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Bioplastics were produced by mixing starch with sorbitol, glacial acetic acid, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) during the manufacturing process. The physical characteristics of the bioplastics were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Tensile strength, elongation, and Young's modulus tests were utilized to assess the mechanical characteristics of bioplastics. The bioplastic with the highest tensile strength was BP3 (7.03 ± 0.34 N/mm2), whereas BP0 had a tensile strength of 1.57 ± 0.11 N/m2. The addition of CMC increased the viscosity of the solution and, consequently, the strength of the bioplastic. The range of bioplastic hydrophobicity was ~ 128.32–323.74%. FTIR and XPS test results indicated that the physical mixing utilized during synthesis did not result in the addition of functional groups other than the native functional groups of the substances since no chemical reaction occurred. The thermal behavior investigation revealed that increasing the amount of CMC added to TPS can increase the presence of O–H functional groups in bioplastics, contributing to an increase in the glass transition temperature. Furthermore, both bioplastics broke down at ~ 250 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated from naturally aged Japanese hanging scrolls and their model samples were measured using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) to clarify the effect of different painting papers and raw materials on the degradation state of hanging scrolls. VOC-based degradation markers were identified and their applicability was considered for degradation evaluations of actual Japanese hanging scrolls. The relative peak areas of different VOC groups were calculated by normalising their peak areas to the total peak area of long-chain hydrocarbons. When a painting paper was immersed in a CuSO4・5H2O solution, or coated with an alum solution, the relative peak areas of furfural and carboxylic acids increased after accelerated ageing, while these relative peak areas decreased when animal glue was applied, indicating that animal glue inhibited the generation of VOCs. When the painting paper containing Cu2+ was stacked with lining paper, furfural and carboxylic acids migrated into the lining paper with ageing. Animal glue coated on the painting paper retarded this migration into the lining paper. For the lining paper coated with wheat starch paste, the relative peak areas of furfural, carboxylic acids, and aliphatic aldehydes did not change significantly with ageing, indicating that wheat starch paste did not contribute to paper degradation, although these relative peak areas increased when aged wheat starch paste was applied. These results indicate that the targeted VOCs are valid degradation markers of Japanese hanging scrolls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the degradation behaviour of rolled hanging scrolls for future conservation treatments, we evaluated the degradation–position profiles of naturally aged hanging scrolls and their model samples, which were subjected to different storage conditions. For the sample immersed in a CuSO4・5H2O solution and rolled around a glass rod, accelerated ageing using the open method (80°C, 65% RH) revealed a tendency of lower pH and higher discolouration towards the central positions, where rolling caused the most tightness. However, no clear tendencies were observed for the concentration variations of organic acids. The degradation effects of the organic acids emitted from the paulownia wooden box were also examined using the sealed tube method by enclosing the rolled painting paper and acidic paper containing organic acids together in a glass tube. Large amounts of oxalic and formic acids were detected at the periphery and scant migration of the organic acids was observed towards the centre, thus indicating that the central positions of the painting paper were less susceptible to the influence of the organic acids emitted from the external environment. By contrast, glycolic acid diffused towards the centre. The analysis of two naturally aged hanging scrolls showed different degradation behaviours. One sample, stored open in the rolled state, showed severe discolouration with the naked eye at the outermost back surface of the scroll. This was possibly associated with the large amount of sulfate ions originating from the external atmosphere, which kept the pH lower and increased discolouration towards the peripheral positions of the painting paper. For the sample stored in a paulownia wooden box, discolouration was not observed with the naked eye at the outermost back surface of the scroll, although lower pH and higher discolouration were observed towards the central positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the factors affecting the life expectancy of hanging scrolls is the storage environment. Our study focused on clarifying the degradation behaviour of painting paper, concentrating on the specific storage conditions that provide an airtight environment in a storage box and the stacked structure of the rolled paper rather than considering the materials of the wooden storage box or the gases generated from it. The degradation behaviour and rates for the sealed tube and moist heat ageing methods, excluding the additional effects of light and air pollutants, were compared. When the painting paper was immersed in a CuSO4・5H2O solution instead of a copper green pigment, the oxidation of the painting paper, attributed to Cu2+, proceeded faster with the sealed tube method than with the moist heat method. The co-occurring organic acids generated, namely glycolic and formic acids, which were secondary components, were detected in a higher amount in the first lining paper than the painting paper. This implies that the acids migrated from the painting paper into the lining paper. However, oxalic acid, which was the main component, did not significantly migrate and remained in the reaction system in the sealed tube without volatilising. This increased the hydrogen ion concentration in the painting paper and accelerated acid hydrolysis. Consequently, discolouration and a decrease in the degree of polymerisation and physical strength proceeded faster with the sealed tube method than with the moist heat method. Thus, although this result does not necessarily invalidate the storage system of a rolled hanging scroll in a box, the storage of a deteriorated hanging scroll in a closed system is expected to degrade the painting paper faster than it would in an open system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Japanese painting paper is sized with an aqueous solution of alum and animal glue followed by brushing with a mixture of pigments of various colours and aqueous animal glue solution. Subsequently, to mount the Japanese painting to a hanging scroll, the backside of the painting is lined with a first lining paper using wheat starch paste for mechanical support. To evaluate the permanence of the painting paper as a composite material in the hanging scroll, the deterioration behaviour of the unlined painting paper and the lined painting paper was compared considering the material dynamics. After moist heat accelerated ageing (80°C, 65% RH), in the sample immersed in a CuSO4・5H2O solution, cellulose was oxidised by Cu2+ to generate organic acids in the painting paper, and Cu2+ and organic acids migrated to the lining paper. Consequently, the discolouration and oxidation of the painting paper in the lined complex were relatively low compared with those of the unlined painting paper. The pH decrease in the painting paper was also small in the lined complex. Moreover, if the animal glue solution was coated on the painting paper, a buffer effect was shown to operate against the organic acids derived from the oxidation of Cu2+, thereby inhibiting the migration of Cu2+ into the lining paper. In conclusion, the presence of the lining paper inhibited the decrease in the physical strength and degree of polymerisation of the cellulose in the painting paper, thus contributing to its permanence in the lined hanging scroll. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]