of induction therapy, the patient achieved complete remission, was compliant and the treatment was well tolerated.Polycythemia vera can transform into acute promyelocytic leukemia; therefore, it is important to review bone aspiration and other tests to perform a comprehensive assessment and monitor the disease status, to detect disease progression and intervene early when it transforms into acute promyelocytic leukemia.

An improved, concise, and efficient preparation of the telaprevir bicyclic [3.3.0] proline intermediate is presented. The key steps, control points, and the whole process are optimized. The synthesis of racemic intermediate was accomplished in five steps in above 56% overall yield up to 100 g scale with only some simple separations and treatments in the whole process. The new and crucial chiral resolution of the proline intermediate was systematically studied, and the target chiral intermediate was obtained in acceptable yield (30%) and excellent ee value (>99% ee) by a simple washing. The cost of the target chiral intermediate and wastes of the whole process were at least doubly reduced after the effective reuse of the unwanted chiral amino acid by successful decarboxylation.

Major depressive disorder has become one of the most serious neuropsychiatric disorders worldwide. However, currently available antidepressants used in clinical practice are ineffective for a substantial proportion of patients and always have side effects. Besides being a lipid-regulating agent, gemfibrozil is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α). We investigated the antidepressant effects of gemfibrozil on C57BL/6J mice using the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), as well as the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model of depression. The changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling cascade in the brain after CUMS and gemfibrozil treatment were further assessed. Pharmacological inhibitors and lentivirus-expressed short hairpin RNA (shRNA) were also used to clarify the antidepressant mechanisms of gemfibrozil. Gemfibrozil exhibited significant antidepressant actions in the FST and TST without affecting the locomotor activity of mice. Chronic gemfibrozil administration fully reversed CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors in the FST, TST and sucrose preference test. Gemfibrozil treatment also restored CUMS-induced inhibition of the hippocampal BDNF signaling pathway. Blocking PPAR-α and BDNF but not the serotonergic system abolished the antidepressant effects of gemfibrozil on mice. Gemfibrozil produced antidepressant effects in mice by promoting the hippocampal BDNF system.

Supplemental material, JOP762072_Supplementary_Material for Gemfibrozil has antidepressant effects in mice: Involvement of the hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor system by Yu-Fei Ni, Hao Wang, Qiu-Yan Gu, Fei-Ying Wang, Ying-Jie Wang, Jin-Liang Wang and Bo Jiang in Journal of Psychopharmacology