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One of the most popular novels written for children is The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe by C. S. Lewis (2005). However, this novel is controversial amongst critics because it contains religious symbols. This research argues that The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe has its way of presenting religious symbols implicitly therefore children can enjoy reading it. Thus, this research aims to examine the effective presentation of religious symbols in the novel. This research uses the Formalism approach. To support the analysis, the researcher uses library research as the method with the religious symbols found in the novel as the primary data and the books and journals written by experts as the secondary data. The result of this research is The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe presented religious symbols through the characters of children, role models, central subjects and important events of the story of the novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article challenges the common belief that observing li (rituals and norms) is the means to attain ren (benevolence) in Confucian philosophy, suggesting that Confucius does not hold this view. Topics include various interpretations of the relationship between ren and li, the contradictions that arise from an instrumentalist approach, and Confucius' emphasis on situational teachings over uniform adherence to li.

Literary studies has repeatedly justified a diciplinary focus on the small scale. Both our most conventional objects—the novel and the lyric poem—and our most conventional methods—close reading, historical analysis, and an attention to surprises and exceptions—lead us away from a focus on large scales of collective life. This essay argues for a different starting point, making a case for a metadisciplinary formalism that can join literary studies and many other fields in the work of responding to global poverty and climate change. Reading Henry Mayhew and Rodrigo Nunes, Levine makes a case for the hinge as a crucial aesthetic and political form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on the use of artificial intelligence for writing poetry which can help remove some controversies, but they touch on questions about the limits of empirical data recurring in the discourse about language-model grounding. He mentions that grounding has a precedent in the literary tradition like formalism, though one that has largely existed. The conversation about grounding discusses questions that occurred in the Romantic period.

The article examines the numerous parallels, repetitions, and symmetrical elements in novel "Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad. It mentions parallels to another set of forms such as the hierarchized binary oppositions of the colonial discourse that characterize the events of the story and work starts with the standard, hierarchical Victorian social and cultural oppositions of the day. It also mentions unexamined associations as it affirms civilization and savagery, conqueror and colonized.

This essay attempts to trace the ways in which Dana Gioia's use of form relates to, and simultaneously differs from Romanticism, Modernism and postmodernism. His particular brand of formalism takes up the notion of a connection between truth and beauty, without presuming to identify one with the other, and, at the same time, resisting both the Modernist obsession with dissolution and fragmentariness and postmodernism's skepticism towards grand narratives. Form becomes a coalescing agent, uniting different aspects and levels of reality, and narratives are instrumental in shaping both the individual and the social body. The power to name (point to and describe) and to tame (to translate dark or incomprehensible aspects of reality), inherent in language, is the means by which poetry shapes our social and cultural world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent pronouncement of the Supreme Court of Nigeria in Sifax & Ors v. Migfo & Anor reveals the desirability of a pragmatic as against a formalistic approach to Nigerian limitation laws. This article critically examines Sifax and seizes the opportunity to flag up the inadequacies in the extant limitation laws in Nigeria. The article argues that a total overhaul of the limitation laws is long overdue as they are not only old-fashioned and ambiguous but also produce undesirable results. It predicts that it is very unlikely that any legislative intervention may be witnessed in the nearest future. Therefore the article suggests that the courts must continue to fill the gaps by a pragmatic interpretation of the laws within the bounds of the general policy objectives of the limitation laws. It advocates comparative judicialism as a useful methodology to achieve this task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formalism for Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) was introduced in the 1980s as one of the first constraint-based grammatical formalisms for natural language. It has led to substantial contributions to the linguistic literature and to the construction of large-scale descriptions of particular languages. Investigations of its mathematical properties have shown that, without further restrictions, the recognition, emptiness, and generation problems are undecidable, and that they are intractable in the worst case even with commonly applied restrictions. However, grammars of real languages appear not to invoke the full expressive power of the formalism, as indicated by the fact that algorithms and implementations for recognition and generation have been developed that run—even for broad-coverage grammars—in typically polynomial time. This article formalizes some restrictions on the notation and its interpretation that are compatible with conventions and principles that have been implicit or informally stated in linguistic theory. We show that LFG grammars that respect these restrictions, while still suitable for the description of natural languages, are equivalent to linear context-free rewriting systems and allow for tractable computation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to look on how the Great Tagalog Poet Francisco Balagtas influenced some of the poems included in Sa Gulugod ng Kalabaw: Mga Tula ng Bulacan, 1928-1997. Using textual analysis, the study examined the poems if they follow the traditional Tagalog poetry formalized by Balagtas in his Florante at Laura. Aside from the aesthetical standards laid out by Bienvenido Lumbera in his Formalization of Tradition (1967), the formalistic lens in Virgilio Almario's Taludtod at Talinghaga (1991) was also used in reading and analyzing the poems. In addition, some poems that directly mentioned Balagtas were also explored to see how they reflect the influence of the Tagalog poet in the farmers' imagining of an ideal Filipino society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author argues that we should understand Walt Whitman's catalog as a poetic form that is also a logical form--enumerative induction. Whitman's catalogs--his characteristic technique of generating long lists--have long been recognized as central to his poetics. The list, or enumeration, is also the most basic form of inductive reasoning. By recognizing that Whitman reasons logically through his poetic form, not only is the common account of Whitman changed, but the concept of form must be revised in three crucial ways. First, form should not be defined in opposition to poetic content--this is a false definitional binary. Second, form and free verse are another false binary, as poems can be written in free verse and also have form, as Whitman's poetry is and does. Third, form is not just a rubric with which critics interpret poems but the logic by which poems interpret the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers work of Georges Polti, a French writer. Topics discussed include Polti's views which were as popular as they were controversial; highlights work in the "Thirty-Six Dramatic Situations," prefigures later structural studies of narrative; and mentions that the school of American formalism which produced literary works that were structurally similar, advancing a system of common ideas and practices which propagated on the pages of numerous professional publications.

Edmund Wilson's Axel's Castle (1931) has been much blamed for characterising modernist literature by an aesthetic refusal to engage with society, and for encouraging the narrow formalism of New Critical pedagogy. The recovery of Wilson's own distinctive teaching practice, however, shows that he used the book to teach modernism's development out of coterie symbolism towards social engagement and cultural criticism. Modern literature classrooms like Wilson's functioned not to define literature's purity, but to explore the connections between then-contemporary modernism and all kinds of writing that describes, references, and names the material world in which it was created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the formalism of author J. M. Coetzee as shown in his works like the short story "He and His Man" and the novel "Slow Man." Topics include literary proprietorship, digital copyright, Coetzee's novels that rival history, and the category of fiction that leans toward historical or mimetic accuracy.

The paradigmatic literary work of Edna O'Brien, The Country Girls Trilogy and Epilogue (1986) narrates the coming of age of two young women from rural backgrounds in the Ireland of the mid-twentieth century and their progressive entry into an adult world, passing through the capital, Dublin, to finally leave their country and arrive in London. Censured in its day, the trilogy is now acknowledged as a feminine Bildungsroman, above all, because of its open allusions to the awakening of female sexuality. However, most criticism has overlooked the political implications of its central theme, as well as the structural and formal innovations that the author employs to represent the impossibility of a feminine Bildung form. Polyphony, fragmentation, and ultimate disintegration are some of the elements that evidence the need to reconsider the place of the trilogy within the panorama of Irish literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Russian boasts a highly complex aspectual system which can appear irregular and difficult to learn. It has recently been suggested that motion verbs, which are normally seen as exceptional in their nature, may in fact be at the core of this system, motivating aspectual behavior based on stem directionality. This suggests that analyzing motion verbs may help understand the Russian aspectual system as a whole. The present work demonstrates how Russian motion verbs and their aspectual partners can be implemented and processed successfully with Fluid Constructional Grammar. The study presents an example of language processing in both production and comprehension in operation and highlights the flexibility and power of this formalism, despite the challenges that this complex aspectual system poses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both Indian and Western aesthetic thinking is impregnated with significant views about the language of literature. However, the Indian theory of vakrokti (obliquity) and the Western theory of Russian Formalism deal with the language of literature exhaustively. Kuntaka's theory of vakrokti and Russian formalism consider that a certain obliqueness or indirection or defamiliarization is the most distinguishing characteristic of the language of literature. Both theories point out this very aspect of language of literature. In spite of this common ground, there is no onetoone correspondence between the theories. The present paper aims at exploring a significant area of intersection between the two. The basis of the intersection includes the development of both theories in terms of the levels of the language of literature, the role of author and the reader, the role of emotions and the role of sound and meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bill Martin believes that orthodox Marxism has omitted ethics in capturing social reality. He remedies this deficit by constructing an "Ethical Marxism" that appeals to Derrida's "materialization" of Kant's categorical imperative. He adds that the historical and ethical dimensions involved in this effort would each be an "empty formalism" without the other. Thus his ultimate goal is to save us from formalism by joining "vision" to "viability," transcendence to immanence. But some aspects of Martin's Ethical Marxism suggest that he may be further from Derrida than he thinks. I will explore this possibility and draw its implications for the viability of Martin's Ethical Marxism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented about the concept of the notion of form in literature. Topics discussed include the author's wish for a genuinely formalist critical practice, philosopher Roland Barthes' view on formalism in his book "Mythologies," and a format becoming a form when the material properties of the printed page are intentionally remediated by an artist.

The weak equivalence of Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) and Tree-Adjoining Grammar (TAG) is a central result of the literature on mildly context-sensitive grammar formalisms. However, the categorial formalism for which this equivalence has been established differs significantly from the versions of CCG that are in use today. In particular, it allows restriction of combinatory rules on a per grammar basis, whereas modern CCG assumes a universal set of rules, isolating all cross-linguistic variation in the lexicon. In this article we investigate the formal significance of this difference. Our main result is that lexicalized versions of the classical CCG formalism are strictly less powerful than TAG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper develops a proof-theoretic semantics for belief reports by extending the constructive type-theoretical formalism presented in Więckowski (Stud Log 100:815-853, ) with a specific kind of set-forming operator suited for the representation of belief attitudes. The extended formalism allows us to interpret constructions which involve, e.g., iteration of belief, quantifying into belief contexts, and anaphora in belief reports. Moreover, constructive solutions to canonical instances of the problem of hyperintensionality are suggested. The paper includes a discussion of Ranta's (Type-theoretical grammar, ) constructive account of belief reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literary studies in the twenty-first century have been characterized by a restlessness and dissatisfaction with the everyday practice of criticism. This essay argues, firstly, that the interpretative strategies brought to light by recent debates about critical methods can enhance our understanding of Kazuo Ishiguro's fiction, and secondly, that his fiction can, in turn, help us appraise the value, as well as the limitations, of these polemical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay re-evaluates Kazuo Ishiguro's literary legacy in light of our contemporary moment, noting how his work has changed our study of the novel and its institutions. It begins by considering what it means to reread Ishiguro, suggesting that rereading plays a pivotal role in his plots, authorial style, oeuvre, and, as we see in his Nobel Speech, his formation as a writer. The essay then discusses two indices of Ishiguro's impress on literary study—the contemporary and world literature—using them to contextualize our contributors' work on issues regarding critical method, prestige, the archive, genre, and global capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]