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Reproductive behaviours are crucial to the stimulation of genital. Aim of this study to access to reproductive behaviours of Scotophilus kuhlii including genital grooming, sniff, and licking in Siddharth Nagar. Furthermore, the morphometric variation including scrotum length of male, body mass was access in reproductively and non-reproductively active of Asiatic lesser Yellow bat, S. kuhlii at various districts from 2016 to 2018 in Uttar Pradesh, India. Video recorder used for access reproductive behaviour and Mist net used for captured for access the morphometric variation. Our result indicates that a total of 34hours have been observed behabiour of S. kuhlii such as genital grooming, urogenital sniffing, urogenital licking by a male were increased in February, after which gradually decreases. While vaginal licking by a pregnant female was maximum performed in April. The body mass of pregnant females was gradually increased until birth while scrotum length of a male maximum length size in February and minimum in November. The females gave birth to two pups in the last week of May. Newborn pups red-brownish in colour back and light pink belly which closed eyes and hairless. We conclude reproductive behaviour was important to make a success of the reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the heavy metal concentration by using feathers of Ardeola grayii from different area of Lucknow. The metals analysed are: cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, manganese and zinc from different sites in Lucknow during September 2016 to February 2019. In all five sites (S1 to S5), for all five metals there were statistically significant variations of metal concentration in feathers of Ardeola grayii. Mn (17.8 ± 2.37) and Zn(48.17± 0.8) concentrations in feathers of Ardeola grayii were relatively higher, but mercury was not present any sample of feather. In the all five sites heavy metals present in order: Zn>Mn>Cr>Cd>. This study suggested that feather is used as non-invasive tool for metal concentration in feeding and breeding area of Ardeola grayii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study on the hair microstructure of pteropodid bats Pteropus giganteus, Rousettus leschenaulti, and Cynopterus sphinx was performed using scanning electron microscope. Hair samples were taken from the dorsal, ventral, and neck regions. Among the three pteropodids examined, an imbricate and tightly appressed hair type was observed in P. giganteus, while a coronal type of cuticle with margins diverging from the shaft was observed in R. leschenaulti and C. sphinx. The coronal cuticles of R. leschenaulti and C. sphinx had relatively thinner scale widths than the imbricate cuticles of P. giganteus. There was a significant difference in hair length, scale lengths and scale widths, and scale indices among the three species of fruit bats. However, there was no significant difference in hair length and scale index of male and female R. leschenaulti as well as in hair length and scale indices of male and female C. sphinx. The presence of bell-shaped coronal cuticle and wide angular scale margin in R. leschenaulti and C. sphinx reveal their role as active pollinators. The hair patterns, hair length, scale length and width confirm the presence of species-specific characteristics of pteropodid bats and can be used for species identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mukesh Kumar, Yuvana S. Priya, Virendra Mathur, Harendra Kumar, and Vadamalai Elangovan (2016) The ultrastructural hair morphology of 09 insectivorous bats such as Pipistrellus coromandra , P. ceylonicus , Scotophilus kuhlii , S. heathii , Hipposideros fulvus , H. lankadiva , Megaderma lyra , Rhinopoma micorphyllum and R. hardwickii were examined through scanning electron microscope to validate the use of hair characteristics as supplemental taxonomic tools for species recognition. The results suggest that the hair characteristics such as scale cuticle, divergence from the shaft and degree of hastateness varied among different species of bats. The coronal divergent scale was found in P. coromandra , P. ceylonicus , H. fulvus , and H. lankadiva while coronal divaricate scale was found in R. micorphyllum and R. hardwickii . However, imbricate type of scale was found in S. kuhlii , S. heathii and M. lyra with different degree of hastateness among them. The different types of hastateness found among these insectivorous bats include unequal hastate, equal hastate, alternate, elongate, rounded, simple, denticulate, acuminate and cusped. The hair characteristics such as hair length, scale length, scale width, scale index and width index differed among different species. However, there was no difference in the structure of scales among dorsal, ventral and neck hairs. The ultrastructural diverseness in the hair morphology of different insectivorous species suggests that the structural features of hairs could be used for species recognition.