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Growing evidence has suggested that the consumption of probiotics can decrease depressive symptoms. However, even the results of meta-analyses are conflicting. In this regard, we performed an umbrella meta-analysis and proposed the decisive impacts of probiotics on depressive symptoms. The following international databases were searched up to July 2021: PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. Meta-analyses investigating the impact of supplementation of probiotics on depression symptoms in adults were included. According to the studies, random-effects model was used to perform the analysis. Subgroup analysis was performed by dosage of probiotics, duration of supplementation and total sample size. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's, Begg's and visual inspection of funnel plot. Ten meta-analyses (n = 8886 participants) were included in study. The pooled data indicated that probiotic supplementation significantly reduced depression symptoms (ES= −1.41; 95% CI: −2.53, −0.30, p = 0.016; I2 = 99.4, p = <0.001). Subgroup analysis of studies with intervention duration >8 weeks and dosage >10 × 109 CFU demonstrated a more robust effect of probiotics on decreasing depression symptoms. There was also significant between-study heterogeneity in which dosage was identified as source of it. The results of present umbrella meta-analysis suggest administration of probiotics for relieving depression symptoms for >8 weeks with dosage of >10 × 109 CFU. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2051164 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders which put a huge burden on individuals and society. Personality elements are based on the nature and character of depressed patients in different countries. Since the pattern of personality elements have varied considerably among people of different nations, including Iranians, one wonders whether or not these elements differ among depressed Iranian patients. Methods: 160 patients diagnosed with standard major depression, determined by a psychiatrist, and 145 healthy subjects with similar characteristics participated in the present study as the control group. The participants were all Iranian; the mean age of the patients was 31.31 ± 9.15 years and that of the control group was 32.72 ± 10.15. Personality elements were evaluated by TCI-125 questionnaire and these elements were compared between the case and control group subjects. Results: Novelty seeking elements in the nature and self-expression in the genus were similar in patients and control group. Other elements shoes significant or very significant changes;these elements included increasing risk aversion, rewarding and persevering in nature, as well as self-directed and cooperative nature of patients. Conclusion: While, similar to the present research several studies have associated risk aversion and self-directed behaviors associated with depression, the present study suggests the relationship between high rewarding and persistent relationship, and low cooperation with depression among Iranian patients; this difference can be due to the cultural and social differences of Iranians, especially in the field of relations of people in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Depression-stimulated aggression is a very common and problematic disorder that puts a huge burden on the families that have depressed patients. Therefore, the diagnosis and effective treatment of this disorder is very important. The brain wave of patients suffering from this disorder was compared before and after successful treatment and the differences were interpreted. Although brainwaves have been studied abundantly studied in the domain of depression, there was no study conducted to assess depression and aggression simultaneously. Methods: Twenty-three patients diagnosed with the standard of aggression and major depression, as determined by a psychiatrist, were successfully treated by medication (a clinical trial published in 2017). Brain recording of single-channel brainwaves was performed from the C-point before and after treatment, and frequency bands were measured by quantitative analysis of brain waves and compared before and after treatment. Results: Significant changes in brainwaves included the increase in Theta / Beta, SMR, Beta, Theta, Delta, and Wide Band after treatment. Other cases did not change significantly and were similar before and after the treatment. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, brain wave pattern indicates significant changes which, overall, confirms the decrease in arousal and increase in attention and concentration after the treatment of depression-stimulated aggression. These changes, if approved in more extensive studies, can be helpful in designing a neuro-feedback treatment protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we know, establishing an effective therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the patient is the first and most basic step in the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders. In this regard, psychodynamic formulation is a method based on the principles of psychoanalysis and an analytical approach that, along with the usual psychiatric interview, can be helpful in improving the relationship with the patient and general attitude toward his problems. Psychodynamic formulations can be applied, not in a purely psychoanalytic way, but even in the approach of a non-psychoanalytic psychiatrist, which leads to a deep and comprehensive understanding of the patient's problems and psychosocial processes, enabling admission to a more rigorous and deeper relationship between the therapist and the patient. In this method, the primary goal is not to treat the disease, but to help you understand the patient as a human being. In this approach, psycho-psychological forces are explored in the depths of the psyche of the individual in order to reveal resistances and penetrate into the subconscious mental depths, transfusion and interplay effects, and defense mechanisms; it tries to predict probable issues that are present in the treatment process and take necessary measures to manage them, and establish a safe and proportionate relationship with the patient through understanding the meaning of the treatment from the patient's perspective. In this regard, the therapist should be able to put patient issues in form of formulation models, including Ego psychology, self-psychology, Object-Relational Model; the, he/she must implement the appropriate process to form the most effective therapeutic relationship. Given the importance of dreams in accessing unconscious psychology, this aspect should also be used in the psychodynamic approach. Conclusion:Psychodynamic formulation is an effective and efficient way of understanding the patient and his problems comprehensively; by providing a profound understanding of the patient's mental health, this approach helps the therapist to adopt a technique that leads to more patient collaboration and more effective treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]