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A polysaccharide (ESPS) purified from Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker by ion exchange chromatography and gel chromatography was investigated, including its structure characterization and antitumor activity. The results showed that ESPS was composed of rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 7.4: 3.1: 13.9: 9.3: 39.7: 26.5, with the mean weight (Mw) of 2.14 × 104 Da; the main chain of ESPS was mainly composed of → 4) - α - D - Glcp - (1 → and → 3) - β - D - Galp - (1 →, and the side chains were connected to the main chain through the O-6 atom of glucose and O-4 and O-6 atom of galactose. In addition, ESPS promoted the lymphocyte proliferation and inhibited liver cancer cells growth through enhancing lymphocyte activity in vitro, mainly NK cells. Moreover, ESPS markedly stimulated immunity in H22-bearing mice by increasing the spleen and thymus indices and effectively inhibited H22 cell growth in vivo. These data indicated that ESPS was a polysaccharide component possessing high anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity, representing a potential immunotherapy candidate for the treatment of liver cancer.

Tubiechong (Eupolyphaga sinensis) is an important material used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, the immunoregulation effects of E. sinensis Lyophilized Powder (ESL) are uncl...

Tubiechong, in Chinese medicine, denotes the dried female insects of Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker (ESW) or Polyphaga plancyi Bolivar (PPB). As a traditional insect-type, in medicine, it has been historically utilized to treat bruises, fractures, amenorrhea, postpartum blood stasis, lumps and relieving pain. We herein have performed a systematic survey involving the chemical and biological studies in the past decades to reveal the value of such insect resources for their development and clinical utilization. Chemical studies indicated that Tubiechong generated many active compounds, including proteins, amino acids, peptides, fatty acids, alkaloids, nucleosides, polysaccharides, fat-soluble vitamins and mineral elements. Tubiechong or its extract has a wide range of activities including anticoagulation and anti-thrombosis, anti-tumor, antioxidant, immune regulation, blood lipid regulation and hepatoprotection. Finally, a periodic mini-review was conducted to summarize such chemical and pharmacological profiles of Tubiechong medicine. The active peptides in Tubiechong are majorly focused in this review and introduced as one important aspect since there is much literature and huge investigative interest in it. Traditional medical use of the insect was also stressed in this review associating with its disease-eliminating actions by promoting blood circulation or eliminating tissue-swelling pains, which might play important roles in anticancer practices or investigation. In accordance with the modern pharmacological progress, Tubiechong and its extracts indeed exerted antitumor actions through multiple pathways, such as interfering with tumor biological behaviors (growth, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis), and regulating host immune function. To some extent, this knowledge would provide a basis for further research and application of Tubiechong medicine.

sinensis Saussure, 1869: 282-283 [Homoeogamia] Nord de la Chine; Pekin. Two ♂. The MHNG collection contains one ♂ specimen (MHNG-ARTO-20468) with labels: “ ♂ Pekin, Chine, M. H de Saussure ” [handwritten on ruled white card]; “ Heterogamia sinensis Sauss. ♂ ” [handwritten on yellow paper]; Heterog. sinensis Sauss. ” [handwritten on blue paper]; “ Syntypus ” [printed on red paper]. The specimen is directly pinned with the left wings spread and the right wings folded. There is insect feeding damage to the head, and the left antenna, the last tarsal segment of the right middle leg, the last tarsal segment of the left hind leg and all of the tarsi of the right hind leg are missing. Box Blattodea 59. The whereabouts of the other syntype is unknown. This species is not listed in the CSF database. Kirby (1903: 379) considered Polyphaga sinensis (Saussure, 1869) to be a junior homonym of P. sinensis Walker, 1868 and proposed the replacement name P. limbata. Replaced by Eupolyphaga limbata (Kirby, 1903), Published as part of Hollier, John, Marshall, Judith & Legendre, Frédéric, 2020, An annotated list of the Blattodea (Insecta) described by Henri de Saussure. Part 1: the Corydiidae, pp. 341-348 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 127 (2) on page 347, DOI: 10.35929/RSZ.0023, http://zenodo.org/record/5743830, {"references":["Saussure H. de 1869. Melanges Orthopterologiques Fascicule II. Blattides et Phasmides. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'histoire naturelle de Geneve 20: 227 - 328.","Kirby W. F. 1903. Notes on Blattidae etc., with descriptions of new genera and species in the collection of the British Museum, South Kensington. No. III. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12: 373 - 381.","Walker F. 1868. Catalogue of the specimen of Blattariae in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London 239 pp."]}

Huoxuezhitong capsule (HXZT, activating blood circulation and relieving pain capsule), has been applied for osteoarthritis since 1974. It consists of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. H., Boswellia sacra, Borneol, Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker, Pyritum. However, the direct effects of HXZT on osteoarthritis and the underlying mechanisms were poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the analgesia effect of HXZT on MIA-induced osteoarthritis rat and the underlying mechanisms. The analgesia and anti-inflammatory effect of HXZT on osteoarthritis in vivo were tested by the arthritis model rats induced by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA).. Mechanistic studies confirmed that HXZT could inhibit the activation of NF-κB and down-regulate the mRNA expression of related inflammatory factors in LPS-induced RAW264.7 and ATDC5 cells. Furtherly, in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, HXZT could suppress NF-κB via inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway. Taken together, HXZT capsule could ameliorate MIA-induced osteoarthritis of rats through suppressing PI3K/ Akt/ NF-κB pathway.

The traditional medicine-Eupolyphaga sinensis walker is a rich source of functional proteins and peptides. In this study, Eupolyphaga sinensis walker were identified to include fifteen amino acids, of which hydrophobic amino acids accounted for 46.7%. Eupolyphaga sinensis walker polypeptides (EPs) were extracted by sequentially hydrolyzing with pepsin and trypsin. EPs could effectively scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·), superoxide anion radical (O2−·), and hydroxyl radical (OH-·), and reduce ferric solution in vitro. EPs also enhanced the activities of Ssuperoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPH-Px), increased the contents of hydroxyproline (HYP), and reduced the content of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in photoaged mice skin. Histological study confirmed that EPs improved UV irradiation-induced damage of skin texture and morphology. Therefore, the extracted EPs are effective antioxidants and can serve as powerful treatment for skin photoaging.

Eupolyphaga sinensis (Walker, 1868) (Figs. 4 A–K; 13 A–C; 17 A–D; 38 A–B, L; 39 A–C) Polyphaga sinensis Walker, 1868: 14, female holotype, “North China ”; Chopard 1922: 194, “ Chine. septentrionale”. Homoeogamia sinensis Saussure, 1869: 282, 2 males, “Le Nord de la Chine, Pékin ”. Syn. nov. Heterogamia sinensis: Dohrn 1888: 132; Saussure 1893: 311. Heterogamia dohrniana Saussure, 1893: 309, “Sina septentrionalis”. Polyphaga limbata Kirby, 1903: 379, new name for Homoeogamia sinensis Saussure; Kirby 1904: 172, “N. China ”; Chopard 1922: 194, “ Chine: Pékin; montagnes au nord de Pékin ”; Chopard 1929: 269, Discussion on P. limbata. Eupolyphaga sinensis: Chopard 1929: 262; Wu 1935: 29; Bey-Bienko 1950: 285; Princis 1962: 53; Woo 1987: 433; Feng, Guo & Woo 1997: 35. Eupolyphaga limbata: Wu 1935: 29, “N. China ”; Princis 1959: 149, discussion on Eupolyphaga limbata, treated E. limbata as a valid species and synonymized E. thibetana under E. limbata; Princis 1962: 54. Material examined. CHINA: Beijing: 1 male and 2 females (SWU, all preserved in 100% alcohol), Xishan Forest Park [西山森林公园], Haidian District [海淀区], 28.IV.2015, Bing-Qiang Wang collected and reared; 7 males (SWU), Haidian District, VII.2006, Tao-Li Zhang, Su-Ying Wu & Shu-Hua Qiao leg.; 1 male (SWU), Haidian District, 6.IX.1964, no collector recorded; 4 males (SWU), Haidian District, V-VII.1961, no collector recorded; 3 males (SWU), Jinshan [金山], 7,14,19. VIII.1984, Guo-Wei Wang leg.; 1 male (BJMNH), Jinshan, 17.IX.1983, no collector recorded; 3 males (SWU), Songshan Natural Reserve [松山自然保护区], Yanqing County [延庆县], 13.VII.2013, Yi-Zhou Liu leg.; 5 males (IZCAS), Mt. Baihuashan [百花山], Mentougou District [门头沟区], 27.VIII.1973, Yin-Heng Han leg.; 1 male (BJMNH), Xiaolongmen Forest Park [小龙门森林公园], Mentougou District, 24.VIII.1979, Si-Kong Liu leg.; 4 males (IZCAS), Xiaolongmen Forest Park, Mentougou District, 1100m, 20.VI.1991, Pei-Yu Yu leg.; 1 male (IZCAS), Nancun Village [南村], Tanzhesi Town [潭柘寺镇], Mentougou District, 6.VII.1972, no collector recorded; 1 male (IZCAS), Baiyunxia [白云峡], Miyun County [密云县], 20.VII.2009, Zhe Wang & Xing-Yi Li leg.; 1 male (IZCAS), Xijiao Park [西郊公园], Beijing City, 17.VI.1954, Guang Gao leg.; 1 male (IZCAS), Pinggu District [平谷区], 14.VI.1975, no collector recorded; 1 male (IZCAS), Pinggu District, 29.VI.1975, Yong-Shan Shi leg.; 1 male (IZCAS), Shahe [沙河], Changping District [昌平区], VI.1959, no collector recorded; 2 males (BJMNH), Jiuxianqiao [酒仙桥], Zhaoyang District [朝阳区], 22, 29.VIII.2001, no collector recorded; 1 male (SWU), Tiantan / The Temple of Heaven [天坛], Dongcheng District [东城区], 25.VII.1973, Si-Kong Liu leg.; 3 males (IZCAS), Beijing City, 1.IX.1972, no collector recorded; 1 male (IZCAS), “ University of Agricuture ”, 1948, no collector recorded; 1 male (SWU), Beijing Agricultural University, Beijing City, 20. IX.1957, Ji-Kun Yang leg.; 1 male (SWU), Peiping (now Beijing City), 30.VI.1947, no collector recorded; 1 nymph (SWU), Xiaolongmen Forest Park, Mentougou District, 18.VIII.2014, Yi-Zhou Liu leg.; several nymphs (BJMNH), Taoranting Park [陶然亭公园], Xicheng District [西城区], VII-IX.2003, Feng Yuan and Hong- Zheng Yang leg.; 1 nymph (SWU), Beijing, VIII.1977, Fo-Ching Woo leg.; 4 nymphs (SWU, in 100% alcohol), Beijing Botanical Garden [北京植物园], 27.VII.2016, Yi-Zhou Liu leg. Hebei: 2 males (MHBU), Guanting tree farm [官厅林场], Huailai County [怀来县], Zhangjiakou City [张家口市], 15.VIII.1999, Ai-Min Shi leg.; 1 female and 3 nymphs (MHBU), Guanting Town [官厅镇], Huailai County, Zhangjiakou City, 15.VII.1999, Ai-Min Shi leg.; 1 nymph (MHBU), Yongding River [永定河], Huailai County, Zhangjiakou City, 15.VII.2000, Xiu-Juan Yang leg.; 2 males (MHBU), Yangjiaping tree farm [杨家坪林场], Zhuolu County [涿鹿县], Zhangjiakou City, 11- 19.VII.2002, Ai-Min Shi leg.; 1 male (MHBU), Yangjiaping [杨家坪], Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City, 4- 12.VII.2004, students of Hebei University leg.; 2 males (MHBU), Yangjiaping, Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City, 14-24.VII.2005, Guo-Dong Ren and Hui-Ran Hua leg.; 1 male (MHBU), Yangjiaping, Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City, 10-24.VII.2005, Jing Li and Hui-Ran Hua leg.; 2 females and 6 nymphs (MHBU), Yangjiaping, Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City, 4-12.VII.2004, students of Hebei University leg.; 2 females and 5 nymphs (MHBU), Yangjiaping tree farm, Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City, 11-19.VII.2002, Ai-Min Shi et al. leg.; 1 nymphs (MHBU), Sangyuanjian tree farm [桑园涧林场], Zhuolu County, Zhangjiakou City, 28.VII.1999, Wen- Min Cui leg.; 2 males (SWU), “Chahar, Yangkiaping” (now Yangjiaping, Zhangjiakou City), 29-30.VII.1937, O. Piel leg.; 1 male (IZCAS), “ Chahar, Yangkiaping ”, 30.VII.1937, O. Piel leg.; 1 male (MHBU), Shanjiankou [山涧 口], Xiaowutaishan Mountain [小五台山], Weixian County [蔚县], Zhangjiakou City, 18-21.VII.2005, Jing Li, Feng-Yan Wang leg.; 4 males (MHBU), Jinhekou [金河口], Xiaowutaishan Mountain, Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City, 29.VII.1998, Shi-Yu Liu leg.; 2 males (MHBU), Xiaowutaishan Mountain, Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City, 11-17.VII.2002, Students of Hebei University leg.; 2 males (MHBU), Xiaowutaishan Mountain, Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City, 10.VII.2001, students of Hebei University leg.; 1 male, 1 female and 7 nymphs (MHBU), Jinhekou, Xiaowutaishan Mountain, Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City, 18-19.VI.2009, Xin-Pu Wang, Zhen-Hua Gao leg.; 1 female and 9 nymphs (MHBU), Xiaowutaishan Mountain, Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City, 5-8.VII.2001, students of Hebei University leg.; 3 females and 18 nymphs (MHBU), Jinhekou, Xiaowutaishan Mountain, Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City, 7-11.VII.2006, students of Hebei University leg.; 1 nymph (MHBU), Xiaowutaishan Mountain, Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City, 27-30.VIII.2007, Ya-Lin Li leg.; 6 nymphs (MHBU), Jinhekou, Xiaowutaishan Mountain, Weixian County, Zhangjiakou City, 10-11.VII.2005, Jing Li and Feng-Yan Wang leg.; 9 males (IZCAS), Yangjiaping, Xiaowutaishan Natural Reserve, 820m, 2-4.VIII.2011, Jian Yao leg.; 5 males (IZCAS), Yangjiaping, Xiaowutaishan Natural Reserve, 880m, 29-30.VII.2009, Jian Yao leg.; 1 male (IZCAS), Xiaowutaishan Natural Reserve, 1200m, 10.VIII.1964, Bing-Qian Li leg.; 1 male (IZCAS), Xiaowutaishan Natural Reserve, 1200m, 25.VIII.1964, Chun-Xing Wang leg.; 1 male (IZCAS), Xiaowutaishan Natural Reserve, 1200m, 20.VIII.1964, Yin-Heng Han leg.; 2 males (MHBU), Mt. Guangtoushan [光头山], Pingquan County [平泉县], Chengde City [承德市], 2.VIII.1998, Zhe Li et al. leg.; 2 males (MHBU), Mt. Guangtoushan, Pingquan County, Chengde City, 21.VII-6.VIII.1998, Zhe Li et al. leg.; 3 males (MHBU), Mt. Guangtoushan, Pingquan County, Chengde City, 21.VII-6.VIII.1998, Chao Zhang leg.; 3 males (IZCAS), Zhaoxian County [赵县], Shijiazhuang City [石家庄市], 2.VII.2009, no collector recorded; 1 male (MHBU), Nansizhang Village [南寺掌村], Jingxing County [井陉县], Shijiazhuang City, 28-29.VII.1998, Li-Xin Gao leg.; 2 males (MHBU), Nansizhang Village, Jingxing County, Shijiazhuang City, 28-29.VII.1998, Zhi-Qiang Pu leg.; 2 males (MHBU), Gaoyu Village [高峪村], Jingxing County, Shijiazhuang City, 22-28.VII.1998, Xin-Sheng Tian et al. leg.; 1 male (MHBU), Xinzhuang tree farm [辛庄林场], Jingxing County, Shijiazhuang City, 30.VIII.1998, Ming Bai leg.; 1 male (MHBU), Suobao tree farm [索堡林场], Shexian County [涉县], Handan City [邯郸市], 21.VII.1998, Li-Xin Gao leg.; 3 males and 1 nymph (MHBU), Guantao County [馆陶县], Handan City, 18.VII.2000, Zhi-Jian Wang leg.; 1 male (MHBU), Longquanguan [龙泉关], Fuping County [阜平县], Baoding City [保定市], 3- 5.VIII.1998, Ai-Min Shi et al. leg.; 7 males (MHBU), Mt. Baishishan [白石山], Laiyuan County [涞源县], Baoding City, 1-3.VIII.1999, Ai-Min Shi et al. leg.; 2 nymphs (MHBU), Mt. Baishishan, Laiyuan County, Baoding City, 11.VII.1999, Ai-Min Shi and Xiu-Juan Yang leg.; 1 male (MHBU), Mt. Baishishan, Laiyuan County, Baoding City, 22.VIII.1999, Xin-Jiang Li leg.; 2 males (MHBU), Shipuxia Gorge [十瀑峡], Laiyuan County, Baoding City, 4.VIII.1999, Ai-Min Shi et al. leg.; 1 nymph (MHBU), Hekou Township [河口乡], Shunping County, [顺平县] Baoding City, 5.IV.2004, Guo-Dong Ren leg.; 3 males (MHBU), Mt. Zushan [祖山], Qinhuangdao County [秦皇 岛市], 14.VII.1998, Xin-Jiang Li et al. leg.; 17 nymphs (MHBU), Forest Park of Xingtai City [邢台市森林公园], 18.VII.1998, Wei Wang et al. leg.; 2 females (MHBU), Mt. Mangshan [蟒山], Qian’an City [迁安市], Tangshan City [唐山市], 28.VII.2000, Ai-Min Shi leg. Henan: 1 male (SWU), Xinxiang City [新乡市], 29.VI.1974, no collector recorded; 1 male (SWU), Xinxiang City, 8.VII.1960, no collector recorded; 1 male (SWU), Xinxiang City, 25.VIII.1974, no collector recorded; 1 male (SWU), Xinxiang City, 8.IX.1974, no collector recorded; 2 males (SWU), Xinxiang City, 27.VI.1973, no collector recorded; 1 male (SWU), Xinxiang City, 27.VIII.1972, no collector recorded; 1 female and 1 nymph (MHBU), Jinglonggong Township [荆隆宫乡], Fengqiu County [封丘 县], Xinxiang City, 17.VII.2007, Hao-Yu Liu and Zhen-Hua Gao leg.; 1 male (MHBU), Baligou [八里沟], Shangbali Town [上八里镇], Huixian City [辉县], Xinxiang City, 12.VII.2002, Xiu-Juan Yang leg.; 2 nymphs (MHBU), Shangbali Town, Huixian City, Xinxiang City, 27.VII.2006, Feng-Yan Wang and Wen-Jing Huang leg.; 1 male (MHBU), Tongbai County [桐柏县], Nanyang City [南阳市], 600-800m, 16.VII.2001, Zhe Li and Ming Bai leg.; 1 male (MHBU), Tongbaishan Mountain [桐柏山], Tongbai County, Nanyang City, 25.VII.2010, Yi-Bin Ba and Zhen-Xing Zhang leg.; 2 males (MHBU), Baotianman [宝天曼], Neixiang County [内乡县], Nanyang City, 20.VIII.2008, Guo-Dong Ren and Qi-Qi Wu leg.; 1 female and 6 nymphs (MHBU), Huangshi’an [黄石庵], Xixia County [西峡县], Nanyang City, 18.VIII.2008, Guo-Dong Ren and Qi-Qi Wu leg.; 1 male (IZCAS), Xindian [辛店], Xinyang City [信阳市], 27.VIII.1969, Ding-Gang Hu leg. Inner Mongolia / Neimenggu: 5 males (IZCAS), Houyikenggou [后一坑沟], Mt. Helanshan [贺兰山], Alxa Left Banner [阿拉善左旗], 1954m, 10.VIII.2010, Mei- Ying Lin leg.; 1 male (IZCAS), Darhan Muminggan Joint Banner [达尔罕茂明安联合旗], Baotou City [包头市], 7.VIII.1971, no collector recored; 2 nymphs (MHBU), Bayan Obo [白云鄂博], Baotou City, 3.VIII.1991, Guo- Dong Ren leg.; 2 males, 3 females, 14 nymphs (MHBU), Hangali Lake [翰嘎利湖], Horqin Right Wing Middle Banner [科尔沁右翼中旗], 310m, 29.VII.2012, Yi-Bin Ba and Yi-Ping Niu leg.; 4 nymphs (MHBU), Daban Town [大板镇], Bairin Right Banner [巴林右旗], Chifeng City [赤峰市], 19.VI.1994, Guo-Dong Ren leg.; 1 nymph (MHBU), Chifeng City, 27.VI.1994, Guo-Dong Ren leg.; 1 nymph (MHBU), Shangwan Town [上湾镇], Ejin Horo Banner [伊金霍洛旗], Ordos City [鄂尔多斯市], 18.VII.2012, Yu Zhao and Ji-Bin Liang leg.; 1 female (IZCAS), Xiaochengzi Township [小城子乡], Jalaid Banner [扎赉特旗], 21.VI.1970, Zhi-Zi Chen leg. Liaoning: 1 female (MHBU), Haigang District [海港区], Dalian City [大连市], 31.VII.2003, Xiu-Juan Yang and Shan-Shan Liu leg.; 1 nymph (SWU, in 100% alcohol), Xishan Reservoir [西山水库], Dalian City, 142m, 1.VII.2016, Lu-Yu Wang leg.; 3 nymphs (SWU, in 100% alcohol), Tongnai Village [同乃村], Fuxin County [阜新县], 329m, 31.VII.2016, Lu-Yu Wang leg.; 2 males (SWU), Shicheng Island [石城岛], Zhuanghe City [庄河市], Dalian City, 22.VIII.2016, Ye-Jie Lin leg. Jilin: 1 male (IZCAS), Manjiang Town [漫江镇], Fusong County [抚松县], 21.IV.1955, no collector recoreded. Tianjin: 1 female (IZCAS), “ Jixian County [蓟县], Heibei Province (now belongs to Tianjin)”, 21.IX.1954, no collector recorded. Shanxi: 1 male (SWU), Wangjiaying Village, Yuncheng City, VIII.1975, no collector recorded; 4 nymphs (MHBU), Lanxian County [岚县], Lvliang City [吕梁市], 10.V.1995, no collector recorded; 1 nymph (MHBU), Lishi District [离石区], Lvliang City, 9.V.1995, no collector recorded. Shaanxi: 6 females, 3 nymphs (MHBU), Yanhe River [延河], Yan’an City [延安市], 6.V.1995, no collector recorded; 2 nymphs (MHBU), Huangling County [黄陵县], Yan’an City, 17.VII.1992, Guo-Dong Ren leg. Ningxia: 14 males and 3 nymphs (MHBU), Mt. Xumishan [须弥山], Guyuan City [固原市], 17.VII.2009, Xin-Pu Wang & Hong-Fan Ran leg.; 2 malesand 1 female (MHBU), Dachong Temple [大冲寺], Haiyuan County [海源县], Zhongwei City [中卫市], 25.VIII.1986, Guo-Dong Ren leg.; 3 males (MHBU), Pingluo County [平罗县], Shizuishan City [石嘴山市], 30.VI.1989. Shandong: 2 males (IZCAS), Laoshan tree farm [崂山林场], Qingdao City [青岛市], 26.IX.1957, Yin-Heng Han leg.; 1 male (IZCAS), Jinan City [济南市], 12.VII.1973, no collector recorded; 2 males (IZCAS), Qihe County [齐河县], Dezhou City [德州市], 12.VII.1969, Yong-Lin Chen leg.; 2 females (MHBU), Aishan Forest Park [艾山森林公园], Penglai City [蓬莱市], 7-8.V.2007, Feng-Yan Wang, Ji- Niang Wang & Qi-Qi Wu leg.; 1 female and 3 nymphs (MHBU), Mt. Kunyushan [昆嵛山], Muping District [牟平 区], Yantai City [烟台市], 9-11.V.2007, Feng-Yan Wang, Ji-Niang Wang & Qi-Qi Wu leg.; 6 nymphs (MHBU), Mt. Dazeshan [大泽山], Pingdu City [平度市], 5-6.V.2007, Feng-Yan Wang, Ji-Niang Wang & Qi-Qi Wu leg.; 1 female and 1 nymph (MHBU), Dawa tree farm [大洼林场], Pingyi County [平邑县], Linyi City [临沂市], 13- 15.V.2007, Feng-Yan Wang, Ji-Niang Wang & Qi-Qi Wu leg. Jiangsu: 1 female (SWU), Wujing District, VII.1975, no collector recorded. Shanghai: 1 female (SWU), 1940, labelled “CHINE, Prov. KAINGSU Shanghai ”, handwriting: “ Eupolyphaga sinensis (Wlk) ” and “1940 Det. E.R. Thinkham ”. Anhui: 1 male (SWU), “ Suxian County (now Suzhou City) [宿州市]”, 30.VIII.1973, no collector recorded; 2 males (IZCAS), Wuyang Village [吴阳村], Huoqiu County [霍邱县], Lu’an City [六安市], 11.VI.1966, no collector recorded. Chongqing: 1 male (SWU), Wulong County [武隆县], 7.VII.1989, Long-Long Yang leg. Guizhou: 1 male (SWU), Meitan County [湄潭县], Zunyi City [遵义市], VI.1974, no collector recorded. Yunnan: 1 male (SWU), Yuanjiang [元江 县], 30.VI.1986, Ping-Zhang Feng leg.; 4 males (NWAFU), Menglun Town [勐仑镇], Mengla County [勐腊县], Xishuangbanna Prefecture [西双版纳], 19.V.1991, Ying-Lun Wang and Run-Gang Tian leg. Type material examined. Holotype of Polyphaga sinensis (NHM, No. #876173), female, CHINA: red bordered round label: “ Holo-type ”; round label: “ North China ”; “Type.”; “ sinensis.”; “ Polyphaga sinensis Walker ”. Syntypus [Syntype] of Homoeogamia sinensis (GMNH), 1 male, CHINA: Beijing: red label: “ Syntypus ”; “male Pekin, Chine./ M H{unreadable}”; blue label: “ Heterog. sinens ”; yellow label: “ Heterogamia sinensis, Sauss. ”. Diagnosis. The male E. sinensis superficially resembles E. shennongensis sp. nov., but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the following characters: 1) legs and abdomen pale yellowish (Fig. 4 B), while legs and abdomen brown in E. shennongensis sp. nov. (Fig. 5 D); 2) the yellowish white margin in pronotum usually wider (Fig. 13 A–B), while narrower in E. shennongensis sp. nov. (Fig. 13 D–E); 3) styli small (Fig. 17 B), while larger in E. shennongensis sp. nov. (Fig. 18 B). This species is also historically confused with E. thibetana and E. yunnanensis in male, but it can be distinguished from the latter two by the dense and interfered maculae on tegmina (Fig. 4 A, C, I), while the maculae in E. thibetana and E. yunnanensis are isolated and much more scattered (Fig. 6 A, F, H, J, L). Redescription. Male. General: measurements (mm): body length: 17.7–23.4, overall length: 28.5–33.5, pronotum length×width: 4.7–6.2×8.1–10.2, tegmen length: 25.8–30.1. Size median to large, pale yellow, with brown maculae on tegmina (Fig. 4 A–C). Head: longer than width. Vertex black. Interocular space moderate, narrower than the distance between ocelli. Ocelli large, ocelli ridge distinct, curved, pubescent. Frons wrinkled, dark brown, lateral with two dimples which next to the antennal sockets. Antennae brown. Clypeus distinct, anteclypeus yellowish white, post-clypeus yellowish brown to brown, median with a longitudinal line divides it into two parts, sometimes the two parts are occupied by two large brown spots. Labrum small, yellowish brown, distal margin white, depressed. Maxillary palpi and labial palpi brown, with joint parts yellow (Fig. 13 B–C). Pronotum: dark brown, anterior margin widely whitish yellow, subtransparent. Surface generally with small yellowish pubescence, anterior and lateral margins with additional long brown setae. Apex of anterior margin slightly convex and truncated; lateral fore margins oblique; lateral parts straight, forming an angle with the anterior margin; hind margin slightly curved (Fig. 13 A). Tegmina and wings: exceeded the end of abdomen about 10.4–14.5mm. Tegmina light brownish yellow, hyaline, densely with brown speckles, the speckles mix together, not isolated, divide the hyaline part into many small irregular spots, the brown and hyaline speckles usually evenly distributed. Wings brownish hyaline, slightly maculated, venation distinct. Legs: whitish yellow, covering with brown setae, tibial spines reddish brown. Abdomen: pale whitish yellow. Supra-anal plate in ventral view well pubescent, apex protruded; two median sclerites elongate; cerci short (Fig. 17 A). Subgenital plate unicolored for the exposed part, hind margin setose, nearly straight; styli small, asymmetrical, left longer than the right (Fig. 17 B). Genitalia: well sclerotized. Left phallomere: anterior of L1 round, with a large beak-shaped process towards left, two hind lobes stout; L2 thick, roundly curved, the right end widened; L3 robust, short, curved; pda well developed, paa gentle protruded; L8 large. Right phallomere: small. R1M hollowed; R1L well sclerotized, thick; R3 concave; R2 generally divided into two chunks, the outer one much larger than the inner one (Fig. 17 C–D). Female. Measurements (mm): body length: 23.4–30.2, body width: 17.8–21.5. Unicolored, in dorsal view, dark brown, pubescent, anterior margin of pronotum reddish brown; in ventral view, head dark reddish brown, legs, abdomen generally reddish brown, margins of abdomen dark brown, tibial spines black. Supra-anal plate transverse type, hind margin nearly straight, median distinctly emarginated, and divided by a longitudinal line. Subgenital plate reddish brown, with median protruded, bulged (Fig. 4 D–G). Nymph. Similar to the female, reddish brown to dark brown, some individuals lighter colored. Ootheca. As Fig. 38 A–B and L. Reddish brown. Serration of keel long, strongly curved, each one’s apex reaching to the other one’s back. Respiratory canals well developed. The arrangement of longitudinal ridges compacted. Variation. Males vary in the following characters: 1) post-clypeus with two large brown spots or not; 2) the whitish yellow margin of pronotum may expand in some individuals, which only with pronotum disc brown, the rest part all whitish yellow; 3) the speckles on the tegmina can be reduced, which with anal and R areas lack brown speckles; some individuals may also have denser maculae, the tegmina strong brownish, which only with small transparent maculae. Natural History. Females and nymphs can be found inside the tree hole in the forest (Fig. 39 A), or under stones (Fig. 39 B–C). Distribution. China (Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Neimenggu, Published as part of Qiu, Lu, Che, Yang-Li & Wang, Zong-Qing, 2018, A taxonomic study of Eupolyphaga Chopard, 1929 (Blattodea: Corydiidae: Corydiinae), pp. 1-68 in Zootaxa 4506 (1) on pages 10-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4506.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2606718, {"references":["Walker, F. (1868) Catalogue of the specimens of Blattariae in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 239 pp.","Chopard, L. (1922) Les Polyphaga du groupe du sinensis Walk. [Orth. Blattidae]. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 194 - 196.","Saussure, H. D. (1869) Melanges Orthopterologiques. Memoires de la Societe de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Geneve, 20, 227 - 328.","Dohrn, H. (1888) Neue und wenig bekannte Blattiden. Stettin Entomological Society, 49, 129 - 132.","Saussure, H. D. (1893) Revision de la tribu des Heterogamiens (Orthopteres de la Famille des Blattides). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 1, 289 - 318.","Kirby, W. F. (1903) XXXVII. - Notes on Blattidae & c., with Descriptions of new Genera and Species in the Collection of the British Museum, South Kensington. - No. II. The Annals and magazine of natural history, 7, 373 - 381. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930308678853","Kirby, W. F. (1904) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Fol. I. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria, et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae.). British Museum, London, 501 pp.","Chopard, L. (1929) Orthoptera palaearctica critica VII. Les Polyphagiens de la faune palearctique (Orth., Blatt.). Eos, 5, 223 - 358.","Wu, C. - F. (1935) Catalogus Insectorum Sinensium, I. The Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, Peiping, 367 pp.","Bey-Bienko, G. Y. (1950) Fauna of the USSR. Insects. Blattodea, 40. Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences of the URSS, Moscow, 343 pp.","Princis, K. (1962) Blattariae: Suborde Polyphagoidea: Fam. Polyphagidae. In: Beier, M. (Ed.), Orthopterorum Catalogus. Pars 3. Uitgeverij Dr. W. Junk, ' s-Gravenhage, 3 - 74.","Woo, F. - C. (1987) Investigations on domiciliary cockroaches from China. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 30 (4), 430 - 438.","Feng, P. - Z., Guo, Y. - Y. & Woo, F. - C. (1997) Cockroaches of China, Species and Control. China Science & Technology Press, 206 pp.","Princis, K. (1959) Revision der Walkerschen und Kirbyschen Blattarientypen in British Museum of Natural History, London. III. Opuscula Entomolagica, 24, 125 - 149."]}

The efficacy of a new and highly virulent Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) strain was evaluated against Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattaria: Blattellidae) in the laboratory; this strain was obtained and purified from field-collected Eupolyphaga sinensis cadavers. The status of this fungus as a new and genetically distinct species was supported by ITS sequence comparisons. The new strain was compared with other M. anisopliae isolates and was found to be highly infectious and virulent against B. germanica. The virulence of this new strain against different instars of male and female cockroaches at five conidia concentrations (1 × 105, 1 × 106, 1 × 107, 1 × 108, and 1 × 109 conidia/ml) was evaluated in vitro, and the mortality (measured as lethal concentrations, LC50) was determined. According to the pathogenicity test, M. anisopliae isolate EB0732 produced 100% mortality of one- to three-instar nymph (LC50 = 0.37 × 105conidia/ml) and 78.33% mortality of adult female (LC50 = 1.39 × 107 conidia/ml) at 15 d post-inoculation at a concentration of 1 × 109 conidia/ml. There was an overall significant effect on mortality between the age and sex of B. germanica. A M. anisopliae susceptibility test showed that the survival rate of cockroaches after treatment with topical applications and mixed infection was lower than per os. These studies shed light on a valuable integrated pest management against the German cockroach.

Aim of the study. To examine the antiproliferation and anti-invasion of Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker 70% ethanol extract (ESWE) on breast cancer and elucidate the underlying signaling mechanisms. Methods. MTT and colony formation assays were used to investigate the effect of ESWE on proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro. The xenograft mouse tumor model was used to determine the effect of ESWE on breast cancer in vivo. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we used western blotting to analyze the expression of ERK1/2, CXCR4, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), and MMP9 pretreated with ESWE. The stromal cell–derived factor (SDF)-1α-induced migration and invasion potential of breast cancer cells were examined by wound-healing assays and Matrigel invasion chamber assays. Results. ESWE effectively inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-435s and MDA-MB-231 cells and exhibited antitumor effects in an MDA-MB-231 xenograft mice model. Furthermore, ESWE suppressed the activity of ERK1/2, a key molecule of MAPK signaling. We also observed that ESWE treatment led to downregulation of CXCR4 expression as well as greatly reduced MMP2 and MMP9. ESWE affected CXCR4 expression partially through the modulation of autocrine vascular endothelial growth factor. However, suppression of CXCR4 expression was the result of downregulation of mRNA expression. Inhibition of CXCR4 expression by ESWE further correlated with the suppression of SDF-1α-induced migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. Conclusion. ESWE exerted its antiproliferation and antiinvasion by regulating MAPK signaling and related metastasis factorsand thus could be a useful therapeutic candidate for breast cancer intervention.

Background Termicin is an antimicrobial peptide with six cysteines forming three disulfide bridges that was firstly isolated from the salivary glands and hemocytes of the termite Pseudacanthotermes spiniger. In contrast to many broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides, termicin is most active against filamentous fungi. Although more than one hundred complementary DNAs (cDNAs) encoding termicin-like peptides have been reported to date, all these termicin-like peptides were obtained from Isoptera insects. Methods The cDNA was cloned by combination of cDNA library construction kit and DNA sequencing. The polypeptide was purified by gel filtration and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Its amino acid sequence was determined by Edman degradation and mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activity was tested against several bacterial and fungal strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by microdilution tests. Results A novel termicin-like peptide with primary structure ACDFQQCWVTCQRQYSINFISARCNGDSCVCTFRT was purified from extracts of the cockroach Eupolyphaga sinensis (Insecta: Blattodea). The cDNA encoding Es-termicin was cloned by cDNA library screening. This cDNA encoded a 60 amino acid precursor which included a 25 amino acid signal peptide. Amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA matched well with the result of protein Edman degradation. Susceptibility test indicated that Es-termicin showed strong ability to kill fungi with a MIC of 25 μg/mL against Candida albicans ATCC 90028. It only showed limited potency to affect the growth of Gram-positive bacteria with a MIC of 200 μg/mL against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. It was inactive against gram-negative bacteria at the highest concentration tested (400 μg/mL). Es-termicin showed high sequence similarity with termicins from many species of termites (Insecta: Isoptera). Conclusions This is the first report of a termicin-like peptide isolated from E. sinensis that belongs to the insect order Blattodea. Our results demonstrate the diversity of termicin-like peptides, as well as antimicrobial peptides in insects.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Yaotongning (YTN) is a traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that contains ten component medicinal materials (CMMs) and uses Chinese rice wine as a vehicle to enhance its efficacy. YTN has been used for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment in China for decades and has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, as well as to strengthen the immune system. Aim of the study The present work quantitatively evaluated the in vitro effects of active fractions from the ten CMMs that make up YTN and eight additional herbs commonly used in TCM formulas for RA treatment, as well as different combinations of these active fractions, on cellular immune response; the findings were used to determine which active fractions are responsible for promoting an immune response, and to assess whether YTN is superior to other similar formulas and whether YTN can be improved by simplifying its formula from the point of its cellular immunomodulatory activity. Materials and methods Using the YTN formulation principles and some concepts in combinatorial chemistry, 27 TCM samples were designed by combining some or all of the active fractions of YTN and other eight herbs used for RA treatment. Release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from ANA-1 murine macrophages was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The immunoregulatory effects of the TCM samples were evaluated by comparing their half-effective concentrations (EC 50 ) for stimulating the release of these cytokines. Results Among the investigated active fractions, the flavonoids from Carthamus tinctorius (Fct), Davallia mariesii (Fdm), and Cinnamomum cassia Twig volatile oils (Vca) from the eight selected herbs effectively promoted IL-1β and IL-6 release from ANA-1 cells. Saponins from the YTN CMM Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Sgu) were the most potent promoters of IL-1β and TNF-α release. The aqueous extract of YTN CMM Eupolyphaga sinensis (Ves) strongly enhanced the release of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α from ANA-1 cells. The EC 50 values for stimulating the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α could be determined for only six samples. The full YTN formula and the sample containing 50% Glycyrrhiza uralensis saponins, 25% of the mixture of alkaloids, and 25% of the mixture of all flavonoids exhibited good comprehensive cellular immunomodulatory activity. The immunomodulatory activity of the complete YTN formula was better than that of the sample containing all active fractions of YTN without Chinese rice wine (the YTN vehicle). Conclusions Sgu and Ves are the primary active fractions of YTN involved in stimulating immune responses. The YTN prescription was reasonably effective at promoting cellular immune responses. Chinese rice wine, the YTN vehicle, strengthened the immunoregulatory activity of YTN. The results of this study demonstrate that the YTN recipe could be improved by reducing the number of CMMs and altering some active fractions without reducing its activity to promote cellular immune responses.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Polyphaga plancyi is a 15,547 bp circular molecule, which contains 37 typical mitochondrial genes (13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs) and a 854 bp D-loop. Its gene arrangement pattern is identical with typical other cockroaches. All protein-coding genes start with an ATG codon except COI, ND3, ND5, ND4, ND4L ND6 and ND1. TAA is the most frequent stop codon, and TAG, GCA, TA- and T- are also occurred very common. The mtDNA sequence contains 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA of rRNA. Except for tRNASer(AGY) and tRNALeu(CUN) without the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm, all tRNAs could be folded into canonical cloverleaf secondary structures. The phylogenetic trees from the ML and BI analyses based on the complete mtDNA of nine cockroaches’ species, share similar topologies and high node support values. Polyphaga plancy has close relative with Eupolyphaga sinensis.