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The entire globe faces a very precarious situation during pandemic Covid-19. During national lockdown in India, it was hazardous for the migrant labourers and more unsafe for women migrant workers. They came across many livelihood challenges like: employment, nutrition, government support, societal security, health facility, etc. which were repeatedly underlined in numerous mass medianews. Therefore, to know the actual problems encountered by the women migrant returnees, this particular study was undertaken in Jharkhand state where most of women workers go on migration for earning. For the purpose, 41 women migrant returnees were randomly selected as respondents from 18 villages covering five blocks of the state. By the use of a survey schedule, data was collected in the arena of socio-economic outline, place of migration, reason of migration, sector of engagement, income, difficulties confronted and support need from government for livelihood enhancement which are pronounced in this study. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i7.002

Purpose: The aim of this study is to appraise the meaning, nature and chronology of pandemic in 21st century. Methodology: The applicable methodology in attaining the aim of the study is doctrinal methodology which is a non-empirical approach. By the applicable method, the study was able to access policies, regulations, and contents/findings in existing literatures. The researcher curated data from existing literatures, reports and thus primary source of data were not utilised as only secondary source of data were used accordingly. Findings: The study found that pandemic is a sudden/unaware outbreak of a disease that speedily spreads across a whole region and the entire globe with high prevalence as a result of a high rate of susceptible population; the study also found that where pandemic occurs, the probability is high for there to be a high mortality rate. In the study, it is also found that at different stages in the development of modern man and society, different diseases had been categorised as pandemic. However, due to the complexities enshrined in deciphering whether a given disease is a pandemic or not, it became vested on the World Health Organization (WHO) to conduct assessment upon the outbreak of any disease and weigh it on existing criteria to ascertain if such should be declared as a pandemic. Recommendation: As parts of the recommendations made in this study, it is stated that the World Health Organization should endeavour to make its assessment in the earliest time and declare a disease as a pandemic as that would help states in making efforts and contributing resources in curbing the effects of the diseases and possibly terminating the disease

Since the 1960s two liturgical tsunamis have swept over the entire globe, adjusting the worship of Christians worldwide. The first is the Liturgical Movement. Of the two tsunamis, readers of Liturg...

COVID-19 is one of the unprecedented global crises that hit mankind in the last 100 years. It has engulfed the entire globe in its ambit, and what makes it peculiar is that it is not an economic crisis like the Great Depression or the Financial Crisis in 2007, but this is a natural crisis. The crisis has brought the entire global economy to a standstill due to lockdowns across different geographies, which has retarded the growth of economies. The current study explores how different major stock markets across the world have reacted to this grave pandemic. It is studied by comparing the returns of different phases of the market with the normal phase by applying T-test and Mann–Whitney U-test. Results indicate the short-term impact of this epidemic and much faster recoveries across different markets. The study also explores the spillover effect of different markets over others.

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan and spread in 216 countries due to airborne transmission But the transmission rate is low in some of the countries and large in a few countries like Italy Iran, Japan, India, the USA etc Objective: The present paper focuses on the study of the transmission speed of COVID-19 cases But it is observed that up to 5th march the total daily number of cases conformed is below 1000 from various countries where it is now raised to more than 75,000 Methods: 14 countries case studies are taken depend on the data availability, the first case reported in the last week of January or the first week of February and the severity of the outbreak of COVID-19 The daily reported number of Covid-19 cases for each country is collected from the WHO Daily reports The data is converted into a graphical form The selected countries are divided into three groups The first group contain the cases reported below 10,000 on 16th April 2020, the second group reported the cases between 10,000 to 50000 on or before 16th April and the third group reported above 50,000 cases on 16th April 2020 Results: Sudden rise in cases take place from 12th March 2020 to date over the entire globe From the available data, it is also observed that the number of countries infected also drastically increased in March 2020 Conclusion: It is also observed that in nearly the first 40-50 days the transmission rate of coronavirus is very low and confirmed cases reporting have travel history After that, the local transmission took place which led to the sudden rise in confirmed cases © IJCRR

Background and aims The entire globe is undergoing an unprecedented challenge of COVID-19 which has affected the lifestyle behaviour of individuals. The present review is an attempt to summarize the effect of pandemic COVID-19 on lifestyle behaviour among the Indian population. Methods A review was carried out to summarize the effect of pandemic COVID-19 on lifestyle behaviour focusing on changes in dietary or eating behaviour, stress, sleep pattern, and level of physical activity among the Indian population. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar from inception till October 2020 to identify all relevant studies. Results A total of 11 studies (n = 5957, age group 18–70 years, comprising both genders) consisting of 1 hospital and 10 community based, were included in the present review. A change in lifestyle behaviour was observed due to COVID-19. Psychosocial or any kind of mental stress among the participants was found to be prevalent. Weight gain and decline in physical activity were also observed. Not only sleep quantity but sleep quality was also found to be affected due to COVID-19. Conclusion The present review indicates the need for lifestyle behaviour programmes via using the platform of E-media and also for the dissemination of health education., Highlights • Diet, physical activity, sleep, and mental stress levels have been altered during the pandemic (COVID-19). • Change in dietary habits than usual was observed in terms of overeating. • Reduced physical activity and weight gain were observed. • Prevalence of any kind of mental stress particularly levels of anxiety were found to be at highest.

Background: Coronavirus is an unpredicted anti-human biological calamity This virus questions the entire globe on its state and characteristics, which lead physicians, virology practitioners to give conditional statements and fearful myths Objective: This analysis aims to provide a probability to get infected with Covid-19 for patients with various health complications Methods: Data set from Mexican government contains 566,602 Covid-19 test samples Data analytics adhere to 16 parameters of habitual and health constraints on this data set are evaluated using R software Results: 7 out of 16 parameters exhibited Extreme Severity in getting infected with Covid-19, while other 6 and 3 are categorised into moderate and less severity respectively Conclusion: Risk factor analysis alerts the persons with these 16 parameters to take necessary precautions and preparedness for Covid-19 © IJCRR

Introduction. The global structure of economy and business has been changing. New technologies and innovations occurred replacing or minimizing the role of old once. A number of traditional companies and industries must adopt new emerging technologies in order to survive on the international market. Moving from industrial society to Industry 4.0 society a few critical transformations should be taken into account. If it is understandable that innovations and technologies can benefit the whole economy and society in many ways, it is important to analyze what are the external factors that accelerate the development of innovative startups and technologies to boost the growth, development and welfare of societies and economies. Aim and tasks. The purpose of this article is to assess the development of startups and technology based companies in a number of European countries and to identify a group of countries that has the most favorable environment for startups and technology proliferations. Results. The findings of the research revealed that the most favorable countries for startup and technology-based companies’ creation are Scandinavian and Western European countries, the least ones – mainly Balkans. The findings claim that macroeconomic stability and skills (broaden concept is human capital) are the most important factors influencing the creation and adoption of startups and technology-based companies. Meanwhile the national market size is the least important factor. Conclusions. The conducted research presents that the most favorable countries for innovative startups and tech-based companies are mainly Scandinavian and Western European countries. It is important to notice that Scandinavian countries have exceptionally leading the list in this field. As analysis showed, macroeconomic stability and skills (to a broader concept human capital) are the most significant factors for technologies and innovations to occur. Finally, the market size seems to be the least important factor for technology and innovative startup development. It can be explained that startups and technologies by its nature are scalable businesses those market is entire globe.

Background: IKV has been a well-known global threat, which hits almost all of the American countries and posed a serious threat to the entire globe in 2016. The first outbreak of ZIKV was reported in 2007 in the Pacific area, followed by another severe outbreak, which occurred in 2013/2014 and subsequently, ZIKV spread to all other Pacific islands. A broad spectrum of ZIKV associated neurological malformations in neonates and adults has driven this deadly virus into the limelight. Though tremendous efforts have been focused on understanding the molecular basis of ZIKV, the viral proteins of ZIKV have still not been studied extensively. Objectives: Herein, we report the first and the novel predictor for the identification of ZIKV proteins. Methods: We have employed Chou’s pseudo amino acid composition (PseAAC), statistical moments and various position-based features. Results: The predictor is validated through 10-fold cross-validation and Jackknife testing. In 10- fold cross-validation, 94.09% accuracy, 93.48% specificity, 94.20% sensitivity and 0.80 MCC were achieved while in Jackknife testing, 96.62% accuracy, 94.57% specificity, 97.00% sensitivity and 0.88 MCC were achieved. Conclusion: Thus, ZIKVPred-PseAAC can help in predicting the ZIKV proteins efficiently and accurately and can provide baseline data for the discovery of new drugs and biomarkers against ZIKV.

Currently, the entire globe is facing a pandemic ‘COVID-19' and the numbers are rising exponentially. Unfortunately, along with the triple burden of malnutrition and many non-communicable diseases, Corona virus has knocked India's door. As it is don't know for how long this battle will continue, the present review is an attempt to highlight the importance of non-pharmacological approaches like a balanced diet, stress management, adequate sleep and physical activity to build up a strong immune system, as it reduces the complications in individuals who are already at nutritional risk and might get exposed to the infection. Globally, scientists are working to find potential vaccines to combat COVID-19, meanwhile,it must utilize this time window in building our immunity by adopting a healthy dietary and other lifestyle measures. Hence, it is the need of the hour to build up immunity by adopting a holistic approach as there is no nutritional magic pill, which can boost immunity instantly.

Japan is an archipelagic country surrounded by oceans. This means that the good use of sea would provide great advantages to Japan. One possible candidate for this is the ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). About half of the energy reaching the earth from the sun is absorbed by the surface of the earth or its ocean and land. Because of that, the yearly average temperature of seawater in the shallow surface mixed layer (water depth: 30 to 100 m) in the tropical and subtropical areas reaches 26 to 29°C. In contrast, the temperature of seawater at a much deeper position, around 1000 m deep, is nearly constant at 4 to 6°C throughout the entire globe, as shown in Figure 1.

The entire globe is undergoing a condition of chaotic situation and has started accepting it to be the “new normal.” Scientists from all around the world are putting their best efforts to find out the vaccine for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but people's faith in the supernatural is also strong. Popular folk beliefs and treatment of the pandemic is age-old, for example, Sitala Mata is known for the treatment of smallpox and Olabibi for cholera. Folk deities in the rural areas create a protective cover and these beliefs get more strengthened by Babas, Guniyas. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the relationship between religious discourses and the pandemic and to study about the two different opposite approaches, i.e., religion and science. The study is based on the review of secondary data. The chapter mainly focuses on the current trend being followed during COVID-19 by analyzing it from a sociological angle.

The global energy-environment conundrum unfolds now with more and more evidence confirming the climate change hypothesis. The accumulation of greenhouses gases in the atmosphere is strongly linked with economic production, the GDP indicator. Here we give the exact relationships between GDP, energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions, over time and cross-sectionally for the entire globe. The intermediating link between total GDP and total emissions is, it must be emphasized, the energy consumption, which has increased dramatically since 1970. It is true that the energy consumption per GDP unit has fallen, but the increase in GDP is more than enough to guarantee that energy consumption per capita continues to rise. The findings reported on here are crystal clear: Reducing energy consumption would mean halting economic growth, as GDP determines overall energy consumption, which in turn determines to a large extent the total emissions of CO2 equivalent types.

The concept of smart cities emanated at the time once the entire globe was facing one among the worst economic recession. In 2009, the idea of smart cities had fascinated the imagination of assorted nations across the world. This mission was launched in India to enhance the quality of life of individuals and intensify their interactions with the urban environment in the year 2015. Analysis on the development of urban infrastructure has been started in the year 2016 to identify the intellectual solution for sustainable cities. The objective is to systematically review the analysis of the issues pertaining to the evolution of smart cities in India by using fuzzy graph structures (FGS). The scope of this work was to conduct a survey concentrating on studies to promote reliable and inclusive cities that provide core infrastructure and gives a satisfactory life to their citizens, clean and sustainable surroundings, and application of “Smart” solutions.

A deterministic model is proposed to describe the transmission dynamics of coronavirus infection with early interventions. Epidemiological studies have employed modeling to unravel knowledge that transformed the lives of families, communities, nations and the entire globe. The study established the stability of both disease free and endemic equilibria. Stability occurs when the reproduction number, R0, is less than unity for both disease free and endemic equilibrium points. The global stability of the disease-free equilibrium point of the model is established whenever the basic reproduction number R0 is less than or equal to unity. The reproduction number is also shown to be directly related to the transmission probability (β), rate at which latently infected individuals join the infected class (δ) and rate of recruitment (Λ). It is inversely related to natural death rate (μ), rate of early treatment (τ1), rate of hospitalization of infected individuals (θ) and Covid-induced death rate (σ). The analytical results established are confirmed by numerical simulation of the model.

The World Bank (WB) has been recommending and financing programs to various countries for their developments and some arbitration too in some issues between various countries, but two of its moves have not only brought persistently increasing disaster locally in Pakistan, but have opened huge Gates for continuously boosted almost all extremely huge Catastrophic Climate Calamities over the entire Earth Globe. The first one is terrible Indus water Treaty 1960 (IWT) between India and Pakistan sponsored by WB which blocked dissipation of 14.235 ZJ (Zeta Joules = 1021 Joules) Earth Global heat per year by the naturally established unique Huge Global Air Conditioner (GAC). Henceforth Global Heat Contents and Temperature (GHT) is continuously building up at extremely huge rate of 16.48 ZJ, the 2.255 ZJ being contribution of all other Global contributors. This is resulting into continuously increasing floods of catastrophic calamities over the entire Globe. This GAC was badly crippled by WB through diversion of its Freon, the 39 million acre-feet water of eastern three rivers of Pakistan irrigating its southeastern area to India. The 2nd terrible move was the misleading recommendations for developments of Water and Power Resources of Pakistan. The Pakistani Resources having heat transporting potential of 25.673 ZJ per year and successfully extinguishing the fire being continuously fueled IWT were blocked from playing their role in control of Global Climate Calamities. Both these are discussed particularly highlighting the WB blunders in the light of scientific and Global Heating vision and way forward is shown in this work for safe existence of life on the Earth Globe. The entire world is motivated to immediately mobilize exporter of GHT, the complete GAC system, through immediate developments of all infrastructures required for 3 unique parts of Pakistan’s WEPC to safely defuse the 60 years piled up heap of this huge terrible GHT explosive and crush its all terrible tribes. This work reiterates that if its recommendations are carried out fully, the GHT, its all terrible tribes and Global Climate Calamities, will come down to their pre-1960 status in 42 years excluding 10 years their mobilization period. It also sternly asserts that activation of complete Pakistan irrigation role in GAC is all unique and vital and has no substitute or alternate.

The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 and its' accompanied lockdowns impacted the entire globe in ways the world is only beginning to comprehend. In Israel, children age 9-15 had not been in a frontal classroom and been socially restricted from March 2020 till March 2021. Fourteen of these children that had been under myopia control treatment which had been effective prior to the pandemic were included in this retrospective study to learn if their myopia continued to stay under control, or if the unique environmental modifications affected their progression. The results showed that average increase in spherical equivalent refraction and axial length, measured with optical biometer OA-2000 (Tomey GmbH, Nagoya, Japan), during the year of lockdowns was -0.73 ± 0.46D/0.46 ± 0.31 mm respectively, while the average increase in the year prior was -0.33 ± 0.27D/0.24 ± 0.21 mm. Though several articles have indicated the pandemic environment has influenced myopia progression in children, this communication indicates a possible significant impact of the environment on myopia increase even in individuals under effective atropine treatment. These children's' progression suggests practitioners consider and address multiple aspects simultaneously when attempting myopia control.

The emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has put the entire globe into unrest, primarily due to unavailability of specific drug against the viral proteins. In the last two decades the world has withstood many contagious disease crashes. SARS-CoV-2 has put the world and the mankind in danger. It is spreading unstoppably all over the world. The virus is evolving and thus the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 strains has been different and making it difficult to develop a broad-spectrum anti-viral molecule that would be effective against all the SARS-CoV-2 variants. This imperative situation demands development of molecules for effective treatment against SARS-CoV-2. The phytomolecules or the bioactive molecules of plants could be a great alternative to combat SARS-CoV-2. The bioactive molecules with their antiviral properties and the secondary metabolites may effectively deactivate the functioning of viral proteins. The structural configuration of 2019-nCoV proteins and genomic information are available, thus contributing immensely for fast molecular docking studies and hence, enables screening of numerous accessible phytomolecules. In the current study, we have essentially highlighted common phytomolecules against the known viral proteins and described the mode of action of few plant-derived molecules which have the potential to suppress the activity of the viral proteins. Graphic abstract

The infectious diseases with a viral origin are of significant worldwide concern. In recent times, pandemics are creating havoc across the entire globe. This paper presents a constructive analysis of a new mathematical concept that will help the medical authorities to predict and to take controlling measures. In this work, we use ordinary first-order differential equations and compartmental model analysis for calculation of infection rate, transmission rate, and reproduction number of the patients. A new Advanced Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered model has been introduced, which has greater accuracy of the reproduction number. The prediction of mode of disease transmission demonstrates the performance characteristics of the proposed model.

NASA's Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite‐2 (ICESat‐2) mission launched in September 2018 and is now providing high‐resolution surface elevation profiling across the entire globe, including the sea ice cover of the Arctic and Southern Oceans. For sea ice applications, successfully discriminating returns between sea ice and open water is key for accurately determining freeboard (the extension of sea ice above local sea level) and new information regarding the geometry of sea ice floes and leads. We take advantage of near‐coincident optical imagery obtained from the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel‐2 (S‐2) satellite over the Western Weddell Sea of the Southern Ocean in March 2019 and the Lincoln Sea of the Arctic Ocean in May 2019 to evaluate the surface classification scheme in the ICESat‐2 ATL07 and ATL10 sea ice products. We find a high level of agreement between the ATL07 (specular) lead classification and visible leads in the S‐2 imagery in these two coincident images across all six ICESat‐2 beams, increasing our confidence in the freeboard products and deriving new estimates of the sea ice state. The S‐2 overlays provide additional, albeit limited, evidence of the misclassification of dark leads due to clouds. Dark leads are no longer used to derive sea surface and thus freeboard as of the third release (r003) of the ICESat‐2 sea ice products. We show estimates of lead fraction and more preliminary estimates of chord length (a proxy for floe size) using two metrics for classifying sea surface (lead) segments across both the Arctic and Southern Ocean for the first winter season of data collection.

SARS-CoV-2, the main cause of COVID-19, is a new coronavirus identified as the cause of a disease outbreak in 2019 that originated in China. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic for the entire globe in March 2020 by the World Health Organization. The transmission rate of this virus is fast and spreads from person to person through discharge from the nose or droplets of saliva when an infected person sneezes or coughs. Even COVID-19 may spread from people who are not showing symptoms. An Antibody test might take 2–3 weeks to reveal the results of COVID-19. Presently, the Saliva Test for COVID-19, which takes 48 h to reveal the results, is most commonly used. In a study of more than 1000 patients published in the journal Radiology, Chest Computed Tomography surpassed lab testing in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Researchers concluded that CT scan images should be used as the primary screening tool for COVID-19. In remote village areas, we may not have any specialized doctor who can diagnose the CT scan image taken from a suspected COVID-19 patient. This proposed work can diagnose COVID-19 suspected CT scan images very fast, without the intervention of any specialized doctor. CT scan images have been taken and trained in the Residual Networks model, which gives a maximum of 95.97% accuracy.

Copper is consumed and produced by a wide variety of nations, triggering resource depletion and emission generation issues. The end-of-life recycling optimization can be used as a transparent, resilient, and broadly applicable solution along the circular economy strategies to decrease such metal supply and associated environmental risks. Here we provide a comprehensive recycling scenario approach to assessing the future copper use sustainability in the entire globe and all economic regions representing over 50 countries. We find that the advanced recycling (estimated at 40-65%) will be more advantages for populous and high-industrial growth regions such as Asia, Europe and the United Kingdom, North America, and Southeastern Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States in regard to the copper demand and process emission reductions. We conclude that more-striving policies and regulations, systematic scrap collection, and efficient technologies are required to adequately achieving the recycling targets for the future sustainability of resource flows.

The second green revolution can beat the challenge of food requirement, which will be a game-changer of this decade. It will boost the fertility of the soil, food security, and global crop production. The microbial world of endophytes having the ability of nutrient mineralization has been proved a boon to mitigate hunger of the global population. In this scenario, crop yields must be increased substantially to glorify the coming decades and mitigate global food demand using endophytes-based biofertilizers. Over the past few years, researchers are engaged to re-discover endophytes to help us to produce healthier crops with higher yields while reducing the need for fertilizer and other chemicals. This is a summary account of reviews of the subject experts from the entire globe bringing their idea(s), commentaries, and views on the current research on endophytes and the mechanistic role of endophytes to sustain agriculture production in major and micro mineral nutrient management precisely.

For the entire globe, air pollution has been a worrying issue. Earth's Atmosphere contains numerous toxic gases and harmful solid particles are caused by Air pollution. Contaminated Air have been many mischievous effects on human health. Asthma, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer can happen due to air contamination. Among other enlisted polluted cities, Dhaka lies in a hazardous problem for air pollution. This paper has approached two Long Short-Term Memory (Vanilla LSTM, Stacked LSTM) model and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) model to Predict air Quality Indexing with different hyper-parameter tuning. And analyze future the health effects based on Air Quality Index Level. We have worked on Dhaka Air Quality data which was collected by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Among the two models, we have acquired the highest accuracy of 91.61% for Short-term prediction and 90.83% for Long-term prediction. And RMSE value of 4.65 and 16.19 for Air Quality Index value prediction on Stacked LSTM tuned with 200 hidden nodes on the first layer and 100 nodes on the second layer.

The accelerated spread of novel coronavirus has created humongous difficulties and challenges in the health care and response system. The entire globe does not want to leave any stone unturned to flatten the pandemic curve. Sensory loss has a strong association with COVID-19 infection, the respiratory disease caused by the novel coronavirus. If a person suffers from anosmia there is a high probability that the person has COVID-19 infection. Although fever is the most common and the first symptom of the infection, but loss of smell known as anosmia and fatigue are also very common initial symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Since COVID-19 infection is highly contagious, it is good to identify people with anosmia as the initial screening process to prevent the infection from spreading to the community as a whole. Technological innovations are growing up to save the affected people. According to statistics, the IoT healthcare market will reach $136.8 billion worldwide by 2021. Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is the network of medical devices that strengthens machine to machine conversation. Internet of Medical things in association with Cloud and AI are highly helpful during this pandemic crisis. Thus this book chapter highlights the importance of IoMT with advanced technology to be used in medical field to fight against the COVID-19 virus and to flatten the pandemic curve.

COVID-19, a pandemic disease caused by the coronavirus originated from China has been ravaging the entire global nations due to which the entire global economy is in the doldrums. The disease has been there in the entire globe since November 2019 and is expected to damage human beings and the world economies for a long time. In this article, we discuss the damage caused by the deadly virus to the Indian economy and the world economy as a whole. A word of caution is that until the vaccine is invented, the economies world will suffer to the maximum extent since most of the major economies of the globe are locked down due to the pandemic.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes the COVID-19 disease has spread quickly and massively around the entire globe, causing millions of confirmed cases and deaths worldwide. The disease poses a serious ongoing threat to public health. This study aims to understand the disease potential of the virus in different regions by studying how average spring temperature and its strong predictor, latitude, affect epidemiological variables such as disease incidence, mortality, recovery cases, active cases, testing rate, and hospitalization. We also seek to understand the association of temperature and geographic coordinates with viral genomics. Epidemiological data along with temperature, latitude, longitude, and preparedness index were collected for different countries and US states during the early stages of the pandemic. Our worldwide epidemiological analysis showed a significant correlation between temperature and incidence, mortality, recovery cases and active cases. The same tendency was found with latitude, but not with longitude. In the US, we observed no correlation between temperature or latitude and epidemiological variables. Interestingly, longitude was correlated with incidence, mortality, active cases, and hospitalization. An analysis of mutational change and mutational change per time in 55 453 aligned SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences revealed these parameters were uncorrelated with temperature and geographic coordinates. The epidemiological trends we observed worldwide suggest a seasonal effect for the disease that is not directly controlled by the genomic makeup of the virus. Future studies will need to determine if correlations are more likely the result of effects associated with the environment or the innate immunity of the host.

In recent years, Lassa fever has been announced as an infectious disease in the world, a few imported cases have been accounted for in various pieces of the world and there are developing worries of the possibilities of Lassa fever Virus as an organic weapon. Regardless of its assaulting impact, no substantial arrangement has been created to reduce the hazard of the ailment, about a large portion of 10 years after identifying it. A Review based on the documents from the literature search on PubMed, Scopus, Goggle Scholar and Science direct. Out of these, the final 16 articles that met the criteria were selected. Relevant information on epidemiology, the burden of management and control were obtained. Timely and effective containment of the Lassa fever disease in Lassa village four decades ago could have minimized the devastating effect and threats posed by this illness in the West African sub-region and indeed the entire globe. That was a hard lesson calling for much more proactive measures towards the eradication of the illness at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of health care. Hence, the paper is aimed at appraising the threats associated with Lassa fever disease; its demands on curtailing the menace of the epidemic, and recommendations on important focal points.

Since December 2019, SARS‐CoV‐2 has rapidly spread worldwide, challenging the clinician and focusing the entire globe on critical illness high mortality.1 Apart from common respiratory symptoms, patients often present with symptoms suggestive of SARS‐CoV‐2 neuroinvasiveness.2 Some are very general (like headache, nausea, or vomiting), while others are more specific, such as hypoacousis, agueusia, or anosmia. SARS‐CoV‐2 is suspected to enter the central nervous system through the olfactive bulb and to progress transsynaptically to the brain—a mechanism demonstrated in animal models of SARS‐CoV‐1 infection.

Objective: A pandemic afflicts the entire world. The highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and rapidly spread across the entire globe. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)has infected more than two million people worldwide, causing over 160,000 deaths. Patients with COVID-19 disease present with a wide array of symptoms, ranging from mild flu-like complaints to life threatening pulmonary and cardiac complications. Older people and patients with underlying disease have an increased risk of developing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) requiring mechanical ventilation. Once intubated, mortality increases exponentially. A number of pharmacologic regimens, including hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin, antiviral therapy (eg, remdesevir), and anti-IL-6 agents (e.g., toclizumab), have been highlighted by investigators over the course of the pandemic, based on the therapy's potential to interrupt the viral life-cycle of SARS-CoV-2 or preventing cytokine storm. At present, there have been no conclusive series of reproducible randomised clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of any one drug or therapy for COVID-19. Cases: COVID-19 positive patients (n=5) at a single institution received hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) between 13 and 20 April 2020. All the patients had tachypnoea and low oxygen saturation despite receiving high FiO2. HBOT was added to prevent the need for mechanical ventilation. A standard dive profile of 2.0ATA for 90 minutes was employed. Patients received between one and six treatments in one of two dedicated monoplace hyperbaric chambers. Results: All the patients recovered without the need for mechanical ventilation. Following HBOT, oxygen saturation increased, tachypnoea resolved and inflammatory markers fell. At the time of writing, three of the five patients have been discharged from the hospital and two remain in stable condition. Conclusion: This small sample of patients exhibited dramatic improvement with HBOT. Most importantly, HBOT potentially prevented the need for mechanical ventilation. Larger studies are likely to define the role of HBOT in the treatment of this novel disease.

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel pneumonia virus that is presumed to have emerged from bats to crossover into humans in late 2019. As the global pandemic ensues, scientist are working to evaluate the virus and develop a vaccine to counteract the deadly disease that has impacted lives across the entire globe. We perform computational electrostatic simulations on multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 in complex with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) variants to examine differences in electrostatic interactions across the various complexes. Calculations are performed across the physiological pH range to also examine the impact of pH on these interactions. Two of six SARS-CoV-2 variations having greater electric forces at pH levels consistent with nasal secretions and significant variations in force across all five variants of ACE2. While five out of six SARS-CoV-2 variations have relatively consistent forces at pH levels of the lung, and one SARS-CoV-2 variant that has low potential across a wide range of pH. These predictions indicate that variants of SARS-CoV-2 and human ACE2 in certain combinations could potentially play a role in increased binding efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 in vivo. ACM Reference Format Scott P. Morton and Joshua L. Phillips. 2020. Electrostatic Characteristics Predict Variations in SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Human ACE2 Interactions. In Proceedings of ACM Conference (Conference’17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 5 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/nnnnnnn.nnnnnnn

Traffic congestion is becoming the issues of the entire globe. This study aims to explore and review the data mining and machine learning technologies adopted in research and industry to attempt to overcome the direct and indirect traffic issues on humanity and societies. The study's methodology is to comprehensively review around 165 studies, criticize, and categorize all these studies into a chronological and understandable category. The study is focusing on the traffic management approaches that were depended on data mining and machine learning technologies to detect and predict the traffic only. This study has found that there is no standard traffic management approach that the community of traffic management has agreed on. This study is important to the traffic research communities, traffic software companies, and traffic government officials. It has a direct impact on drawing a clear path for new traffic management propositions. This study is one of the largest studies with respect to the size of its reviewed articles that were focused on data mining and machine learning. Additionally, this study will draw general attention to a new traffic management proposition approach.

This review comes from a themed issue on Genetics of human origin. Edited by Sarah Tishkoff and Joshua Akey. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.021, During the past ten years, archaeogenetic research has exponentially grown to study the genetic history of human populations, using genome-wide data from large numbers of ancient individuals. Of the entire globe, Europe and the Near East are the regions where ancient DNA data is by far most abundant with over 2500 genomes published at present. In this review, we focus on archaeological contexts that have received less attention in the literature, specifically those associated with west Eurasian hunter-gatherers as well as populations from the Iron Age and later historical periods. In addition, we emphasize a recent shift from continent-wide to regional and even site-specific studies, which is starting to provide novel insights into sociocultural aspects of past societies., Iñigo Olalde was supported by a fellowship from ‘la Caixa’ Foundation (ID 100010434), code LCF/BQ/PI19/11690004.

The surface warming has been widespread over the entire globe. Central Europe, including Poland, is not an exception. Global temperature increases are accompanied by changes in other climatic variables. Climate change in Poland manifests itself also as change in annual sums of precipitation. They have been slightly growing but, what is more important, seasonal and monthly distributions of precipitation have been also changing. The most visible increases have been observed during colder half-year, especially in March. A decreasing contribution of summer precipitation total (June–August) to the annual total is observed. Climate projections for Poland predict further warming and continuation of already observed changes in the quantity of precipitation as well as its spatial and seasonal distribution.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) which was proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013 has become a major buzzword globally as it aims and hopes to cover and affect the entire globe. China a...

Time-series Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) gross primary productivity (GPP) has been served as an effective tool to assess the terrestrial carbon budget for the entire globe since 2000. However, the current MODIS GPP product neglects the surface heterogeneity in the modeling process and is always generated at 500 m or 1 km resolution, which could cause errors to these estimates over mountainous areas. In this work, the MODIS GPP model (MOD17) was applied to obtain 1 km GPP estimates at eleven mountainous sites. Then, a topographic correction method based on three indexes associated with the spatial heterogeneity of received radiation (TCIAPAR), temperature (TCITMIN), and water (TCIVPD) stresses was developed to reduce GPP errors in these MOD17-simulated estimates. Results showed that a closer relationship between tower-based GPP and MOD17-simulated GPP was achieved after applying the proposed topographic correction method, with the determination coefficient (R2) increased from 0.61 to 0.74 and root mean square error (RMSE) reduced from 24.24 to 14.56 gC m−2 8d−1 at all the eleven mountainous sites. As for the effectiveness of each topographic correction index, an obvious improvement of MOD17-simulated GPP was observed after TCIAPAR correction (increasing R2 by 0.09 and decreasing RMSE by 8.75 gC m−2 8d−1), TCITMIN correction (increasing R2 by 0.05 and decreasing RMSE by 7.80 gC m−2 8d−1), and TCIVPD correction (increasing R2 by 0.06 and decreasing RMSE by 7.89 gC m−2 8d−1), indicating that the spatial heterogeneity information of radiation, temperature, and water within coarse pixels is necessary for improving the MODIS GPP over mountainous areas. It is notable that the combination of the TCIAPAR, TCITMIN, and TCIVPD corrections was found to have the largest improvement for MOD17-simulated GPP (increasing R2 by 0.13 and decreasing RMSE by 9.68 gC m−2 8d−1), indicating that the combined consideration of topographic factors in the correction process might achieve a larger improvement. This study highlights the feasibility of incorporating surface topographic characteristics into current coarse resolution GPP products in obtaining large-scale mountain GPP estimates.

It is widely acknowledged that information systems/information technology (IS/IT) academic research is mostly Western centric (i.e., U.S. and Western Europe based). Several surveys have clearly pointed out that most of the publications are based in the West, the authors are from the West, the research itself is conducted in the West, and even the topic areas pertain to the needs and concerns of the West. Given that IS/IT has pervaded the entire globe, such a dominant Western bias does not do justice to the rest of the world as other nations do not find their particular topics investigated or have to rely on Western results, which may not be necessarily applicable to their context.

A global-scale calculation identifies peaks in a digital elevation model (DEM) and computes their isolation and topographic prominence. A new DEM is presented that covers the entire globe at 90 meter resolution with no substantial voids or artifacts. All peaks with at least 1 kilometer of isolation are found, and the closest higher ground is identified. For prominence, all peaks with at least ∼30 meters are found, and the key saddle is identified. The prominence algorithm uses results from Morse–Smale topology to run in parallel on standard, freely available elevation data. Thirteen previously unknown “ultra-prominent” mountains with at least 1500 meters of prominence are listed.

Quality results depends on the available data accuracy. Topographic data for the entire globe from SRTM - Shuttle Radar Topography Mission are free and, if correct, they represent a powerful resource for the territorial and environmental planning. However, its use, in models for information systems, must be evaluated in order to assess the information reliability. The aim of this study was to verify the similarity between a soil loss map generated from SRTM DEM and another from a higher resolution. USLE model - Universal Soil Loss Equation was applied with the intention of estimate soil loss rates in a basin on the northeast of Sao Paulo State in Brazil. Therewith it was possible to assess the performance of SRTM DEM. The similarity was checked using the Kappa index, which shows the degree of similarity between maps through an error matrix. The Kappa index revealed that SRTM DEM has an accuracy level considered reasonable (0.6594), while Kappa values for LS factor (0.2584), natural erosion potential (0.2582) and estimated soil loss (0.4199) accuracy levels are considered low, low and moderate, respectively. Therefore, this study showed that the application of SRTM DEM can offer satisfactory results when multiplied by higher quality data in basins where LS is not a decisive factor in estimated soil loss, but must be used carefully in other conditions.

Climate models driven by observed or modeled sea surface temperature (SST) or SST anomalies (SSTA) are used as a standard tool in seasonal climate predictions. This study investigates the merit of seasonal rainfall predictions obtained by using multimodel SSTA to drive a climate model over a single model case. The multimodel SSTA predictions are obtained by combining the predictions of five climate models, whereas the stand-alone model predictions come from the Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia. The climate model used is the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS). The use of multimodel SSTA over a single model shows marginal improvements in seasonal rainfall predictions across the entire globe. Further improvements in rainfall forecasts are possible either through improved parameterizations in the ACCESS model or by using another climate model. As a final step, the rainfall forecasts from the multimodel and the single model SSTA (two-member hierarchical rainfall forecasts, denoted as HIER) are combined and to gain further improvements over the individual multimodel or single model rainfall predictions for most of the grid cells in all seasons.

In recent years, Lassa fever has been announced as an infectious disease in the world, a few imported cases have been accounted for in various pieces of the world and there are developing worries of the possibilities of Lassa fever Virus as an organic weapon. Regardless of its assaulting impact, no substantial arrangement has been created to reduce the hazard of the ailment, about a large portion of 10 years after identifying it. A Review based on the documents from the literature search on PubMed, Scopus, Goggle Scholar and Science direct. Out of these, the final 16 articles that met the criteria were selected. Relevant information on epidemiology, the burden of management and control were obtained. Timely and effective containment of the Lassa fever disease in Lassa village four decades ago could have minimized the devastating effect and threats posed by this illness in the West African sub-region and indeed the entire globe. That was a hard lesson calling for much more proactive measures towards the eradication of the illness at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of health care. Hence, the paper is aimed at appraising the threats associated with Lassa fever disease; its demands on curtailing the menace of the epidemic, and recommendations on important focal points.

In recent years the entire globe has witnessed a magnificent growth in the sectors of technology and creative industries which in turn has increased the concern of private enterprises for the development and management of Intellectual property (IP). IP includes those inventions -literary or artistic work, design, symbols, names, images, or any other intangible creations which, just like any other property, can be owned, developed, and managed so that it provides maximum economic benefit in return to the owner or author. In today’s world IP has evolved as an essential asset generating medium to the enterprises and is also immensely contributing to the country’s economy. Many countries also perceive IP as an important determining factor of its economic policy. However, the development, accumulation as well as the use of such assets in the form of technologies, products, and services require strategic plans to get a better financial return. This paper focuses on what IP strategies mean, and what are the various objectives which such proactive and strategic plans seek to achieve. It also reflects on the necessity of such strategies and what benefit it causes to business enterprises and lastly this article also outlines the ways these strategies can be developed.

Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the health care system around the entire globe. A consensus is needed about resuming total hip and knee procedures. The European Hip Society (EHS) and the European Knee Association (EKA) formed a panel of experts that have produced a consensus statement on how the safe re-introduction of elective hip and knee arthroplasty should be undertaken. Methods A prospective online survey was done among members of EHS and EKA. The survey consisted of 27 questions. It includes basic information on demographics and details the participant’s agreement with each recommendation. The participant could choose among three options (agree, disagree, abstain). Recommendations focussed on pre-operative, peri-operative, and post-operative handling of patients and precautions. Results A total of 681 arthroplasty surgeons participated in the survey, with 479 fully completing the survey. The participants were from 44 countries and 6 continents. Apart from adhering to National and Local Guidelines, the recommendations concerned how to make elective arthroplasty safe for patients and staff. Conclusion The survey has shown good-to-excellent agreement of the participants with regards to the statements made in the recommendations for the safe return to elective arthroplasty following the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Eye removal surgery can be challenging clinically for the surgeon and emotionally for the patient. There are three main techniques of eye removal including evisceration (removal of the intraocular contents and cornea with retention of the patient’s sclera and natural extraocular muscle attachments), enucleation (removal of the entire globe with lysis of the natural attachments of the extraocular muscles and severing of the optic nerve proper), and exenteration (removal of the entire orbital contents, including the globe if present). The choice of technique is dependent upon the disease process being addressed and patient factors such as the condition of the native sclera, medical comorbidities, anticoagulation, and the presence and extent of traumatic damage.

Estimation of particulate matter levels PM10 and PM2.5 is an important part of the quality assessment of the air. In areas where there is no air quality monitoring surface, the use of satellite data, predictions and reanalysis are a viable and low-cost alternative applicable in any Place of the world. The data package “Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service ”(CAMS) covers the entire globe with a spatial resolution of 0.1 ° (12.5 km), a temporal resolution of up to 1 hour and reports atmospheric composition information and the processes that take place in it, in real time and 4-day future predictions for various pollutants and meteorological variables. These features make CAMS a data package with the possibility of being applied to analyze the air quality in developing countries. On the other hand, Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) of 550 nm taken from the satellites "Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer" (MODIS) of NASA (National Aero Space Administration), has a spatial resolution of 1 ° (111 km), temporal resolution of up to 1 hour, subject to availability of data by trajectories poles from the Terra-Aqua satellites, and cloud cover at the study. MODIS AOD is a variable that has been used in previous studies to predict PM10 levels in Colombia. The objective of this study is to evaluate air quality in Colombia for PM2.5 and PM10 using CAMS data during the period of time from 2003 to 2015. correlation coefficients (R) in order to evaluate performance of the two data packages (MODIS and CAMS). Analysis indicates that there is a statistically significant correlation between MODIS, CAMS and surface measurements, as well as a CAMS ability to represent quality phenomena of the air in Colombia. These data packets can be used to analyze air quality in Colombia and other countries in the process of developing.

Aerosol distribution at global and regional scales is one of the crucial parameters for climate change assessment. The study presents global spatio-temporal variations in aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) sensors at spatial resolutions of 1° × 1° and 0.5° × 0.5° respectively. Spatial correlations between MODIS and MISR AOD are reported on annual scale. The entire globe is divided into six sub-regions, i.e., North-West, North, North-East, South-West, South and South-East. The annual and seasonal mean AOD variations are obtained by analyzing Level 3 monthly datasets for the period 2001–2014. Relative changes (%) in AOD between the first and last seven years (i.e. 2001–2007 and 2008–2014 respectively) are discussed at annual and seasonal levels. AOD trends are calculated using the weighted least squares regression approach and weights are assigned to the AOD values corresponding to the expected errors. Statistically significant trends are reported at 95% confidence level. The results inferred from both the sensors are found to be in quite acceptable agreement. Increasing trends are found in the economically growing parts of Asian landmass and the surrounding oceanic regions, especially Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. On the other hand, decreasing trends are observed over parts of Europe, South America and North America. The study also focuses on examining the AOD trends over the ten most populous nations of the world. In terms of aerosol loadings, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nigeria turned out to be the most polluted amongst the most populous countries. Significantly increasing trends in AOD are reported over the Indian subcontinent.

The International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Student Consortium (SC) is a network for young professionals studying or working within the fields of photogrammetry, remote sensing, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and other related geo-spatial sciences. The main goal of the network is to provide means for information exchange for its young members and thus help promote and integrate youth into the ISPRS. Over the past four years the Student Consortium has successfully continued to fulfil its mission in both formal and informal ways. The formal means of communication of the SC are its website, newsletter, e-mail announcements and summer schools, while its informal ones are multiple social media outlets and various social activities during student related events. The newsletter is published every three to four months and provides both technical and experiential content relevant for the young people in the ISPRS. The SC has been in charge or at least has helped with organizing one or more summer schools every year. The organization's e-mail list has over 1,100 subscribers, its website hosts over 1,300 members from 100 countries across the entire globe, and its public Facebook group currently has over 4,500 joined visitors, who connect among one another and share information relevant for their professional careers. These numbers show that the Student Consortium has grown into a significant online-united community. The paper will present the organization’s on-going and past activities for the last four years, its current priorities and a strategic plan and aspirations for the future four-year period.

Background and study aim: Strongyloides stercoralis was believed to have two kinds of life cycles. One of them was an internal parthenogenetic life cycle that constituted the parasitic generation. Some authors also stated that this parasitic generation of the internal life cycle used to reproduce only by protandrogony (i.e., hermaphroditism). The second type of life cycle was the external sexual cycle, interacting among free-living worms that represented the free-living generation in soil. The key objectives of this study were to: verify the type of reproduction in the parasitic generation of S. stercoralis, and demonstrate the complete integrated life cycles of both parasitic and free-living generations of S. stercoralis. Patients and Methods: The major sites of stool sample collection were selected to be the elementary schools (from students) at Dilla District, because S. stercoralis was ascertained to be endemic in this region. The parasitic worms of Strongyloides stercoralis obtained from fresh stools were used to set growth culture of free-living generation of this very species and to find the free-living male and female in copulation from the growth culture. A set of parasitic male & female in copulation isolated from a fresh stool sample of a patient under medical care in a hospital was also included. Results: The male and female worms of S. stercoralis had been isolated from both parasitic and free-living generations while they were in the actual copulation. Conclusion: The method of reproduction in the parasitic generation of S. stercoralis in human host was practically proved to be certainly sexual. This verified conclusion was the first practical achievement in the entire globe by solving the persistent problems (i.e., erroneous concepts of parthenogenesis and protandrogony as the types of reproduction in the parasitic generation of S. stercoralis) that had been misleading and puzzling the minds of the concerned scientists of the world until the establishment of this very achievement. Additionally, this achievement had enabled the investigator to construct the complete integrated life cycles of both parasitic and free-living generations of S. stercoralis.