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Chrononutrition is a rapidly evolving field of nutritional epidemiology that addresses the complex relationship between temporal eating patterns, circadian rhythms, and metabolic health, but most prior research has focused on the cardiometabolic consequences of time-restricted feeding and intermittent fasting. The purpose of this topical review is to summarize epidemiological evidence from observational and intervention studies regarding the role of chrononutrition metrics related to eating timing and regularity in cardiometabolic health preservation and cardiovascular disease prevention. Observational studies are limited due to the lack of time-stamped diet data in most population-based studies. Findings from cohort studies generally indicate that breakfast skipping or the later timing of the first eating occasion, a later lunch and dinner, and a greater proportion of caloric intake consumed in the evening are associated with adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, including higher risk for coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation. Randomized controlled trials are also limited, as most in the field of chrononutrition focus on the cardiometabolic consequences of time-restricted feeding. Overall, interventions that shift eating timing patterns to earlier in the day and that restrict evening caloric intake tend to have protective effects on cardiometabolic health, but small sample sizes and short follow-up are notable limitations. Innovation in dietary assessment approaches, to develop low-cost validated tools with acceptable participant burden that reliably capture chrononutrition metrics, is needed for advancing observational evidence. Culturally responsive pragmatic intervention studies with sufficiently large and representative samples are needed to understand the impact of fixed and earlier eating timing schedules on cardiometabolic health. Additional research is warranted to understand the modifiable determinants of temporal eating patterns, to investigate the role of chrononutrition in the context of other dimensions of diet (quantity, quality, and food and nutrition security) in achieving cardiometabolic health equity, and to elucidate underlying physiological mechanisms.

Calorie restriction (CR) with adequate nutrient intake is a potential geroprotective intervention. To advance this concept in humans, we tested the hypothesis that moderate CR in healthy young-to-middle-aged individuals would reduce circulating biomarkers of cellular senescence, a fundamental mechanism of aging and aging-related conditions. Using plasma specimens from the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE™) phase 2 study, we found that CR significantly reduced the concentrations of several senescence biomarkers at 12 and 24 months compared to an ad libitum diet. Using machine learning, changes in biomarker concentrations emerged as important predictors of the change in HOMA-IR and insulin sensitivity index at 12 and 24 months, and the change in resting metabolic rate residual at 12 months. Finally, using adipose tissue RNA-sequencing data from a subset of participants, we observed a significant reduction in a senescence-focused gene set in response to CR at both 12 and 24 months compared to baseline. Our results advance the understanding of the effects of CR in humans and further support a link between cellular senescence and metabolic health.

Summary: Numerous investigations have studied relationships between satiation, satiety, or food intake and single factors like food composition and resting metabolic rate. However, a comprehensive framework connecting food, physiological, and psychological factors together has not previously been reported. As an exploratory study with a trained panel consisting of nine participants, the contributions of twenty‐eight variables (seven food, seven psychological, and fourteen physiological factors) to satiation, satiety, and food intake of a mid‐morning snack were investigated. Both human factors and foods had contributions to perceived satiation and satiety, but with large differences in loadings, especially for metabolic factors. Food factors, including nutrient and energy contents, were major determinants of food intake, with only small contributions from human factors. Investigating diverse factors together provides a comprehensive approach linking appetite to both food and human factors. This study suggests the potential to guide manipulation of satiation, satiety, and food intake depending on individual psychological and physiological profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adequate energy intake is essential for good clinical outcomes. The association between energy intake and readmission burden of patients with heart failure (HF) still needs to be clarified. Objective: In this study, our aim was to determine the association between energy intake and readmission in patients with HF. Methods: A total of 311 inpatientswith HF were recruited. Demographic and clinical information were collected during hospitalization; the daily diets of the participants were collected in the second week after discharge using the 3-day diet record, and the energy intake was calculated using a standardized nutrition calculator. The inadequate energy intake was defined as <70% x 25 kcal/kg of ideal body weight. The participantswere followed up for 12weeks after discharge. The number, reasons, and length of stay of unplanned readmissions were collected. Regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations between inadequate energy intake, and readmission rate and readmission days. Results: The median of the energy intake of participantswas 1032 (interquartile range, 809-1266) kcal/d. The prevalence of inadequate energy intakewas 40%. Patientswith inadequate energy intake had a higher risk of unplanned readmission (odds ratio, 5.616; 95% confidence interval, 3.015-10.462; P < .001) and more readmission days (incidence rate ratio, 5.226; 95% confidence interval, 3.829-7.134, P < .001) after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions: Patients with HF had a high incidence of inadequate dietary energy intake, and it increases the burden of readmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating behaviors develop in early life and refine during childhood, shaping long-term food choice and dietary habits, which underpin optimum growth and health. The development of Food Oral Processing (FOP) is of major importance in the establishment of eating behaviors at two scale levels: for the initial acceptance of food texture and for the longer-term development of eating behaviors associated to food intake. To date, both processes have been studied as independent topics and the current review proposes a parallel vision on their development from the onset of complementary feeding to later childhood. Individual factors affecting these FOP-related behaviors as they relate to food texture acceptance are discussed, alongside examples of interventions aiming at modifying them. Opportunity to better consider food textures when designing foods for children is addressed. Altogether, the review demonstrates the critical role of food texture in the development of a child's FOP skills, eating habits, and dietary patterns. These scientific knowledges need to be considered for the development of healthier eating behavior. We identify research gaps that need to be addressed and highlight the need to design foods that can support the development of healthy oral processing and eating behaviors among infants and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Energy availability (EA) is essential for maintaining physiological functions, significantly influencing athletes' health and performance. Nutritional behaviors, however, vary across sports. This study aims to assess EA levels in athletes from different disciplines, focusing on the relationship between EA and body composition in endurance athletes compared to rugby players. Methods: This study involved 18 endurance athletes (15 men, 3 women) and 36 rugby players (all men). Data were gathered through interviews, questionnaires, and bioimpedance analysis. Energy intake (EI) was measured with a 24 h dietary recall, and exercise energy expenditure (EEE) was calculated using the IPAQ questionnaire. EA was calculated as EA = (EI − EEE)/fat-free mass (FFM), with results categorized into clinical, subclinical, and optimal ranges. Results: The endurance group had a lower average FFM (57.81 kg) compared to the rugby players (67.61 kg). EA was also significantly lower in endurance athletes (11.72 kcal/kg FFM) than in rugby players (35.44 kcal/kg FFM). Endurance athletes showed more restrictive nutritional behavior with lower EI and higher EEE, but both groups maintained body composition within normal ranges. Conclusions: Endurance athletes exhibit greater nutritional restrictions compared to rugby players, though their body composition remains healthy. Further research is required to investigate the long-term effects of low EA on performance, injury risk, and potential impairment when EA falls below the optimal threshold of 45 kcal/kg FFM/day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Tools to accurately and efficiently measure dietary intake in Nigeria are lacking. We aimed to develop and assess the usability of a new online dietary assessment tool for Nigeria—myfood24 West Africa. Methods: We developed the myfood24 West Africa database using data from existing food composition tables, packaged foods labels and research articles. The development followed seven steps: identified data sources, selected foods, processed/cleaned the data, calculated the nutrient content of recipes, created and allocated portion sizes, quality-checked the database and developed food accompaniments. To pilot the tool, we recruited 179 university staff in Nigeria using a cross-sectional design. Usability was assessed using a questionnaire that included the System Usability Scale (SUS) and a feedback session. Results: The database included 924 foods, with up to 54 nutrients and 35 portion-size images allocated to foods. Sixty percent of the data were sourced from the 2019 West Africa Food Composition Table, 17% from back-of-pack labels of packaged foods, 14% from the 2017 Nigerian Food Composition Table, 5% from generated recipes and 4% from the published literature. Of the participants, 30% (n = 53) self-recorded their food intake, with a total of 1345 food and drink entries from both self- and interviewer-collected data. The mean SUS score of 74 (95% CI: 68,79) indicated good usability. The feedback showed that the tool was user-friendly, educational and included a variety of local foods. Conclusions: This new tool will enhance the dietary assessment of the Nigerian population. More work will expand coverage to include more foods from the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Accurate and precise predictions of microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis are crucial to predicting the supply of metabolizable protein in cattle. Inaccurate estimates of MCP can lead to over- or underfeeding of protein in beef cattle diets, which can have important animal performance and economic consequences. Extant MCP prediction equations are generally based on the intake of energy (e.g., total digestible nutrients (TDN) or digestible energy) and protein. We developed new equations based on the intake of organic matter, which yielded similar fit statistics to the extant equations for observed vs. predicted values, but the precision of all MCP predictions was less than desired, with errors averaging more than 28% of the observed mean. A simple approach of calculating MCP as 10% of the TDN intake was as effective as more complex equations. To move forward and improve the accuracy and precision of MCP prediction equations, research is needed to develop consistent and more precise techniques to measure MCP synthesis in cattle that will yield reliable estimates across a wide range of diets and production situations. Meta-omics tools might be a useful component of these new methods, but additional research is needed. Predictions of microbial crude protein (MCP) synthesis for beef cattle generally rely on empirical regression equations, with intakes of energy and protein as key variables. Using a database from published literature, we developed new equations based on the intake of organic matter (OM) and intakes or concentrations of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). We compared these new equations to several extant equations based on intakes of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and CP. Regression fit statistics were evaluated using both resampling and sampling from a simulated multivariate normal population. Newly developed equations yielded similar fit statistics to extant equations, but the root mean square error of prediction averaged 155 g (28.7% of the mean MCP of 540.7 g/d) across all equations, indicating considerable variation in predictions. A simple approach of calculating MCP as 10% of the TDN intake yielded MCP estimates and fit statistics that were similar to more complicated equations. Adding a classification code to account for unique dietary characteristics did not have significant effects. Because MCP synthesis is measured indirectly, most often using surgically altered animals, literature estimates are relatively few and highly variable. A random sample of individual studies from our literature database indicated a standard deviation for MCP synthesis that averaged 19.1% of the observed mean, likely contributing to imprecision in the MCP predictions. Research to develop additional MCP estimates across various diets and production situations is needed, with a focus on developing consistent and reliable methodologies for MCP measurements. The use of new meta-omics tools might improve the accuracy and precision of MCP predictions, but further research will be needed to assess the utility of such tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peru is one of the most diverse countries in the world in terms of food production, but also suffers a wide range of food security challenges, including malnutrition, the impact of natural hazards, and rising food prices. People living in poverty conditions are the main victims of these problems, which trigger undernutrition, obesity, and diet‐related non‐transmittable diseases. Despite these challenges, Peru lacks historical food intake data. Therefore, in the current study, we assess the diet quality evolution in the period 2008–2021 based on apparent household purchases extracted from the National Household Survey. The results reveal significant variations in the consumption of certain food items and groups, and the consequences of these changes are discussed in environmental and human health terms. The consumption of lower environmental impact animal protein, such as chicken, eggs, and marine fish, has increased by 37%, 69%, and 29%, respectively; whereas the consumption of high environmental impact foods, such as beef and other red meat, has decreased. Moreover, consumption of less processed carbohydrate sources (e.g., legumes, fruits, and vegetables) has risen, while refined sugar and sugar‐sweetened beverages have decreased significantly (almost 45%). Regional differences were also visible; hence, cities on the Northern coast and the Amazon basin had similar consumption habits, whereas Central/Southern coastal and Andean cities had closer consumption patterns. On average, this improvement was reflected in the increase in calories (9.9%) and macronutrient intake (up to 15%), but at the socioeconomic level, food inequality persists, with consumption of many food groups below minimum thresholds in lower socioeconomic strata. This article met the requirements for a gold/gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Our understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity remains at best incomplete despite a century of research. During this time, two alternative perspectives have helped shape thinking about the etiology of the disorder. The currently prevailing view holds that excessive fat accumulation results because energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, with excessive food consumption being the primary cause of the imbalance. The other perspective attributes the initiating cause of obesity to intrinsic metabolic defects that shift fuel partitioning from pathways for mobilization and oxidation to those for synthesis and storage. The resulting reduction in fuel oxidation and trapping of energy in adipose tissue drives a compensatory increase in energy intake and, under some conditions, a decrease in expenditure. This theory of obesity pathogenesis has historically garnered relatively less attention despite its pedigree. Here, we present an updated comprehensive formulation of the fuel partitioning theory, focused on evidence gathered over the last 80 years from major animal models of obesity showing a redirection of fuel fluxes from oxidation to storage and accumulation of excess body fat with energy intake equal to or even less than that of lean animals. The aim is to inform current discussions about the etiology of obesity and by so doing, help lay new foundations for the design of more efficacious approaches to obesity research, treatment and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition plays a key role in maintaining health and physical condition, particularly for active individuals, including athletes. It can therefore be assumed that individuals performing physically demanding tasks during the organization of sporting events, such as volunteers, should also pay attention to their nutrition. While the importance of diet for athletes has been widely studied, the impact of nutrition on sports volunteers remains under-researched. Volunteers often have to cope with varying degrees of physical and mental exertion, which may affect their nutritional needs. A qualitative study was conducted using in-depth individual interviews (IDIs) with 17 sports volunteers who had experience in organizing various sporting events. Participants were purposefully selected based on specific inclusion criteria, which included active involvement in sports volunteering (with a minimum of two years of experience in volunteer activities) as well as volunteering experience at sports events of various scales. The interviews aimed to understand the eating habits, dietary awareness, and impact of nutrition on health and physical fitness. The data were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis, focusing on coding responses and identifying recurring themes. Most participants did not place much importance on their diet, making random food choices due to a busy lifestyle and lack of time. Only a few volunteers consciously adjusted their diet when they had knowledge of the physically demanding tasks they were expected to perform during their volunteer work. The majority of volunteers relied on less reliable sources of nutritional information, such as blogs or social media, rather than credible sources of knowledge. This study revealed that many individuals involved in sports volunteering are unaware of the impact of diet on their fitness and health. There is a need for nutritional education for this group to improve their awareness of the importance of a balanced diet in the context of increased physical activity. It is also advisable to provide better nutritional conditions during sporting events and to promote the use of professional sources of information about healthy eating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Methods Results Conclusions To assess test–retest reliability of both food photography and food diary methods and validity of these data against known values derived from food labels.Test–retest reliability analyses of food diary and food photography were compared using single foodstuffs using intra‐class correlation coefficients, coefficients of variation, and limits of agreement. For food diaries, 24‐h test–retest reliability was also examined. Validity was assessed against weighed analyses. As part of habitual intake, a single foodstuff (randomly allocated from 14 common foods) was consumed by 26 participants over 24‐h. On two occasions (14 days apart), single‐blind dietary analyses allowed estimation of foodstuff‐specific energy and macronutrient content and 24‐h intakes.For food diaries, test–retest reliability was acceptable (weight, energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat: all intra‐class correlation coefficients: >0.990, coefficient of variation percentage: <0.1%, limits of agreements: <0.1 to <0.1, p > 0.05, and effect size: <0.01). For food photography, test–retest reliability was acceptable for weight, energy, carbohydrate, and protein (all intra‐class correlation coefficients: >0.898, coefficient of variation percentage: 3.6%–6.2%, limits of agreements: 1.1 to – 44.9, and effect size: 0.01–0.12). Food photography validity was worse than food diaries for all variables (percentage difference: 8.8%–15.3%, coefficient of variation percentage: 7.5%–13.8%, all p ≤ 0.05, and effect size: 0.001–0.11).Greater reliability and validity occurred in food diaries versus food photography. These findings suggest that using food photography may lead to an underestimation of energy and macronutrient content, which may have implications for dietary interventions and nutritional strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a low degree of energy compensation is typically reported over the 24 h following a session of exercise, the prolonged impact of a bout of exercise on energy intake remains unclear. To overcome the challenge associated with accurately measuring energy intake in a free‐living environment, this study employed the use of a meal replacement beverage to assess the 3 day impact of an exercise session on energy intake. In a randomized, crossover study, 14 participants (8 male, 6 female) completed two trials: (1) EX: 75 min exercise on a motorized treadmill (75% VO2peak); and (2) SED: 75 min sedentary control session. Each condition was followed by 3 days of exclusive ad libitum consumption of a meal replacement beverage. Appetite‐regulating hormones, subjective appetite, energy intake, and energy expenditure were assessed. Exercise transiently suppressed the orexigenic hormone acyl‐ghrelin (p < 0.05) and elevated the appetite‐supressing hepatokine GDF‐15 (p < 0.05). Despite these acute changes, overall perceived appetite was elevated over the 3 day assessment period with exercise (p < 0.05). No increase in energy intake or change in postexercise physical activity patterns were observed. One acute session of moderate to vigorous exercise is unlikely to affect short‐term, three‐day energy balance in healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Most wet commercial infant foods are now sold in squeezable 'pouches'. While multiple expert groups have expressed concern about their use, it is not known how commonly they are consumed and whether they impact energy intake or body mass index (BMI). The objectives were to describe pouch use, and determine associations with energy intake and BMI, in infants and young children. Methods: In this observational cross-sectional study of 933 young New Zealand children (6.0 months–3.9 years), pouch use was assessed by a questionnaire ('frequent' use was consuming food from a baby food pouch ≥5 times/week in the past month), usual energy intake using two 24-h recalls, and BMI z-score calculated using World Health Organization standards. Results: The sample broadly represented the wider population (27.1% high socioeconomic deprivation, 22.5% Māori). Frequent pouch use declined with age (infants 27%, toddlers 16%, preschoolers 8%). Few children were both frequent pouch users and regularly used the nozzle (infants 5%, toddlers 13%, preschoolers 8%). Preschoolers who were frequent pouch users consumed significantly less energy than non-users (−580 kJ [−1094, −67]), but infants (115 [−35, 265]) and toddlers (−206 [−789, 378]) did not appear to have a different energy intake than non-users. There were no statistically significant differences in the BMI z-score by pouch use. Conclusions: These results do not support the strong concerns expressed about their use, particularly given the lack of evidence for higher energy intake or BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference between estimated energy expenditure (EE) and self-reported dietary intake (EI), and factors associated with energy balance in deployed U.S. Army Special Operations Forces (SOF) Soldiers. Methods: Forty-six SOF Soldiers (age: 30.1 ± 3.5 yrs, body mass index: 27.7 ± 4.1 kg/m2) completed surveys on demographic data, mission activity characteristics, gastrointestinal issues, ration consumption, resilience, mood state, and dietary intake using a 127-question food frequency questionnaire at the end of a six-month deployment. EE was estimated using a SOF-specific prediction equation with a physical activity factor of 2.1. A paired t-test compared reported energy intake (EI) with estimated energy expenditure (EE). Pearson correlations identified significant variables associated with energy balance, which were then incorporated into a multiple linear regression model. The regression analysis included Profile of Mood States (POMS) anger and POMS depression as predictor variables to determine their influence on energy balance. Results: Reported mean EI was 2512 ± 1059 kcal·d−1, while estimated mean EE was 5272 ± 525 kcal·d−1. The mean energy imbalance was −2854 kcal/d (95% CI: −2655 to −3055, p < 0.001), with all participants in negative energy balance (range: −492 to −3813 kcal/d). POMS depression (r = 0.517, p < 0.01) and POMS anger (r = 0.363, p = 0.020) were associated with energy balance. The regression model was significant (R2 = 0.23, F (2, 38) = 7.02, p < 0.01), with POMS depression significantly predicting energy balance (β = 50.76, p = 0.011). Conclusions: Deployed SOF Soldiers reported high EE and limited EI, which may negatively impact performance. Higher POMS depression scores were associated with lower energy deficits. Future studies should investigate the relationship between mood and energy balance, using direct measures of EI and EE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This systematic review and meta‐analysis synthesized evidence pertaining to consummatory and appetitive responses to acute exercise in children and adolescents with and without obesity (5–18 years). Articles reporting on supervised, controlled trials of any modality, duration, or intensity with laboratory‐measured food intake were found using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane up to July 2023. Differences between conditions in laboratory energy and macronutrient intake, appetite sensations, and food reward were quantitatively synthesized using random‐effects meta‐analyses. Thirty‐five studies were eligible for the systematic review of energy intake, consisting of 60 distinct intervention arms with lean (n = 374) and overweight/obesity participants (n = 325; k = 51 eligible for meta‐analysis). Study quality as indicated by the Effective Public Healthy Practice Project tool was rated as low and moderate risk of bias for 80% and 20% of studies, respectively. Acute exercise had no significant effect on energy intake during an ad libitum test meal (mean difference [MD] = −4.52 [−30.58, 21.54] kcal, p = .729). Whilst absolute carbohydrate intake was lower after exercise (23 arms; MD = −6.08 [−11.26, −0.91] g, p = .023), the proportion of carbohydrate was not (30 arms; MD = −0.62 [−3.36, 2.12] %, p = .647). A small elevation in hunger (27 arms; MD = 4.56 [0.75, 8.37] mm, p = .021) and prospective food consumption (27 arms; PFC; MD = 5.71 [1.62, 9.80] mm, p = .008) was observed post‐exercise, but not immediately prior to the test meal (Interval: Mdn = 30 min, Range = 0–180). Conversely, a modest decrease in explicit wanting for high‐fat foods was evident after exercise (10 arms; MD = −2.22 [−3.96, −0.47] mm, p = .019). Exercise intensity (p = .033) and duration (p = .013) moderated food intake only in youth with overweight/obesity, indicating lower intake at high intensity and short duration. Overall, acute exercise does not lead to compensation of energy intake or a meaningful elevation of appetite or food reward and might have a modest benefit in youth with overweight/obesity if sufficiently intense. However, conclusions are limited by substantial methodological heterogeneity and the small number of trials employing high‐intensity exercise, especially in youth with overweight/obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Human skeletal muscle has the profound ability to hypertrophy in response to resistance training (RT). However, this has a high energy and protein cost and is presumably mainly restricted to recruited muscles. It remains largely unknown what happens with nonrecruited muscles during RT. This study investigated the volume changes of 17 recruited and 13 nonrecruited muscles during a 10-wk single-joint RT program targeting upper arm and upper leg musculature. Methods: Muscle volume changes were measured by manual or automatic 3D segmentation in 21 RT novices. Subjects ate ad libitum during the study and energy and protein intake were assessed by self-reported diaries. Results: Posttraining, all recruited muscles increased in volume (range: +2.2% to +17.7%, P < 0.05), whereas the nonrecruited adductor magnus (mean: -1.5% ± 3.1%, P = 0.038) and soleus (-2.4%± 2.3%, P = 0.0004) decreased in volume. Net muscle growth (r = 0.453, P = 0.045) and changes in adductor magnus volume (r = 0.450, P = 0.047) were positively associated with protein intake. Changes in total nonrecruited muscle volume (r = 0.469, P = 0.037), adductor magnus (r = 0.640, P = 0.002), adductor longus (r = 0.465, P = 0.039), and soleus muscle volume (r = 0.481, P = 0.032) were positively related to energy intake. When subjects were divided into a HIGH or LOW energy intake group, overall nonrecruited muscle volume (-1.7% ± 2.0%), adductor longus (-5.6% ± 3.7%), adductor magnus (-2.8% ± 2.4%), and soleus volume (-3.7% ± 1.8%) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the LOW but not the HIGH group. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study documenting that some nonrecruited muscles significantly atrophy during a period of RT. Our data therefore suggest muscle mass reallocation, that is, that hypertrophy in recruited muscles takes place at the expense of atrophy in nonrecruited muscles, especially when energy and protein availability are limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluate the validity of the PortionSize application. In this pilot study, 14 adults used PortionSize to record their free-living food intake over 3 consecutive days. Digital photography was the criterion measure, and the main outcomes were estimated intake of food (grams), energy (kilocalories), and food groups. Equivalence tests with ±25% equivalence bounds and Bland-Altman analysis were performed. Estimated gram intake from PortionSize was equivalent (P < 0.001) to digital photography estimates. PortionSize and digital photography estimated energy intake, however, were not equivalent (P = 0.08), with larger estimates from PortionSize. In addition, PortionSize and digital photography were equivalent for vegetable intake (P = 0.01), but PortionSize had larger estimates of fruits, grains, dairy, and protein intake (P >0.07; error range 11% to 23%). Compared with digital photography, PortionSize accurately estimated food intake and had reasonable error rates for other nutrients; however, it overestimated energy intake, indicating further application improvements are needed for free-living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objectives: We aimed to validate dietary assessment methods against the gold standard, doubly labeled water (DLW), for estimating total energy intake (TEI). Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched until May 2023. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies involving participants aged 1–18 years, employing dietary assessment methods like food records, dietary histories, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), or 24‐h recalls estimating TEI alongside DLW to measure total energy expenditure (TEE). Data were pooled using random‐effects meta‐analysis models. Results: Thirty‐three studies were identified, with sample sizes ranging from 9 to 118 participants. Meta‐analysis of 22 studies identified underestimation of TEI (mean difference [MD] = −262.9 kcal/day [95% CI: −380.0, −145.8]; I2 = 93.55%) for food records compared with TEE estimated by DLW. Other dietary assessment methods, including food recalls (n = 9) (MD = 54.2 kcal/day [95% CI: −19.8, 128.1]; I2 = 49.62%), FFQ (n = 7) (MD = 44.5 kcal/day [95% CI: −317.8, 406.8]; I2 = 94.94%), and diet history (n = 3) (MD = −130.8 kcal/day [95% CI: −455.8, 194.1]; I2 = 77.48%), showed no significant differences in TEI compared with DLW‐estimated TEE. All studies were of high quality. Conclusion: Food records may underestimate TEI, yet additional research is needed to identify the most accurate methods for assessing children's dietary intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: For foraging animals, energy acquisition is often influenced by an interaction of prey abundance and the amount of space needed to capture sufficient food. Suitable habitat includes those locations where prey capture rates are sufficient to meet energetic requirements for growth and reproduction. Hence, quantifying how space use changes with energy requirements and how prey densities affect prey capture rates in foraging animals provides insight into the mechanisms that create suitable habitat. Here, we were interested in assessing how body size influences foraging site selection, space use, and energy intake by Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus virginalis bouvieri. Furthermore, we sought to quantify how foraging rates changed with increasing levels of food. Methods: We recorded Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout foraging behavior in natural streams and measured space use and foraging rates using three‐dimensional videography. Result: We found that physical habitat features, such as current velocity, water depth, and foraging distance, were positively correlated with fish body size, but when foraging area was compared to a model of space use, we found that Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout used less space to capture prey than the model predicted. Fish foraging rates and estimated energy intake also increased with increasing prey availability; however, trout captured prey according to a type II functional response, indicating an upper limit to prey capture from handling time constraints. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout display allometric changes in foraging habitat use: larger fish can occupy deeper and faster areas that increase prey encounter rates, but as prey encounter rates increase, the foraging rates become limited by an individual's ability to identify, pursue, and handle prey items. Impact statementThe availability of food and space exerts a primary limit on the productivity of stream salmonids. Our study demonstrates that Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout primarily forage on drifting prey, use more space, and occupy locations that provide higher prey encounter rates as they grow, but energy intake may be limited by handling time constraints when foraging in streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Japanese dietary patterns on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and liver fibrosis. After excluding factors affecting the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis, 727 adults were analyzed as part of the Health Promotion Project. The dietary patterns of the participants were classified into rice, vegetable, seafood, and sweet based on their daily food intake. Liver stiffness measurements and controlled attenuation parameters were performed using FibroScan. Energy and nutrient intake were calculated using the Brief-type Self-administered Diet History Questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the risk factors for liver fibrosis within the MASLD population. The vegetable group had significantly lower liver fibrosis indicators in the MASLD population than the rice group. The multivariate analysis identified a body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.83; p = 0.047) and HOMA-IR ≥ 1.6 (OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.74–5.78; p < 0.001) as risk factors for liver fibrosis, and vegetable group membership was a significant low-risk factor (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.16–0.88; p = 0.023). The multivariate analysis of nutrients in low-risk foods revealed high intake of α-tocopherol (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56–0.99; p = 0.039) as a significant low-risk factor for liver fibrosis. This study suggests that a vegetable-based Japanese dietary pattern, through the antioxidant effects of α-tocopherol, may help prevent liver fibrosis in MASLD and the development of MASLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise on appetite control parameters, appetite perceptions, and energy intake in sedentary males with obesity. Design: Eleven males with obesity (body fat percentage 36.5 ± 2.5%, body mass index 35.3 ± 4.2 kg/m2, V̇O2peak 29 ± 3.1 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed two experimental sessions: (1) no exercise (CTRL) and (2) 60 min of moderate‐intensity cycling exercise at 60% V̇O2peak (MICT) in a crossover design. Blood analysis included growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF‐15), total ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine3–36 (PYY3–36), total glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), insulin, and glucose, as well as subjective appetite perceptions were measured in specific intervals. A standard breakfast at 0 h and an ad libitum meal postexercise was provided. Result: GDF‐15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [2.48–27.28] ng/L, p = 0.021) increased immediately following MICT compared to CTRL. However, there were no differences for PYY3–36 (p = 0.480, ηp2=0.025 ${\eta }_{p}^{2}=0.025$), total ghrelin (p = 0.646, ηp2=0.011 ${\eta }_{p}^{2}=0.011$), and total GLP‐1 (p = 0.451, ηp2=0.029 ${\eta }_{p}^{2}=0.029$) between sessions. Appetite perceptions (95% CI: [(−20.38)–(−6.16)] mm, p = 0.001) were suppressed following MICT though energy intake was not different between the sessions (95% CI: [(−1904.9)–928.1] kJ, p = 0.480). Conclusion: Sixty minutes of MICT increased GDF‐15 while suppressing appetite perceptions in individuals with obesity. There was no energy compensation postexercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background While the Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) are widely used for the glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus, the differences in the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4 inhibitors on energy intake and diabetes-related indicators are unclear. Methods This was a subanalysis of the CANTABILE study which compared the effects of canagliflozin and teneligliptin on metabolic factors in Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes. The changes at 24 weeks from the baseline of the diabetes-related indicators including Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), energy intake and body weight were compared between the canagliflozin and teneligliptin groups. Results Seventy-five patients in the canagliflozin group and 70 patients in the teneligliptin group were analyzed. A significant decrease in HbA1c was observed in both groups. In the teneligliptin group, although energy intake was significantly reduced, there was no significant change in body weight. Conversely, in the canagliflozin group, although energy intake tended to increase, body weight significantly decreased. Conclusion Canagliflozin and teneligliptin have different effects on the dietary status of patients with Type 2 diabetes. Our result suggests that canagliflozin can manage blood glucose without weight gain, even with increased energy intake.

Abstract Background Physical activity is widely promoted to maintain and improve health across all ages. Investigating how physical activity affects subsequent food intake provides insight into the factors that contribute to maintaining energy balance and effective weight management. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the evidence on the effect of acute physical activity on subsequent food intake in children and adolescents. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA) were applied. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) objectively measuring post-exercise energy intake in children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years were included. Studies with self-reported food intake were excluded. The databases PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched for RCTs, and the data were summarized at a qualitative and quantitative level. Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials was used to assess risk of bias. Changes in energy intake were examined with random effects meta-analysis. (PROSPERO: CRD42022324259). Results Out of 9582 studies, 22 RCTs with cross-over design remained eligible for meta-analysis. The primary outcome was post-intervention energy intake up to the next 24 h. Heterogeneity of studies was moderate, with an I2 of 57%. The median (interquartile range, IQR) energy expended while exercising was 240 (158) kcal. Meta-analysis of 41 study arms (exercise n = 780 and control n = 478) showed no differences in total energy intake between the exercise and control group with a mean difference MD = 23.31 [-27.54, 74.15] kcal. No subgroup differences were found. Macronutrient intake and appetite sensations where not substantially affected. Conclusion Engaging in exercise is a suitable means of raising activity-induced energy expenditure, without causing any noticeable changes in food intake or hunger within a single day.

Objectives: We investigated the relationship between the perioperative nutritional status and postoperative walking ability in patients with hip fractures. Methods: We included 246 surgically treated elderly patients with hip fractures who were ambulatory before the injury. Patients were divided into two groups: group A, who were able to walk at discharge, and group B, who were unable to walk at discharge. We pair-matched these two groups according to age, preoperative subdivided walking ability, and fracture site to form groups A′ and B'. The prognostic nutritional index (PNI; PNI = 10 × serum albumin (g/dL) + 0.005 × blood total lymphocyte count (/mm³)) before surgery and 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks after surgery and energy intake 1 and 2 weeks after surgery were compared. Results: After adjustments for age, preoperative subdivided walking ability, and fracture site, there were 51 patients in group A' (mean age 84.6 years) and 51 patients in group B' (mean age 84.7 years). In group A'/group B′, PNI was 43.38/42.60 (P = 0.19) before surgery, 33.87/33.31 (P = 0.44) 1 day after surgery, 34.99/32.35 (P = 0.01) 1 week after surgery, and 37.33/35.69 (P = 0.15) 2 weeks after surgery. Energy intake was 1380.8/1203.1 kcal (P = 0.01) 1 week after surgery and 1382.0/1335.6 kcal (P = 0.60) 2 weeks after surgery. Conclusions: PNI and energy intake at 1 week postoperatively were associated with early postoperative nutrition and the recovery of walking ability.

Abstract Background Healthy eating habits at a young age are crucial to support growth and development and good general health. In this context, monitoring youth dietary intakes adequately with valid tools is important to develop efficient interventions and identify groups that are more at risk of inadequate intakes. This study aimed to assess the relative validity of the self-administered web-based 24-h dietary recall (R24W) for evaluating energy and nutrient intakes among active adolescents. Methods Participants were invited to complete one interviewer-administered 24-h dietary dietary recall and the R24W on up to three occasions within one month. A total of 272 French-speaking active adolescents aged 12 to 17 years from the province of Québec were invited to complete three R24W and one interview-administered 24-h recall. Student’s t-test and correlations were conducted on sex-adjusted data. Percent differences, cross-classification (percentage of agreement), weighted Kappa and Bland-Altman plots were calculated. Results Mean (SD) energy intake from the R24W was 8.8% higher than from the interview-administered 24-h dietary recall (2558 kcal ± 1128 vs. 2444 kcal ± 998, p

Background Early-life food consumption patterns may affect children’s health by increasing susceptibility to developing non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. Aims To evaluate Jordanian children and adolescents’ energy and macronutrient intake and how closely they adhere to dietary recommendations. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from Jordan’s Population-based Food Consumption Survey, a household population-based study conducted in Jordan between 2021 and 2022 (561 children and adolescents 8-19 years). Dietary intake was assessed using the two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recall methods (24-h DR). The estimated food group and nutrient intakes were compared to nutritional recommendations, including MyPlate dietary guidelines. Results The prevalence of overweight/obese individuals based on body mass index (BMI) was 44%, and the average waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was 24.7%. Compared to MyPlate dietary guidelines, children and adolescents had a higher added sugar intake (57g/day). Also, consuming vegetables, fruits, and dairy fell short of MyPlate dietary guidelines. The total discretionary calorie intake in children and adolescents was approximately one-third of the total energy intake. Conclusion The food consumption of Jordanian children and adolescents includes high intakes of discretionary calories, with a low intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was elevated compared to international norms.

Background: While the Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) are widely used for the glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus, the differences in the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4 inhibitors on energy intake and diabetes-related indicators are unclear. Methods: This was a subanalysis of the CANTABILE study which compared the effects of canagliflozin and teneligliptin on metabolic factors in Japanese patients with Type 2 diabetes. The changes at 24 weeks from the baseline of the diabetes-related indicators including Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), energy intake and body weight were compared between the canagliflozin and teneligliptin groups. Results: Seventy-five patients in the canagliflozin group and 70 patients in the teneligliptin group were analyzed. A significant decrease in HbA1c was observed in both groups. In the teneligliptin group, although energy intake was significantly reduced, there was no significant change in body weight. Conversely, in the canagliflozin group, although energy intake tended to increase, body weight significantly decreased. Conclusion: Canagliflozin and teneligliptin have different effects on the dietary status of patients with Type 2 diabetes. Our result suggests that canagliflozin can manage blood glucose without weight gain, even with increased energy intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first systematic reviews of the effects of exercise on appetite‐regulation and energy intake demonstrated changes in appetite‐regulating hormones consistent with appetite suppression and decreases in subsequent relative energy intake over a decade ago. More recently, an intensity‐dependent effect and several potential mechanisms were proposed, and this review aims to highlight advances in this field. While exercise‐induced appetite suppression clearly involves acylated ghrelin, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 may also be involved, though recent evidence suggests peptide tyrosine tyrosine may not be relevant. Changes in subjective appetite perceptions and energy intake continue to be equivocal, though these results are likely due to small sample sizes and methodological inconsistencies. Of the proposed mechanisms responsible for exercise‐induced appetite suppression, lactate has garnered the most support through in vitro and in vivo rodent studies as well as a growing amount of work in humans. Other potential modulators of exercise‐induced appetite suppression may include sex hormones, growth‐differentiation factor 15, Lac‐Phe, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, and asprosin. Research should focus on the mechanisms responsible for the changes and consider these other modulators (i.e., myokines/exerkines) of appetite to improve our understanding of the role of exercise on appetite regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frailty is a complex condition that intensifies with age and is marked by decreased physiological function. We rigorously investigated the effects of lower vitamin intake on frailty using data from 665 adults aged over 65 years who consumed sufficient recommended daily energy and protein intakes from the Korean Nutrition and Health Survey, 2016–2019. The definition of frailty was modified based on Fried et al.'s definition of weight loss, exhaustion, weakness, slowness, and low energy expenditure. Based on daily intake, we analyzed vitamins such as vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and vitamin C. Our results of logistic regression showed that increasing multiple deficiencies in several kinds of vitamins (mild to moderate to severe) is not associated with frailty (odds ratio: 1, 1.24 (0.24–3.10), 0.82 (0.28–2.39), p for trend = 0.626) in older adults who consumed sufficient calories and proteins. A subgroup analysis of age and sex, which may interfere with the relationship between vitamin intake and frailty, showed that vitamin intake was not associated with frailty when sufficient energy and proteins were consumed. Furthermore, there was no difference in the prevalence of frailty between the groups with sufficient and insufficient intakes of individual vitamins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overweight and obesity affect almost 2 billion adults worldwide, and food restriction (FR) is commonly used to reduce body fat. Whether refeeding (Re) after FR at different ages and to different degrees leads to overweight and its possible mechanisms are uncertain. In this study, adult and young mice were both restricted to 15% and 40% of their casual food intake, and then were fed 60% high‐fat chow (FR15%–Re, FR40%–Re), whereas the control groups(CON) consumed high‐fat or normal food throughout, respectively. The results of the study suggest that mild FR‐heavy feeding may lead to more significant abnormal fat accumulation, liver damage, and increased recruitment of intestinal inflammatory factors and immune cells in mice of different ages and involves multiple types of alterations in the gut microbiota. Further fecal transplantation experiments as well as serum and liver enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay experiments preliminarily suggest that the link between lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses and the gut microbiota may be related to the regulation of the gut and live by Lipopolysaccharides(LPS) and Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor‐Alpha(PPAR‐α). In addition, our study may also serve as a reference for studying obesity prevention and treatment programs at different ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Enteral feeding pump systems deliver decreased amounts of macronutrients in human milk to neonates. This study determined the macronutrient loss associated with a bottle‐feeding pump system and the effect of manually mixing the human milk during extended feeds. Methods: Macronutrient content from samples of donor human milk was analyzed after simulated extended feeds with a bottle‐feeding pump system, using a human milk analyzer. Simulations were repeated using manual mixing of the bottle every 30 min during feeding. The percentage of the baseline was calculated, and one‐sample t tests and analysis of variance compared the effect of manual mixing and the duration of feeding on macronutrient delivery. Results: The delivery of fat and energy was lower over time, but manual mixing considerably improved retention. The length of feeding impacted fat delivery, with less fat delivered over time (P < 0.001). Manually mixing significantly increased fat delivery (P < 0.001). Similar results were found for energy, with a significant reduction in energy delivery over time (P < 0.001) and significantly more energy delivered with mixing (P < 0.001). Mixing and the duration of feeding had minimal effect on protein or carbohydrate delivery. Conclusions: Bottle‐feeding pump systems are associated with a significant reduction in the delivery of fat and energy of donor human milk. The manual mixing of donor human milk during prolonged feeds is a simple way to improve fat and energy delivery to the neonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genes regulating body fat are shared with high fidelity by mice and humans, indicating that mouse knockout (KO) phenotyping might identify valuable antiobesity drug targets. Male Mrs2 magnesium transporter (Mrs2) KO mice were recently reported as thin when fed a high-fat diet (HFD). They also exhibited increased energy expenditure (EE)/body weight and had beiged adipocytes that, along with isolated hepatocytes, demonstrated increased oxygen consumption, suggesting that increased EE drove the thin phenotype. Here we provide our data on these and additional assays in Mrs2 KO mice. We generated Mrs2 KO mice by homologous recombination. HFD-fed male and female Mrs2 KO mice had significantly less body fat, measured by quantitative magnetic resonance, than wild-type (WT) littermates. HFD-fed Mrs2 KO mice did not demonstrate increased EE by indirect calorimetry and could not maintain body temperature at 4 °C, consistent with their decreased brown adipose tissue stores but despite increased beige white adipose tissue. Instead, when provided a choice between HFD and low-fat diet (LFD), Mrs2 KO mice showed a significant 15% decrease in total energy intake resulting from significantly lower HFD intake that offset numerically increased LFD intake. Food restriction studies performed using WT mice suggested that this decrease in energy intake could explain the loss of body fat. Oral glucose tolerance test studies revealed significantly improved insulin sensitivity in Mrs2 KO mice. We conclude that HFD-fed Mrs2 KO mice are thin with improved insulin sensitivity, and that this favorable metabolic phenotype is driven by hypophagia. Further evaluation is warranted to determine the suitability of MRS2 as a drug target for antiobesity therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Physical activity is widely promoted to maintain and improve health across all ages. Investigating how physical activity affects subsequent food intake provides insight into the factors that contribute to maintaining energy balance and effective weight management. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the evidence on the effect of acute physical activity on subsequent food intake in children and adolescents. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA) were applied. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) objectively measuring post-exercise energy intake in children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years were included. Studies with self-reported food intake were excluded. The databases PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched for RCTs, and the data were summarized at a qualitative and quantitative level. Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials was used to assess risk of bias. Changes in energy intake were examined with random effects meta-analysis. (PROSPERO: CRD42022324259). Results: Out of 9582 studies, 22 RCTs with cross-over design remained eligible for meta-analysis. The primary outcome was post-intervention energy intake up to the next 24 h. Heterogeneity of studies was moderate, with an I2 of 57%. The median (interquartile range, IQR) energy expended while exercising was 240 (158) kcal. Meta-analysis of 41 study arms (exercise n = 780 and control n = 478) showed no differences in total energy intake between the exercise and control group with a mean difference MD = 23.31 [-27.54, 74.15] kcal. No subgroup differences were found. Macronutrient intake and appetite sensations where not substantially affected. Conclusion: Engaging in exercise is a suitable means of raising activity-induced energy expenditure, without causing any noticeable changes in food intake or hunger within a single day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: A sustained mismatch between energy intake (EI) and exercise energy expenditure (EEE) can lead to Low Energy Availability (LEA), as well as health and performance impairments characteristic of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Research in females has identified specific LEA cut-points for the risks of developing physiological and performance disturbances. Cut-points in males have yet to be evaluated; therefore, this study examined the prevalence of LEA in highly trained male cross-country skiers. The key purpose of this study was to analyze EI, resting energy expenditure (REE), EEE, and energy availability (EA) in highly trained cross-country skiers during the preparation and competition periods. The secondary objective of our study was to evaluate the relative contribution of fats and carbohydrates to EI, REE, and EEE. Materials and Methods: EI was determined by an estimated 24 h diet recall method, REE was assessed by indirect calorimetry, and EEE was estimated from heart rate in 27 cross-country skiers. Results: EI amounted to 4050 ± 797 kcal/day on a typical training day (TD) and 5986 ± 924 kcal/day (p < 0.001) on a typical competition day (CD). REE on TDs (2111 ± 294 kcal/day or 30 ± 6 kcal/day/kg) was higher (p < 0.05) than on CDs (1891 ± 504 kcal/day or 27 ± 7 kcal/day/kg). The EA in the athletes was <15 kcal∙kg FFM–1·d–1 on TDs and <65 kcal∙kg FFM–1·d–1 on CDs. EI was not optimal, as indicated by low EA throughout TDs (June). This could be associated with insufficient EI along with a high amount of EEE (3690.7 ± 485.2 kcal/day). During the transition from TD to CD, an increase in the contribution of fats to EI and EEE was observed in cross-country skiers. Conclusion: The conception of LEA and REDs and their potential implication for performance is underestimated among coaches and athletes. The importance of appropriate dietary strategies is essential to ensure that enough calories are consumed to support efficient training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have confirmed the link between altered dietary intake and eating disorders (EDs), although no systematic assessment of this research exists. Rigorous synthesis of dietary intake in anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge-eating disorder (BED), and similar EDs is needed to explore similarities and differences. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement, we conducted a systematic review and quantitative synthesis of studies of dietary intake. Searches of three electronic databases resulted in thirty-nine included studies. Meta-analyses of subsets of these studies were undertaken to summarise macronutrient intake across AN, BN, and BED. Study quality was assessed using the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist, with ratings either Positive (k = 27) or Neutral (k = 12). Adults with AN had low energy intake and those with BED reported elevated macronutrient intake. Individuals with BN reported wide variation in energy intake, including some of the highest estimates. Individuals with AN were likely to under-consume key micronutrients, with sodium potentially over-consumed in BN and BED. Vitamin D was under-consumed across all disorders. This meta-analysis highlights important diagnostic differences and synthesises dietary intake in EDs, with particular relevance to risk assessment and treatment. • A systematic review and meta-analysis of the dietary intake of adults with eating disorders was conducted. • Individuals with AN generally reported the lowest intake of total energy. • Macronutrient intake was elevated in BED, and those with BN reported wide variation in energy intake. • Several micronutrients are likely to be under-consumed in AN. • Vitamin D was under-consumed across disorders and sodium over-consumed in BN and BED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: this study aimed to assess the effects of two isocaloric parenteral nutrition (PN) regimens with different protein content and non-protein calorie to nitrogen ratio (NPCNR) on the evolution of nutritional parameters and outcomes in adult inpatients. Methods: this was a retrospective quasi-experimental study performed in a 400-bed tertiary hospital. Adult inpatients were initially eligible if they had received ≥ 4 days of PN with NPCNR ≥ 100 or ≤ 90 in a period of three years. Patients were propensity-score matched to adjust for differences, resulting in two final cohorts: Cohort "Medium-P" included patients receiving PN with NCPCNR ≥ 100 and cohort "High-P", receiving PN with NCPCNR ≤ 90. The main variables were differences in plasma albumin, prealbumin, cholesterol, and lymphocyte count, days requiring PN, length of stay, and mortality at 90 days. Results: 202 patients were finally recruited and divided into the two equal cohorts. Patients were mainly male (122; 60.4 %), surgical (149; 73.8 %), critically ill (100; 49.5 %), with high nutritional risk (141; 69.8 %) and with a neoplasm (145; 71.8 %). PN provided 25 kcal/kg/day, but protein intake was 0.25 g/kg/day higher in the "High-P" cohort. Baseline characteristics and biochemistry were not different between the two cohorts. The "High-P" cohort presented a smaller difference at the end of PN for lymphocytes, more days with hyperglycaemia, and more days requiring PN. The rest of variables did not differ. Conclusions: high doses of protein (lower NPCNR) did not present advantages compared to medium doses of protein (higher NPCNR) when providing isocaloric PN in adult inpatients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To assess the nutritional status and dietary quality of medical students and its influencing factors. Methods Students from Shanghai Medicial College of Fudan University were recruited to complete the 7-day and 24-hour dietary records, with food consumption measured by weight. A comprehensive evaluation of the students’ dietary quality was carried out by comparing their actual nutrient intake against recommended levels and calculating the component score of the Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI). Factor analysis was used to extract dietary patterns. All subjects were further divided into high score group and low score group based on total CHEI. Binary Logistic regression was used to determine the factors influencing dietary quality. Results The study participants had an average daily energy intake of (2 057.02±501.87) kcal/d, 80% from on-campus canteen meals. Carbohydrates, proteins and fats contributed to 48.90%, 16.55% and 36.07% of the total energy intake, respectively. The CHEI median score was 67.55. Component scores for tubers, vegetables, fruits, dairy, fish and seafood, and nuts were below 60%, indicating an unbalanced diet. Being in the graduate stage (OR=0.53, 95%CI: 0.28-0.98) and having unreasonable body weight expectations (OR=0.37, 95%CI：0.17-0.81) were associated with lower CHEI scores. Conversely, higher CHEI scores were associated with the fruit-dairy dietary pattern (OR=8.20, 95%CI：3.39-19.84), the tuber-vegetable dietary pattern (OR=3.41, 95%CI: 1.58-7.32), and lower rates of on-campus dining (OR=1.92, 95%CI：1.02-3.59). Conclusion The energy intake of students at Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University appears to be adequate. However, a relatively high proportion of energy supply from fat intake indicates a need for improvement in their dietary structure. The dietary quality of students is mainly influenced by their educational level, weight expectations and dietary patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthy eating habits at a young age are crucial to support growth and development and good general health. In this context, monitoring youth dietary intakes adequately with valid tools is important to develop efficient interventions and identify groups that are more at risk of inadequate intakes. This study aimed to assess the relative validity of the self-administered web-based 24-h dietary recall (R24W) for evaluating energy and nutrient intakes among active adolescents. Methods: Participants were invited to complete one interviewer-administered 24-h dietary dietary recall and the R24W on up to three occasions within one month. A total of 272 French-speaking active adolescents aged 12 to 17 years from the province of Québec were invited to complete three R24W and one interview-administered 24-h recall. Student's t-test and correlations were conducted on sex-adjusted data. Percent differences, cross-classification (percentage of agreement), weighted Kappa and Bland-Altman plots were calculated. Results: Mean (SD) energy intake from the R24W was 8.8% higher than from the interview-administered 24-h dietary recall (2558 kcal ± 1128 vs. 2444 kcal ± 998, p < 0.05). Significant differences in mean nutrient intake between the R24W and the interview-administered 24-h dietary recall ranged from 6.5% for % E from fat (p < 0.05) to 25.2% for saturated fat (p < 0.001), i.e., higher values with R24W. Sex-adjusted correlations were significant for all nutrients except for % E from proteins and thiamin (range: 0.24 to 0.52, p < 0.01). Cross-classification demonstrated that 36.6% of the participants were classified in the same fourth with both methods, 39.6% in the adjacent fourth, and 5.7% misclassified. Bland-Atman plots revealed proportional bias between the two methods for 7/25 nutrients. Completing at least two recalls with the R24W increased the precision of intake estimates. Conclusion: These data suggest that the R24W presents an acceptable relative validity compared to a standard interview-administered 24-h recall for estimating energy and most nutrients in a cohort of French-speaking adolescents from the province of Québec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed postprandial plasma aminoacidemia, glycemia, insulinemia and appetite responses to ingestion of a novel salmon-derived protein peptide (Salmon PP) compared with milk protein isolate (Milk PI). In a randomised, participant-blind crossover design, eleven healthy adults (M = 5, F = 6; mean ± sd age: 22 ± 3 years; BMI: 24 ± 3 kg/m2) ingested 0·3 g/kg/body mass of Salmon PP or Milk PI. Arterialised blood samples were collected whilst fasted and over a 240-min postprandial period. Appetite sensations were measured via visual analogue scales. An ad libitum buffet-style test meal was administered after each trial. The incremental AUC (iAUC) plasma essential amino acid (EAA) response was similar between Salmon PP and Milk PI. The iAUC plasma leucine response was significantly greater following Milk PI ingestion (P < 0·001), whereas temporal and iAUC plasma total amino acid (P = 0·001), non-essential amino acid (P = 0·002), glycine (P = 0·0025) and hydroxyproline (P < 0·001) responses were greater following Salmon PP ingestion. Plasma insulin increased similarly above post-absorptive values following Salmon PP and Milk PI ingestion, whilst plasma glucose was largely unaltered. Indices of appetite were similarly altered following Salmon PP and Milk PI ingestion, and total energy and macronutrient intake during the ad libitum meal was similar between Salmon PP and Milk PI. The postprandial plasma EAA, glycine, proline and hydroxyproline response to Salmon PP ingestion suggest this novel protein source could support muscle and possibly connective tissue adaptive remodelling, which warrants further investigation, particularly as the plasma leucine response to Salmon PP ingestion was inferior to Milk PI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The SI.Menu study offers the latest data on the dietary intake of Slovenian adolescents aged 10 to 17. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively assess their dietary intake (energy and nutrients) and compare their food intakes with dietary recommendations for healthy and sustainable diets. Methods: The cross-sectional epidemiological dietary study SI.Menu (March 2017–April 2018) was conducted on a representative sample of Slovenian adolescents aged 10 to 17 years (n = 468) (230 males and 238 females). Data on dietary intake were gathered through two non-consecutive 24 h recalls, in line with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) EU Menu methodology. The repeated 24 h Dietary Recall (HDR) and Food Propensity Questionnaire (FPQ) data were combined to determine the usual intakes of nutrients and food groups, using the Multiple Source Method (MSM) program. Results: Adolescents' diets significantly deviate from dietary recommendations, lacking vegetables, milk and dairy products, nuts and seeds, legumes, and water, while containing excessive meat (especially red meat) and high-sugar foods. This results in insufficient intake of dietary fibre, and nutrients such as vitamin D, folate, and calcium. Conclusions: The dietary intake of Slovenian adolescents does not meet healthy and sustainable diet recommendations. This study provides an important insight into the dietary habits of Slovenian adolescents that could be useful for future public health strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Food insecurity (FI) is associated with poor metabolic health. It is assumed that energy intake and diet quality underlie this association. We tested the hypothesis that dietary factors (quantity and quality) mediate the association of FI with excess weight, waist circumference and glycemic control [glycohemoglobin (A1C)]. Methods A mediation analysis was performed on data from the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey using FI as an independent variable; body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and A1C as metabolic outcome variables and total energy intake, macronutrients, and diet quality measured by the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) as potential mediators. Results Despite a greater prevalence of obesity in participants experiencing FI, daily reported energy intake was similar in food-secure and -insecure subjects. In adjusted analyses of the overall cohort, none of the examined dietary factors mediated associations between FI and metabolic outcomes. In race-stratified analyses, total sugar consumption was a partial mediator of BMI in non-Hispanic Whites, while diet quality measures (HEI-2015 total score and added sugar subscore) were partial mediators of waist circumference and BMI, respectively, for those in the "other" ethnic group. Conclusion Dietary factors are not the main factors underlying the association of FI with metabolic health. Future studies should investigate whether other social determinants of health commonly present in the context of FI play a role in this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: School-age children are vulnerable to nutritional and health problems. Several factors that can directly influence a child's nutritional status are nutritional intake, which includes energy and macronutrient intake, level of physical activity, and incidence of illness. Objectives: This research analyzes the relationship between energy intake and macronutrients with the nutritional status of Muhammadiyah elementary school children in Gresik Regency. Methods: This research was an observational analytical study with a cross-sectional study design. Using purposive sampling, 231 children from five Muhammadiyah elementary schools in Gresik Regency were taken as research samples. The research was carried out from May to June 2023. Research variables include energy intake, intake of macronutrients, and nutritional status. Data collection used the interview method with 2x24-hour food recall, FFQ (Food Frequency Questionnaire), and measuring body weight and height to assess nutritional status based on BMI-for-age (Body Mass Index-for-age). All research data were analyzed using the Spearman test. Results: The result showed there is a relationship between energy intake (pvalue=0.000) and protein (p-value=0.000) with nutritional status, but there is no relationship between the intake of fat (p-value=0.253) and carbohydrates (pvalue=0.821) with nutritional status of Muhammadiyah elementary school children in Gresik Regency. Conclusions: Intake of energy and macronutrients, especially protein, is related to the nutritional status of school children in Gresik Regency. Healthy food and snacks need to be provided in school canteens to support the nutritional status of school-age children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of cannabis' most iconic effects is the stimulation of hedonic high-calorie eating-the "munchies"-yet habitual cannabis users are, on average, leaner than non-users. We asked whether this phenotype might result from lasting changes in energy balance established during adolescence, when use of the drug often begins. We found that daily low-dose administration of cannabis' intoxicating constituent, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), to adolescent male mice causes an adult metabolic phenotype characterized by reduced fat mass, increased lean mass and utilization of fat as fuel, partial resistance to diet-induced obesity and dyslipidemia, enhanced thermogenesis, and impaired cold- and β-adrenergic receptor-stimulated lipolysis. Further analyses revealed that this phenotype is associated with molecular anomalies in the adipose organ, including ectopic overexpression of muscle-associated proteins and heightened anabolic processing. Thus, adolescent exposure to THC may promote an enduring "pseudo-lean" state that superficially resembles healthy leanness but might in fact be rooted in adipose organ dysfunction.

ObjectiveThe StRONG study demonstrated that higher calorie refeeding (HCR) restored medical stability faster in patients hospitalized with anorexia nervosa (AN) and atypical AN (AAN), with no increased safety events compared with standard-of-care lower calorie refeeding (LCR). However, some clinicians have expressed concern about potential unintended consequences of HCR (e.g., greater mealtime distress). The purpose of this study was to examine patient treatment preference and compare mealtime distress, food refusal, and affective states between treatments.MethodParticipants (N = 111) in this multisite randomized clinical trial were ages 12-24 years, with AN or AAN, admitted to hospital with medical instability who received assigned study treatment (HCR or LCR). Treatment preference was assessed prior to randomization in the full sample. In a subset of participants (n = 45), linear mixed effect models were used to analyze momentary ratings of mealtime distress (pre, during, and post-meals) and daily affective state during the hospitalization.ResultsAbout half (55%) of participants reported a preference for LCR. Treatment assignment was not associated with food refusal, mealtime distress, or affective states in the subsample. Food refusal increased significantly over the course of refeeding (p = .018). Individuals with greater depression experienced more negative affect (p = .033), with worsening negative affect over time for individuals with higher eating disorder psychopathology (p = .023).DiscussionDespite understandable concerns about potential unintended consequences of HCR, we found no evidence that treatment acceptability for HCR differed from LCR for adolescents and young adults with AN and AAN.Public significanceThe efficacy and safety of higher calorie refeeding in hospitalized patients with anorexia nervosa has been demonstrated. However, it is not known whether higher calorie refeeding (HCR) increases meal-time distress. This study demonstrated that HCR was not associated with increased mealtime distress, food refusal, or affective states, as compared with lower calorie refeeding. These data support HCR treatment acceptability for adolescents/young adults with anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa.

Background Early-life food consumption patterns may affect children’s health by increasing susceptibility to developing non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. Aims To evaluate Jordanian children and adolescents’ energy and macronutrient intake and how closely they adhere to dietary recommendations. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from Jordan’s Population-based Food Consumption Survey, a household population-based study conducted in Jordan between 2021 and 2022 (561 children and adolescents 8-19 years). Dietary intake was assessed using the two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recall methods (24-h DR). The estimated food group and nutrient intakes were compared to nutritional recommendations, including MyPlate dietary guidelines. Results The prevalence of overweight/obese individuals based on body mass index (BMI) was 44%, and the average waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) was 24.7%. Compared to MyPlate dietary guidelines, children and adolescents had a higher added sugar intake (57g/day). Also, consuming vegetables, fruits, and dairy fell short of MyPlate dietary guidelines. The total discretionary calorie intake in children and adolescents was approximately one-third of the total energy intake. Conclusion The food consumption of Jordanian children and adolescents includes high intakes of discretionary calories, with a low intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was elevated compared to international norms.

Abstract While a low degree of energy compensation is typically reported over the 24 h following a session of exercise, the prolonged impact of a bout of exercise on energy intake remains unclear. To overcome the challenge associated with accurately measuring energy intake in a free‐living environment, this study employed the use of a meal replacement beverage to assess the 3 day impact of an exercise session on energy intake. In a randomized, crossover study, 14 participants (8 male, 6 female) completed two trials: (1) EX: 75 min exercise on a motorized treadmill (75% VO2peak); and (2) SED: 75 min sedentary control session. Each condition was followed by 3 days of exclusive ad libitum consumption of a meal replacement beverage. Appetite‐regulating hormones, subjective appetite, energy intake, and energy expenditure were assessed. Exercise transiently suppressed the orexigenic hormone acyl‐ghrelin (p

Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise on appetite control parameters, appetite perceptions, and energy intake in sedentary males with obesity. Design Eleven males with obesity (body fat percentage 36.5 ± 2.5%, body mass index 35.3 ± 4.2 kg/m2, V̇O2peak 29 ± 3.1 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed two experimental sessions: (1) no exercise (CTRL) and (2) 60 min of moderate‐intensity cycling exercise at 60% V̇O2peak (MICT) in a crossover design. Blood analysis included growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF‐15), total ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine3–36 (PYY3–36), total glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), insulin, and glucose, as well as subjective appetite perceptions were measured in specific intervals. A standard breakfast at 0 h and an ad libitum meal postexercise was provided. Result GDF‐15 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [2.48–27.28] ng/L, p = 0.021) increased immediately following MICT compared to CTRL. However, there were no differences for PYY3–36 (p = 0.480, ηp2=0.025), total ghrelin (p = 0.646, ηp2=0.011), and total GLP‐1 (p = 0.451, ηp2=0.029) between sessions. Appetite perceptions (95% CI: [(−20.38)–(−6.16)] mm, p = 0.001) were suppressed following MICT though energy intake was not different between the sessions (95% CI: [(−1904.9)–928.1] kJ, p = 0.480). Conclusion Sixty minutes of MICT increased GDF‐15 while suppressing appetite perceptions in individuals with obesity. There was no energy compensation postexercise.

Technology-enabled approaches to conducting 24-h dietary recalls (24HR) may reduce dietary assessment bottlenecks in low-resource settings. However, few studies have assessed their performance relative to conventional pen-and-paper interview (PAPI) approaches and none have validated performance against a benchmark (e.g. weighed food record (WFR)) in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC). This study assessed relative accuracy and cost-effectiveness of INDDEX24, a technology-enabled approach to conducting 24HR, compared with a PAPI approach and against an observer WFR. Women aged 18-49 years from northern Viet Nam (n 234) were randomly assigned to be interviewed using INDDEX24 or PAPI 24HR following a WFR. The two one-sided t test approach assessed the equivalence of each recall modality to the benchmark. Difference-in-differences analysis compared the recall-benchmark results across modalities. Cost per percentage point of accuracy for INDDEX24 and PAPI was derived from accuracy results and the cost to conduct the 24HR. The PAPI and INDDEX24 24HR were statistically equivalent to the WFR for all nutrients except vitamin A. INDDEX24 diverged significantly less than PAPI from the WFR for Fe (0·9 v. -1·3 mg) and PAPI diverged less for protein (-3·7 v. 7·9 g). At the individual level, 26 % of PAPI and 32 % of INDDEX24 respondents had energy intakes within +/- 10 % of the WFR. INDDEX24 cost $111 004 and the PAPI cost $120 483 (USD 2019), making INDDEX24 more cost-effective across most indicators. INDDEX24 was an accurate and cost-effective method for assessing dietary intake in the study context and represents a preferred alternative to PAPI 24HR in Viet Nam and other LMIC.

The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes is growing at an alarming rate, including among pregnant women. Low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) have increasingly been used as an alternative to sugar to deliver a sweet taste without the excessive caloric load. However, there is little evidence regarding their biological effects, particularly during development. Here, we used a mouse model of maternal LCS consumption to explore the impact of perinatal LCS exposure on the development of neural systems involved in metabolic regulation. We report that adult male, but not female, offspring from both aspartame- and rebaudioside A-exposed dams displayed increased adiposity and developed glucose intolerance. Moreover, maternal LCS consumption reorganized hypothalamic melanocortin circuits and disrupted parasympathetic innervation of pancreatic islets in male offspring. We then identified phenylacetylglycine (PAG) as a unique metabolite that was upregulated in the milk of LCS-fed dams and the serum of their pups. Furthermore, maternal PAG treatment recapitulated some of the key metabolic and neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with maternal LCS consumption. Together, our data indicate that maternal LCS consumption has enduring consequences on the offspring's metabolism and neural development and that these effects are likely to be mediated through the gut microbial co-metabolite PAG.