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Copyright of Cadernos de Dereito Actual is the property of Asociacion Xuristas en Accion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the constant updating of regulatory standards on safety issues in electrical installations, limits are established for the maximum step potential that an installation can hold in a ground fault situation. In this paper, an upper bound to the maximum value of the step potentials arising in the soil surface when a fault takes place in a grounded electrical installation is estimated by means of a simple procedure. The direct measurement of the grounding electrode resistance together with some information about the soil resistivity and the knowledge of characteristic parameters of the electrode are used for the calculation of that upper bound. The procedure is tested at numerical simulation level by using different electrodes in several different scenarios corresponding to two-layered soils with different resistivity ratios. The dependency of the calculated upper bound with the electrode burial depth is also studied. Finally, a real case study is presented, and the results of the field measurements are shown as an example of the validity of the procedure., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest

Featured Application: This study presents a simple method for correcting field measurements of grounding resistance, allowing for a highly accurate value of this parameter to be obtained. The measurement of the grounding resistance of grounding grids in large installations as well as grounding electrodes in urban areas is addressed in this article. The resistance value is obtained using a three-pin array by measuring the fall-of-potential on the ground surface. The resistance measured by this method is adjusted to its true value using a correction factor that aligns the measured resistance with the actual value. The proposed measurement method obtains correct values of the grounding resistance even when the auxiliary and potential electrodes of the tree-pin array are close to the electrode to be measured. Thus, it can be applied to large electrodes as well as electrodes in urban areas. Several simulated examples are used to illustrate the method, and some real cases with field measurements are presented for a final validation of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calorimetric experiments in space of the current and of the next generation measure cosmic rays directly above TeV on satellites in low Earth orbit. A common issue of these detectors is the determination of the absolute energy scale for hadronic showers above TeV. In this work, we propose the use of the Moon–Earth spectrometer technique for the calibration of calorimeters in space. In brief, the presence of the Moon creates a detectable lack of particles in the detected cosmic ray arrival directions. The position of this depletion has an offset with respect to the Moon center due to the deflection effect of the geomagnetic field on the cosmic rays that depends on the energy and the charge of the particle. The developed simulation will explore if, with enough statistics, angular, and energy resolutions, this effect can be exploited for the energy scale calibration of calorimeters on satellites in orbit in Earth's proximity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper traces the origin of the Middle East conflict and discusses the gradual evolution of the Israel-Palestine conflict from a historical perspective. The paper discusses the peace negotiations undertaken for the region during different periods and the contribution of the international community in reaching a compromise formula. The paper discusses the emergence and the role of Hamas and how it gained political legitimacy. The paper concludes with the views of Israel and India perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this work, we integrate the conventional unsupervised machine learning algorithm—the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with the Random Matrix Theory to propose a novel global economic policy uncertainty (GPEU) index that accommodates global economic policy fluctuations. An application of the Random Matrix Analysis illustrates the majority of the PCA components of EPU's mirror random patterns that lack substantial economic information, while the only exception—the dominant component—is non-random and serves as a fitting candidate for the GEPU index. Compared to the prevalent GEPU index, which amalgamates each economy's EPU weighted by its GDP value, the new index works equally well in identifying typical global events. Most notably, the new index eliminates the requirement of extra economic data, thereby avoiding potential endogeneity in empirical studies. To demonstrate this, we study the correlation between gold future volatility and GEPU using the GARCH-MIDAS model, and show that the newly proposed GEPU index outperforms the previous version. Additionally, we employ complex network methodologies to present a topological characterization of the GEPU indices. This research not only contributes to the advancement of unsupervised machine learning algorithms in the economic field but also proposes a robust and effective GEPU index that outperforms existing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The non-ergodic extended (NEE) regime in physical and random matrix (RM) models has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Formally, NEE regime is characterized by its fractal wavefunctions and long-range spectral correlations such as number variance or spectral form factor. More recently, it's proposed that this regime can be conveniently revealed through the eigenvalue spectra by means of singular-value-decomposition (SVD), whose results display a super-Poissonian behavior that reflects the minibands structure of NEE regime. In this work, we employ SVD to a number of RM models, and show it not only qualitatively reveals the NEE regime, but also quantitatively locates the ergodic-NEE transition point. With SVD, we further suggest the NEE regime in a new RM model–the sparse RM model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a soil ammonia‐oxidizing bacterial (AOB) strain on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) regrowth. Potted Italian ryegrass was used as test material. We isolated and screened an AOB strain from the soil for use in inoculation of other soils to increase nitrification. The sequence of the two isolated and screened AOB strains (S2_8_1 and S2_7_25) were 100% similar to that of Ensifer sesbaniae and Acinetobacter pittii. The nitrification inhibitor 3,4‐dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) was also added to the soil to inhibit nitrification. The experimental design involving the inoculation of the soils with the AOB strain included seven treatments: (1) regrowth without any additives, (2) regrowth with blank enrichment medium added to the soil, (3) regrowth with S2_8_1 strain inoculation, (4) regrowth with S2_7_25 strain inoculation, (5) regrowth with DMPP added to the soil, (6) regrowth with DMPP added to the soil and with S2_8_1 strain inoculation, and (7) regrowth with DMPP added to the soil and with S2_7_25 strain inoculation. Compared with regrowth treatment without any additives, the regrowth treatment with S2_8_1 and S2_7_25 inoculations significantly increased leaf biomass by 23.5–48.6%, the leaf net photosynthetic rate by 27.9–48.5%, the rhizosphere soil nitrification rate by 43.0–144.2%, leaf cytokinin concentrations by 23.7–24.9%, and xylem sap cytokinin concentrations by 32.5–43.2%. The increase of nitrate nitrogen content in rhizosphere soil induced by S2_8_1 and S2_7_25 promoted the transfers of cytokinin from roots to leaves, resulting in the increase of cytokinin concentration in leaves. This increase in leaf cytokinin concentrations improved Italian ryegrass regrowth. However, the S2_8_1 and S2_7_25‐induced increases in the nonrhizosphere soil nitrification rate were not closely related to Italian ryegrass regrowth. The tested AOB strains have considerable potential to increase Italian ryegrass regrowth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The proposed model can be applied to the assessment of the electrical parameters of non-perfect conducting grounding electrodes that are partially affected by corrosion. The calculation of the grounding resistance of electrodes built with partially oxidized non-perfect conductors is addressed in this paper. A model based on circuit analysis to account for internal resistance is used, while the oxidation or partial coating of the conductor surface is modeled using the concept of the equivalent radius of the coated electrode. From the proposed model, the values of the electrical parameters of the grounding electrodes, such as the grounding resistance and the step and touch potentials, are calculated for real electrodes affected by coating or corrosion and compared with those values under ideal conditions. The results show significant differences in certain configurations that may compromise the safety margins established by current regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Separation between average and fluctuation parts in state density in many-particle quantum systems with k-body interactions, modelled by the k-body embedded Gaussian orthogonal random matrices (EGOE(k)), is demonstrated using the method of normal mode decomposition of the spectra and verified using power spectrum analysis, for both fermions and bosons. The smoothed state density is represented by the q-normal distribution ( f qN ) (with corrections) which is the weight function for q-Hermite polynomials. As the rank of interaction k increases, the fluctuations set in with smaller order of corrections in the smooth state density. They are found to be of GOE type, for all k values, for both fermion and boson systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the continuous expansion of the scale, capacity, and coverage of the modern transmission network, the role of the power system in the national economy is increasingly prominent, and the disconnection of the power system will have a huge impact on society and people's lives. Due to the long transport distance and wide coverage of transmission lines, natural conditions and human factors have caused great difficulties in line operation and maintenance. How to effectively improve the operation and maintenance of transmission lines to ensure the stability and safety of the power grid has become a common problem for the power industry and scientific researchers to discuss. In recent years, the information society has stepped into the era of big data, and big data has developed rapidly, becoming a hot area favored by academia and industry, and is widely used. Through big data analysis, potential operation rules can be discovered from a large amount of grid information, providing maintenance personnel with corresponding maintenance decision support. Using big data technology for transmission line fault analysis can effectively reduce accident processing time and avoid accident expansion. Therefore, this paper combines the underground transmission line fault of power grid with the fuzzy KNN algorithm model to apply the underground transmission line state intelligent monitoring system and conducts the study of real-time data collection and fault diagnosis analysis of the underground transmission line fault of power grid, and this paper conducts the transmission line fault analysis experiment, which fully confirms the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm model proposed in the paper and concludes that the data analysis model proposed in this paper. The proposed data analysis model has good innovation and practical feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lolium multiflorum Lam. is a winter weed of difficult control found as diploid (2n) and tetraploid plants (4n). Our study aimed to evaluate the responses of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation, in both diploid and tetraploid ryegrass varieties. Treatments consisted of control plants (without any herbicide application), and four herbicides with different mechanisms of action. Leaf material was collected 36 h after treatment imposition to determine the lipid peroxidation by ferrous oxidation-xylenol (FOX) content, and the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD). Both ryegrass varieties showed oxidative stress mainly due to a downregulated decreased (>31%) in SOD activity and an increase (>32%) in lipid peroxidation (FOX), mainly in ryegrass genotypes exposed to haloxyfop, glyphosate, and iodosulfuron. On the other hand, clethodim-treated plants had an increase in SOD and APX activities, associated with a reduced ALAD activity in both 2n (32%) and 4n (11%) genotypes. In general, the 2n genotype was more affected than the 4n genotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on experiments with a flat, superconducting microwave billiard with the shape of a quarter ellipse simulating a singular billiard, that is, a quantum billiard containing zero-range perturbations. The pointlike scatterers were realized with long antennas. Their coupling to the microwaves inside the cavity depends on frequency. A complete sequence of 1013 eigenfrequencies was identified rendering possible the investigation of spectral properties as function of frequency. They exhibit intermediate statistics and are well described by analytical results derived by Bogomolny, Gerland, Giraud and Schmit for singular billiards with shapes that generate an integrable classical dynamics. This comparison revealed a quadratic frequency dependence of the coupling parameter. The size of the chaotic component induced by the diffractive effects of the scatterers was determined by comparison with analytical results derived by Haake and Lenz for an additive random-matrix model, which interpolates between the models applicable for quantum systems with an integrable and chaotic classical dynamics, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tower foundations have been used as grounding electrodes to reduce the area of the grounding devices. However, it is difficult to calculate the grounding resistance due to the complex structure of the reinforced concrete foundation. A method for calculating grounding resistance of reinforced concrete foundations is proposed in this paper. The method equates the complex foundation structure into a cylindrical conductor and then calculates the grounding resistance with the help of the method of moments, which simplifies establishment of the simulation model and reduces the extensive computation. In addition, the applicability of the equal cross-sectional area method and the equal cross-sectional perimeter method is analyzed. It shows that both methods are applicable only when the concrete resistivity is close to the soil resistivity. The equal cross-sectional area method is applicable when the concrete resistivity is within twice the soil resistivity, while the equal cross-sectional perimeter method is applicable when the concrete resistivity is approximately same or less than the resistivity of the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]