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Plasma edge simulations with codes like SOLPS-ITER are widely employed to interpret fusion experiments. However, numerical errors appearing in such simulations are rarely investigated, despite their potential large impact on simulation results. These errors consist of the statistical error and the bias, both resulting from the finite number of employed EIRENE Monte Carlo particles and incomplete convergence, and the discretization error due to the finite resolution of the computational grids. In this contribution, the resulting numerical errors on simulations of pure deuterium and neon seeded H-mode EAST discharges are examined. The statistical error can be kept small compared to other numerical error contributions by averaging the plasma profiles. This allows investigating the bias and discretization errors using Richardson extrapolation. It is shown that grid refinement and the number of employed Monte Carlo particles have the largest influence on the result, in agreement with similar studies of an ITER deuterium case. For the first time, numerical error bars on the entire simulated target profiles are determined showing that the largest numerical error is 17.9%, mainly due to the plasma grid discretization. On top, also numerical errors on simulated neutral pressures are investigated in detail, for which the statistical error is dominant. The analysis demonstrates which setup is needed to keep numerical errors limited: the SOLPS-ITER averaging procedure should be employed including enough EIRENE particles, and the involved grids should be sufficiently refined to reduce discretization errors.

JET-ILW type I ELMy H-modes at 2.5 MA/2.8 T with constant NBI heating (23 MW) and gas fuelling rate were performed, utilising edge localised mode (ELM) pacing by vertical kicks and plasma shaping (triangularity, δ) as tools to disentangle the effects of ELMs, inter-ELM transport and edge stability on the pedestal particle balance. In agreement with previous studies, the pedestal confinement improves with increasing δ, mostly due to a significant increase in pedestal density while the ELM frequency ( f E L M ) is decreased. Improved pedestal confinement with increasing δ was observed even when the pedestal MHD stability was degraded artificially by vertical kicks, implying that increased triangularity may favourably affect the inter-ELM pedestal recovery. The workflow developed to quantify the pedestal particle balance uses high time-resolution profile reflectometry to characterise the inter-ELM evolution of the plasma particle content ( d N / d t ), the NEO drift-kinetic solver to evaluate the neoclassical fluxes and interpretative EDGE2D-EIRENE simulations to estimate the edge particle source. The edge particle source is then constrained by deuterium Balmer-α line intensity measurements in the main chamber, which are, however, strongly affected by reflections from the metal walls. The reflections are accounted for by the CHERAB code taking the divertor emission (the brightest light source in the torus) distribution from imaging spectroscopy measurements as input. Our analysis shows that in the second half of the ELM cycle, the volume-integrated particle source is larger than d N / d t , indicating that transport plays a key role in the inter-ELM pedestal recovery.

Paul’s Spirit of Peace, a Study in Biblical Theology discusses the central role of peace in the New Testament, with a particular attention given to Pauline writings, and argues that this peace is a work of the Spirit. The chosen methodology is rhetorical-, discourse-, and social analysis. The dissertation shows that the main problem Paul was facing was unresolved conflicts, in other words lack of peace with God and between groups and individuals in the Pauline congregations. Εἰρήνη is suggested to be the main purpose of communication not only in the Pauline literature but in the non-Pauline New Testament documents as well. Πνεῦμα establishes, maintains, and intensifies harmonious relationships. The nature of these relationships is εἰρήνη. Though every letter is contingent and was born in different circumstances, εἰρήνη is realised by πνεῦμα in a way that the exact circumstances and problems find a solution that has eternity in view as well as the present relationship with God and the fellow-believer. Reconciliation with God in Christ by the Spirit leads into a life of peace with God and also needs to lead to a life of peace with people by the transforming work of the Spirit. The beginning point in Galatians, Chapter Two of the thesis, and Romans, Chapter Three, is Paul’s greeting. It is suggested that this was not just a simple greeting but part of the πρόθεσις and therefore indicating the main purpose of writing. The main problem in Galatians and Romans is explained as being conflicts, lack of εἰρήνη. This problem is solved by πνεῦμα, but requires the active collaboration of the believer in Christ. Chapter Four suggests that also in Paul’s other undisputed letters εἰρήνη is the main purpose of writing and that πνεῦμα plays an essential role in its realisation. Chapter Five proposes that the disputed Pauline letters and the non-Pauline New Testament documents follow the same principle, although using πνεῦμα less frequently. In the Gospels and Acts, Jesus carried out the messianic ministry by the power of the Spirit in order to accomplish his peace mission and this was continued by his disciples after the resurrection and intensified experience of the Spirit at Pentecost. The non-Pauline epistles express the same essential idea as the Pauline epistles in that peace is established by the Spirit when the people of God seek harmonious relationships and participate actively in resolving conflicts. This peace is conditional and requires the positive human reaction to God’s offer of peace and the constant walk by the Spirit in order to live also in harmonious relationships with people.

Paul’s Spirit of Peace, a Study in Biblical Theology discusses the central role of peace in the New Testament, with a particular attention given to Pauline writings, and argues that this peace is a work of the Spirit. The chosen methodology is rhetorical-, discourse-, and social analysis. The dissertation shows that the main problem Paul was facing was unresolved conflicts, in other words lack of peace with God and between groups and individuals in the Pauline congregations. Εἰρήνη is suggested to be the main purpose of communication not only in the Pauline literature but in the non-Pauline New Testament documents as well. Πνεῦμα establishes, maintains, and intensifies harmonious relationships. The nature of these relationships is εἰρήνη. Though every letter is contingent and was born in different circumstances, εἰρήνη is realised by πνεῦμα in a way that the exact circumstances and problems find a solution that has eternity in view as well as the present relationship with God and the fellow-believer. Reconciliation with God in Christ by the Spirit leads into a life of peace with God and also needs to lead to a life of peace with people by the transforming work of the Spirit. The beginning point in Galatians, Chapter Two of the thesis, and Romans, Chapter Three, is Paul’s greeting. It is suggested that this was not just a simple greeting but part of the πρόθεσις and therefore indicating the main purpose of writing. The main problem in Galatians and Romans is explained as being conflicts, lack of εἰρήνη. This problem is solved by πνεῦμα, but requires the active collaboration of the believer in Christ. Chapter Four suggests that also in Paul’s other undisputed letters εἰρήνη is the main purpose of writing and that πνεῦμα plays an essential role in its realisation. Chapter Five proposes that the disputed Pauline letters and the non-Pauline New Testament documents follow the same principle, although using πνεῦμα less frequently. In the Gospels and Acts, Jesus carried out the messianic ministry by the power of the Spirit in order to accomplish his peace mission and this was continued by his disciples after the resurrection and intensified experience of the Spirit at Pentecost. The non-Pauline epistles express the same essential idea as the Pauline epistles in that peace is established by the Spirit when the people of God seek harmonious relationships and participate actively in resolving conflicts. This peace is conditional and requires the positive human reaction to God’s offer of peace and the constant walk by the Spirit in order to live also in harmonious relationships with people.

SOLPS-ITER simulations of the European DEMO reactor with a Super-X divertor, which has larger major radius at the outer target and increased connection length, show an increased operational space for divertor power exhaust compared to the conventional single-null configuration. Using a multi-fluid approach with fluid neutrals and charge-state bundling of impurities, we assessed the existence and boundaries of the operational space in the single-null and Super-X configurations by carrying out fuelling, seeding and power scans. Compared to the conventional single-null divertor, the Super-X divertor offers lower impurity concentration (factor ∼2 lower) at the same main plasma density, and consistent with this, it has lower main plasma density at the same impurity concentration level. This observed difference is in line with the simple analytical Lengyel model predictions resulting from the increased connection length in the super-X configuration. DEMO with a Super-X divertor demonstrates remarkable robustness against increases in input power, and in this study is able to exhaust the maximum expected steady-state separatrix-crossing power of 300 MW while maintaining acceptable impurity concentration along the separatrix This is something that was not possible in the single-null configuration in this study. This robustness of the Super-X divertor lies mostly in its capability to sufficiently dissipate power in its divertor via argon (Ar) radiation at acceptable Ar concentration, which is related to two factors: long (with respect to single-null) parallel connection length from the upstream to the outer target and higher but tolerable extrinsic impurity concentration at higher input powers. Finally, consistent with neon-seeded simulations of ITER, it is observed in all our simulations that the plasma density drops with increasing Ar concentration given fixed power input. We find that as the Ar content increases, the accompanying enhancement of Ar radiation reduces the power available for deuterium (D) to be ionized, thus limiting the D ionization particle source, and consequently reducing the plasma density.

The interaction between plasma, neutrals and surfaces in fusion reactors is of immense importance for heat and particle control, especially for the next generation of devices. Heat loads of 10 MW m − 2 are expected for steady state operation at ITER and up to 20 MW m − 2 in slow transient situations. To study the complex physics appearing between the plasma and the divertor material, as well as techniques for heat flux mitigation, plasma linear devices are employed. Magnum-PSI, located at DIFFER, can reproduce the heat and particle loads expected at ITER. However, due to the complexity of the plasma–wall interaction, numerical models are required to better understand the experiments and to extrapolate the results to a tokamak divertor configuration. For tokamak geometries, SOLPS-ITER (formerly known as B2.5-Eirene) is employed to solve the plasma and neutral distribution in a coupled way. However, the utilization of this code for linear devices is not straightforward. Thus, a neutral module was developed with linear devices in mind, named Eunomia. Nevertheless, there is still a relevant interest in using SOLPS-ITER with linear devices, as it allows to easily transfer knowledge about relevant atomic and molecular processes close to the surface and the effect of different mitigation techniques. This work presents a systematic comparison between the two neutral modules, Eirene and Eunomia, in stand-alone and coupled runs. Special attention is paid to the implementation of plasma-neutral interactions, in which both codes diverge significantly. The sources of particles and energy that are used by B2.5 in a coupled run are analysed. Significant differences in the implementation of electron impact ionization, molecular assisted recombination and proton–molecule elastic collisions lead to disparate sources of particles and energy and, in some cases, differences in the distribution of neutrals achieved by each code. Moreover, a double counting in proton–atom collisions was identified in Eunomia as a result of this analysis, artificially increasing the plasma-neutral sink of energy. This would lead to different plasma evolutions in coupled runs. Nevertheless, additional-free parameters in both coupled code suites leave sufficient freedom to match experimental data. Additional data would be required to further constrain these parameters and the coupled solution.

The contributions of deuterium molecular emission to the total deuterium radiation was assessed in DIII-D ohmically-confined plasmas in high-recycling divertor conditions. Radial profiles of the deuterium Ly-α line intensity across the low-field side divertor leg were obtained with the recently installed divertor Survey Poor Resolution, Extended Spectrometer [1]. A high-resolution spectrometer was used to measure the poloidal profiles of the deuterium Balmer-α and the deuterium Fulcher-α band intensity in the visible wavelength range. The scrape-off layer plasma and neutral distributions were simulated using the edge fluid EDGE2D-EIRENE [2], and the numerical solutions constrained utilizing Thomson scattering and Langmuir probe measurements at the low-field side midplane and the divertor target plate. The studies show that for these conditions molecular emission plays a negligible role in the total radiative power balance of the low-field side divertor, but molecular processes are important when evaluating deuterium Balmer-α line intensity for code-experiment validation. Keywords: Deuterium atomic and molecular emission, Lyman-Werner and Fulcher band, DIII-D, Divertor edge fluid simulations, EDGE2D-EIRENE, EIRENE

Staurodiscus gotoi (Uchida, 1927) Staurodiscoides gotoi Uchida, 1927: 165, figs 1-2. Staurodiscus gotoi. – Kramp, 1961: 147. ‒ Kramp, 1965: 56. – Kramp, 1968: 70, fig. 183. ‒ Xu & Zhang, 1974: 20, fig. 9. – Bouillon, 1984: 65. – Bouillon & Barnett, 1999: 87, fig. 85. ‒ Xu et al., 2014: 577, fig. 455. Material examined: MHNG-INVE-33467,> 30 specimens of various developmental stages; New Zealand, Hauraki Gulf, Devonport, Narrow Neck Beach, 36.8123°S 174.8025°E, 0 m; collection date 26.07.2002; DNA isolate 126, 16S sequence FJ550472, COI MF000510, 18S sequence FJ550535, 28S sequence FJ550391; for photos of living specimens see Table 1. Diagnosis (NZ material): Umbrella somewhat higher than hemisphere, diameter 5-8 mm, jelly thick, at apex about half the bell height. Manubrium moderately long, cruciform in section, four simple lips. Four radial canals and circular canal rather broad. Radial canals in proximal half thick and on both sides with 2-4 lateral outgrowths, outgrowths thick, not strictly opposite, covered by gonad tissue, longer ones curved towards bell margin but not connected to circular canal. Bell margin with four large perradial bulbs tapering into long tentacles. Interradial tentacle bulbs present, in fully mature animals tapering into tentacles but these shorter than the perradial ones. All tentacle bulbs with a black abaxial ocellus. Occasionally some additional, very small adradial bulbs. Between perradial- and interradial bulbs usually three cordyli. Cordyli relatively large, hollow, cylindrical gastrodermal cells, with a few nematocysts at the tip. Some of the cordyli also with an ocellus near their origin. Polyps unknown. Variation: Young medusae have only two tentacles and very small lateral outgrowths of the radial canals. Xu & Zhang (1974) depicted an animal with 16 tentacles. Distribution: Japan, China, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, North Island of New Zealand (Kramp, 1965; Bouillon, 1984; Bouillon & Barnett, 1999). Type locality: Japan, Shizuoka Prefecture, Shimizu Bay. Remarks: The identification of this material as St. gotoi was largely influenced by Bouillon & Barnett (1999) who used also material provided by the author. There are nevertheless some differences of the New Zealand medusae to those of Japan and China: there are fewer cordyli (24-26 versus up to 88), the bell diameters are smaller (4-8 versus up to 15), the interradial tentacles are often small or absent, the mesogloea is much thicker, and the lateral outhgrowths are limited to the proximal half of the tentacles. It is assumed that these are population differences. Additionally, it was noted that the mesogloea shrinks in formalin-preserved animals. A later transfer into 70% ethanol makes the mesogloea disappear completely, resulting in a condition where the lateral outgrowths cf. the radial canals reach the bell margin. It is possible that some published illustrations of Staurodiscus species are actually based on such material with a shrunken bell. Family Eirenidae Haeckel, 1879 Genus Eirene Eschscholtz, 1829 Diagnosis: Eirenidae medusa with distinct, broad gastric peduncle; cirri absent; with or without excretory pores; 4-6 simple radial canals; gonads on subumbrellar part of radial canals, not extending to gastric peduncle; numerous statocysts (>8). The hydroids of ‘ Campanulina ’, ‘ Campanopsis ’ or ‘ Eugymnanthea ’ type (see Bouillon et al., 2006). Remark: Clytia species with a short gastric peduncle like Clytia gregaria (see below) are formally not distinguishable from Eirene species. Thus, some nominal Eirene species (Schuchert, 2017a; see Du et al., 2010 for a key to the species) with a shallow peduncle and no excretory papillae could therefore also be Clytia species. Life-cycle studies or DNA barcodes (Schuchert et al., 2017) have to confirm the identity of Eirene pentanemalis Lin, Xu & Huang, 2013, Eirene brevistylus Huang & Xu, 1994, and other similar species. Remarks: The identification of this material as St. gotoi was largely influenced by Bouillon & Barnett (1999) who used also material provided by the author. There are nevertheless some differences of the New Zealand medusae to those of Japan and China: there are fewer cordyli (24-26 versus up to 88), the bell diameters are smaller (4-8 versus up to 15), the interradial tentacles are often small or absent, the mesogloea is much thicker, and the lateral outhgrowths are limited to the proximal half of the tentacles. It is assumed that these are population differences. Additionally, it was noted that the mesogloea shrinks in formalin-preserved animals. A later transfer into 70% ethanol makes the mesogloea disappear completely, resulting in a condition where the lateral outgrowths cf. the radial canals reach the bell margin. It is possible that some published illustrations of Staurodiscus species are actually based on such material with a shrunken bell. Family Eirenidae Haeckel, 1879 Genus Eirene Eschscholtz, 1829 Diagnosis: Eirenidae medusa with distinct, broad gastric peduncle; cirri absent; with or without excretory pores; 4-6 simple radial canals; gonads on subumbrellar part of radial canals, not extending to gastric peduncle; numerous statocysts (>8). The hydroids of ‘ Campanulina ’, ‘ Campanopsis ’ or ‘ Eugymnanthea ’ type (see Bouillon et al., 2006). Remark: Clytia species with a short gastric peduncle like Clytia gregaria (see below) are formally not distinguishable from Eirene species. Thus, some nominal Eirene species (Schuchert, 2017a; see Du et al., 2010 for a key to the species) with a shallow peduncle and no excretory papillae could therefore also be Clytia species. Life-cycle studies or DNA barcodes (Schuchert et al., 2017) have to confirm the identity of Eirene pentanemalis Lin, Xu & Huang, 2013, Eirene brevistylus Huang & Xu, 1994, and other similar species. Genus Eirene Eschscholtz, 1829 Diagnosis: Eirenidae medusa with distinct, broad gastric peduncle; cirri absent; with or without excretory pores; 4-6 simple radial canals; gonads on subumbrellar part of radial canals, not extending to gastric peduncle; numerous statocysts (>8). The hydroids of ‘ Campanulina ’, ‘ Campanopsis ’ or ‘ Eugymnanthea ’ type (see Bouillon et al., 2006). Remark: Clytia species with a short gastric peduncle like Clytia gregaria (see below) are formally not distinguishable from Eirene species. Thus, some nominal Eirene species (Schuchert, 2017a; see Du et al., 2010 for a key to the species) with a shallow peduncle and no excretory papillae could therefore also be Clytia species. Life-cycle studies or DNA barcodes (Schuchert et al., 2017) have to confirm the identity of Eirene pentanemalis Lin, Xu & Huang, 2013, Eirene brevistylus Huang & Xu, 1994, and other similar species., Published as part of Peter Schuchert, 2017, Systematic notes on some leptomedusa species with a description of Neotima galeai n. spec. (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria), pp. 351-375 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 124 (2) on pages 357-358, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.893549, {"references":["Uchida T. 1927. Description of a new Leptomedusa, Staurodiscoides gotoi. Japanese Journal of Zoology 1 (5): 165 - 168.","Kramp P. L. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 40: 1 - 469.","Kramp P. L. 1965. The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Dana Report 63: 1 - 162.","Kramp P. L. 1968. The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Sections II and III. Dana Report 72: 1 - 200.","Xu Z. Z., Zhang J. B. 1974. Studies on the meusa of the Fukien coast, China. III. On the taxonomy of hydromedusae, Siphonophores and Ctenophores off North Fukien [in Chinese]. Oceanologica et Technologica Sinica 2: 17 - 32.","Bouillon J. 1984. Hydromeduses de la mer de Bismarck (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee). Partie IV: Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa - Cnidaria). Indo-Malayan Zoology 1 (1): 25 - 112.","Bouillon J., Barnett T. J. 1999. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Hydromedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Niwa Biodiversity Memoir 113: 1 - 136.","Wang C., Huang J., Xiang P., Wang Y., Xu Z., Guo D., Lin M. 2014. Hydromedusae from the Arctic in 2010 during the 4 th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 4). Acta Oceanologica Sinica 33 (6): 95 - 102. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13131 - 014 - 0494 - 6","Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Teil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 1: XX + 1 - 360, 20 plates. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856","Eschscholtz F. 1829. System der Acalephen. Eine ausfuhrliche Beschreibung aller medusenartigen Strahltiere. Ferdinand Dummler, Berlin, pp. 1 - 190, 16 pls.","Bouillon J., Gravili C., Pages F., Gili J. M., Boero F. 2006. An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 194: 1 - 591.","Schuchert P. 2017 a. World Hydrozoa database. Accessed at http: // www. marinespecies. org / hydrozoa on 2017 - 04 - 24.","Du F., Xu Z., Huang J., Guo D. 2010. New records of medusae (Cnidaria) from Daya Bay, northern South China Sea, with descriptions of four new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 123 (1): 72 - 86.","Schuchert P., Hosia A., Leclere L. 2017. Identification of the polyp stage of three leptomedusa species using DNA barcoding. Revue suisse de Zoologie 124 (1): 167 - 182. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 322675","Lin M., Xu Z. - Z., Huang J. - Q., Guo D. - H., Wang C. - G., Xiang P., Dirhamsyah 2013. Two new species of leptomedusae from the Bitung Strait, Indonesia (Cnidaria). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 38 (4): 765 - 761.","Huang J., Xu Z. 1994. Description of four new species of Hydromedusae from Fujian Province (Athecatae - Anthomedusae and Thecatae - Leptomedusae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 19 (2): 132 - 138."]}

Genus Eirene Eschscholtz, 1829 Diagnosis: Eirenidae medusa with distinct, broad gastric peduncle; cirri absent; with or without excretory pores; 4-6 simple radial canals; gonads on subumbrellar part of radial canals, not extending to gastric peduncle; numerous statocysts (>8). The hydroids of ��� Campanulina ���, ��� Campanopsis ��� or ��� Eugymnanthea ��� type (see Bouillon et al., 2006). Remark: Clytia species with a short gastric peduncle like Clytia gregaria (see below) are formally not distinguishable from Eirene species. Thus, some nominal Eirene species (Schuchert, 2017a; see Du et al., 2010 for a key to the species) with a shallow peduncle and no excretory papillae could therefore also be Clytia species. Life-cycle studies or DNA barcodes (Schuchert et al., 2017) have to confirm the identity of Eirene pentanemalis Lin, Xu & Huang, 2013, Eirene brevistylus Huang & Xu, 1994, and other similar species., Published as part of Peter Schuchert, 2017, Systematic notes on some leptomedusa species with a description of Neotima galeai n. spec. (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria), pp. 351-375 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 124 (2) on page 358, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.893549, {"references":["Eschscholtz F. 1829. System der Acalephen. Eine ausfuhrliche Beschreibung aller medusenartigen Strahltiere. Ferdinand Dummler, Berlin, pp. 1 - 190, 16 pls.","Bouillon J., Gravili C., Pages F., Gili J. M., Boero F. 2006. An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 194: 1 - 591.","Schuchert P. 2017 a. World Hydrozoa database. Accessed at http: // www. marinespecies. org / hydrozoa on 2017 - 04 - 24.","Du F., Xu Z., Huang J., Guo D. 2010. New records of medusae (Cnidaria) from Daya Bay, northern South China Sea, with descriptions of four new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 123 (1): 72 - 86.","Schuchert P., Hosia A., Leclere L. 2017. Identification of the polyp stage of three leptomedusa species using DNA barcoding. Revue suisse de Zoologie 124 (1): 167 - 182. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 322675","Lin M., Xu Z. - Z., Huang J. - Q., Guo D. - H., Wang C. - G., Xiang P., Dirhamsyah 2013. Two new species of leptomedusae from the Bitung Strait, Indonesia (Cnidaria). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 38 (4): 765 - 761.","Huang J., Xu Z. 1994. Description of four new species of Hydromedusae from Fujian Province (Athecatae - Anthomedusae and Thecatae - Leptomedusae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 19 (2): 132 - 138."]}

En este artículo analizamos el culto a Nike en Atenas del s. V a.C. en relación con la guerra y específicamente con la paz como reivindicación de la victoria en los conflictos bélicos. Recorremos el culto a Nike desde inicios de siglo, pero nos adentraremos especialmente en la polémica del proyecto arquitectónico del templo de Nike en relación con la famosa Paz de Calias (449) y con la institución del sacerdocio democrático de Atenea Nike que recayó en Mirrina. En la década de los 40 se elabora la paz como victoria, tema que pervive durante la guerra del Peloponeso, como se ve en escritos de esa época como Lisístrata de Aristófanes. Las elaboraciones míticas y cultuales de la guerra y de la paz ponen de relieve el papel que otorgan los griegos a la paz como afirmación de la victoria. In this article we analyze the cult of Nike in Athens in fifth century BC in relation to war and specifically to peace as a claim to victory in warlike conflicts. We review the cult of Nike since the beginning of the century but, we will especially address into the controversy of the architectural project of the Nike temple in connection with the famous peace of Callias (449) and with the institution of the democratic priesthood of Athena Nike held by Myrrhine. During the decade of 440, peace was created as a victory, a theme that survived during the Peloponnesian War as we see in documents of that time, such as Aristophanes’ Lysistrata. The mythical and cultic elaborations of war and peace highlight the role that Greeks grant the peace as affirmation of victory.

In the past at JET, with the MkI divertor, a systematic study of the influence of X-point height and poloidal flux expansion has been conducted [1,2] showing minor differences in the radiation distribution, whereas in [3] experiment and simulations have shown enhancement of detachment as the flux expansion was increased. More recently at JET, equipped with the ITER-like wall (ILW), radiative seeded scenarios have been studied and a maximum radiation fraction 75% has been achieved. EDGE2D-EIRENE [4-6] simulations [7,8] have already shown that the divertor heat fluxes can be reduced with N2 injection, qualitatively consistent with experimental observations [9], by adjusting the impurity injection rate to reproduce the measured divertor radiation. In this paper we will present edge predictive simulations on the assessment of effects of poloidal flux expansion and recycling on radiation distribution and X-point peaking on JET-ILW nitrogen seeded plasmas. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2017.07.004

In this article we analyze the cult of Nike in Athens in fifth century BC in relation to war and specifically to peace as a claim to victory in warlike conflicts. We review the cult of Nike since the beginning of the century but, we will especially address into the controversy of the architectural project of the Nike temple in connection with the famous peace of Callias (449) and with the institution of the democratic priesthood of Athena Nike held by Myrrhine. During the decade of 440, peace was created as a victory, a theme that survived during the Peloponnesian War as we see in documents of that time, such as Aristophanes’ Lysistrata. The mythical and cultic elaborations of war and peace highlight the role that Greeks grant the peace as affirmation of victory. En este artículo analizamos el culto a Nike en Atenas del s. V a.C. en relación con la guerra y específicamente con la paz como reivindicación de la victoria en los conflictos bélicos. Recorremos el culto a Nike desde inicios de siglo, pero nos adentraremos especialmente en la polémica del proyecto arquitectónico del templo de Nike en relación con la famosa Paz de Calias (449) y con la institución del sacerdocio democrático de Atenea Nike que recayó en Mirrina. En la década de los 40 se elabora la paz como victoria, tema que pervive durante la guerra del Peloponeso, como se ve en escritos de esa época como Lisístrata de Aristófanes. Las elaboraciones míticas y cultuales de la guerra y de la paz ponen de relieve el papel que otorgan los griegos a la paz como afirmación de la victoria.

Eirene viridula (P��ron & Lesueur, 1809) Distribution in South America: medusa���Atlantic Ocean, Colombia to Brazil, from 10��N to 0�� (Equator) (Alvari��o 1968; Migotto et al. 2002)., Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira J��nior 12,, Er Qui��ones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, T��n Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Qu��ria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on page 148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1

Eirene sp. Distribution in South America: polyp���Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, at 23.85��S 45.42��W (Spiritus & Migotto 2008, abstract); medusa���Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, from 26��S to 26.5��S, and at 27.84��S 46.91��W (Correia 1983; Nogueira Jr. 2012; Nogueira Jr. et al. 2015a). Habitat: polyp���interstitial, loosely attached to sand grains (Spiritus & Migotto 2008)., Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira J��nior 12,, Er Qui��ones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, T��n Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Qu��ria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on page 148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1

Eirene viridula (Péron & Lesueur, 1809) Distribution in South America: medusa—Atlantic Ocean, Colombia to Brazil, from 10°N to 0° (Equator) (Alvariño 1968; Migotto et al. 2002).

Eirene sp. Distribution in South America: polyp—Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, at 23.85°S 45.42°W (Spiritus & Migotto 2008, abstract); medusa—Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, from 26°S to 26.5°S, and at 27.84°S 46.91°W (Correia 1983; Nogueira Jr. 2012; Nogueira Jr. et al. 2015a). Habitat: polyp—interstitial, loosely attached to sand grains (Spiritus & Migotto 2008).

Eirene lactea (Mayer, 1900) Distribution in South America: medusa���Pacific Ocean, Colombia, at 4��N 78��W (Baldrich 2007); Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, from 26.50��S to 27.42��S (Correia 1983)., Published as part of M. P. Oliveira 1,16, S P. Miranda 2, *,, Es W. Mianzan 10,, Ro E. Migotto 11,, Ne B. Nascimento 2,11, Eli Nogueira J��nior 12,, Er Qui��ones 13,, Izio Scarabino 14,, T��n Schiariti 10,, Io N. Stampar 15,, Tronolone 2, , Qu��ria B. & Onio C. Marques 2,11, 2016, Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters, pp. 1-256 in Zootaxa 4194 (1) on page 148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4194.1.1

In this contribution a benchmark of the 2D edge codes TECXY and EDGE2D-EIRENE is presented. A conventional DEMO scenario is considered by assuming a simplified geometry, with the target plates perpendicular to the separatrix, and a pure Deuterium plasma. Despite the different models adopted in the two codes, mainly related to the description of the neutral dynamics and to the different boundary conditions, the results show a good match both in terms of power load profiles on the outer target and predicted trends for global quantities. A scan in density and in diffusion coefficients is performed in order to identify the characteristic conditions and the different regimes of the SOL. Comparable values and similar dependency of the global quantities as a function of the power decay length is also observed. Keywords: EDGE2D, EIRENE, TECXY, DEMO, Divertor

Learning for peace implies that people that go into the process is not the same people as before. This is because they might have unlearned violent behavior and have got other pacifists behaviors. Understanding that human beings are not instinctive as animals that always respond to stimulus. Human beings have the freedom to delay the normal answer, invent another one or not respond at all. It has to do with a change of personality, characterized by opening to each other, where they now maintain even relations though they have different way of thinking.The peace learning means to recognize that during the first years of post-conflict many things would not change. The Colombian army will not disappear, assuring the forever roman concept of Pax. The Colombian State will continue being neo liberal, maintaining the globalization that day by day produces social inequality. The time of peace does not take people to submission but the outreach of the greek concept of peace Eirene. This will make citizens the possibility of making claims to the state, well thought and without violence. El aprendizaje para la paz implica que las personas que realizan dicho proceso ya no son las mismas de antes, por cuanto han desaprendido conductas violentas y han adquirido otras, pacifistas, entendiendo que el ser humano no es instintivo como los animales, que siempre tienen que responder ante los estímulos, sino que tiene libertad para retrasar la respuesta habitual, inventar otra o, sencillamente, no responder. Se trata de un cambio de personalidad, caracterizado por la apertura hacia el otro, con quien ahora se mantienen relaciones equilibradas, que posibilitan compartir actos ejecutados con base en las distintas formas de pensar de ambas partes, las cuales antes eran mutuamente excluyentes.El aprendizaje para la paz también implica reconocer que durante los primeros años del post-conflicto no muchas cosas cambiarán. El Ejército Nacional de Colombia no dejará de existir, garantizando así la perpetuidad del concepto romano de Pax, y el Estado colombiano seguirá siendo neoliberal, inmerso en una globalización que día a día genera desigualdad social. Pero la era de la paz no conlleva sumisión acrítica de las personas, sino la incorporación del concepto griego de paz, Eirene, que les posibilita a los ciudadanos hacer reclamos responsables al Estado, bien pensados y dialogados sin violencia. L’apprentissage pour la paix implique que les personnes qui réalisent le dit processus ne sont pas déjà les mêmes de d’avant, en plus qu’ils ont désappris une conduite violente et ont acquis les autres, des pacifistes, en entendant que l’être humain n’est pas instinctif comme les animaux, qui ont à toujours répondre devant les stimulations, mais qui ont la liberté pour retarder la réponse habituelle, pour inventer une autre ou, simplement, ne pas répondre. Il s’agit d’un changement de personnalité, caractérisé par l’ouverture envers l’autre, dont maintenant se maintiennent les relations équilibrées, qui facilitent partager les actes exécutés avec la base des formes distinctes de penser de deux parties, lesquelles étaient d’avance mutuellement exclusives.L’apprentissage pour la paix implique aussi reconnaître que pendant les premières années du post-conflit beaucoup de choses ne changeront pas. L’Armée Nationale de la Colombie ne cessera pas d’exister, en garantissant ainsi la perpétuité du concept romain de Pax, et l’État colombien continuera d’être néolibéral, immergé dans une globalisation qui génère jour au jour une inégalité sociale. Mais l’ère de la paix n’implique pas de soumission acritique des personnes, mais l’incorporation du concept grec de paix, d’Eirene, qui facilite aux citoyens faire des appels responsables à l’État, bien pensés et dialogués sans violence. A aprendizagem para a paz implica para as pessoas que realizam dito processo já não é o mesmo de antes, porquanto tem sido desaprendido condutas violentas e tem adquirido outras, pacifistas, entendendo que o ser humano não é instintivo quanto os animais, que sempre tem que responder ante os estímulos, senão que tem a liberdade para retardar a resposta habitual, inventar outra ou, simplesmente, não responder. Compreende-se de um câmbio de personalidade, caracterizado pela apertura ao outro, com quem agora se mantem relações equilibradas, que possibilitam compartilhar atos executados baseados nas distintas formas de pensamento das duas partes, as quais anteriormente foram mutuamente exclusivos.A aprendizagem para a paz, também implica reconhecer que durante os primeiros anos do pós-conflito não muitas das coisas mudaram. O Exército Nacional da Colômbia não deixará de existir, garantindo assim a perpetuidade do conceito Romão de Pax, e o Estado colombiano continuará sendo neoliberal, imerso um uma globalização em que diariamente gera desigualdade social. Mas a época da paz não leva à submissão acrítica das população, senão à incorporação do conceito grego de paz, Eirene, que lhes possibilita aos cidadãos fazer reclamações responsáveis ao Estado, bem pensadas e dialogadas sem violência.

Eirene viridula (P��ron and Lesueur, 1810) Fig. 58 A, B See Kramp (1961) for a complete synonymy. Material examined. HCUS-S 0 65 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento���fauna of the Salento Peninsula)���polyp stage. Description (after Metschnikoff 1886 a; Russell 1953; Cornelius 1995): Hydroid. Hydrorhiza as branching or anastomosing stolons; colonies erect; hydrocauli short, with perisarc smooth to sinuous throughout; hydranths of Campanopsis type, with cylindrical body tapering slightly basally, ca 5 on each hydrocaulus; hypostome conical-rounded; with about 10���24 amphicoronate oral filiform tentacles, intertentacular membranous basal web reported; hydrothecae reduced or lacking, depending on age; gonothecae oblong, round-truncated above and below, with thin walls, long, possibly dropping during medusa development, probably containing a single medusa bud each. Habitat type. Depth range: 0.5��� 3 m (Faucci & Boero 2000). Substrate. Cystoseira (brown alga). Seasonality. February���December (Faucci & Boero 2000; Galea 2007) in the Mediterranean Sea. Reproductive period. April���May, June���October (Gili 1986) in the western Mediterranean. Medusa. Adult. Umbrella hemispherical, up to 30 mm wide or even larger, mesoglea of middle portion fairly thick, thinner at sides; manubrium fairly short, small, mounted on an elongated and slender gastric peduncle reaching beyond exumbrellar margin; mouth with 4 very long pointed lips with crenulated margins; 4 radial canals and circular canal narrow; gonads linear, straight, slightly sinuous, limited to disk of subumbrella, extending from somewhat beyond base of peduncle almost to exumbrellar margin; velum narrow; about 70 or more conical marginal bulbs; each with one tentacle of different size, small and large alternating; with distinct excretory papillae; 50 or more statocysts. Colours: colourless except for greenish tinge on stomach. Developmental stages. The first stage of E. viridula, after liberation from the hydroid, has not been observed. The youngest observed specimens have bell-shaped umbrella, 1.5 mm high and wide; manubrium short, without gastric peduncle; mouth with 4 distinct short lips; 4 narrow radial canals and ring canal; gonads not visible; 4 perradial marginal tentacles with rounded bases; 8 statocysts, one on either side of each marginal tentacle, each with one concretion. E. viridula medusa is already differentiated at a size of 2.0���2.5 mm by having a small peduncle. The gonads usually appear as elongated thickenings on the radial canals when the medusa is 3.5���4.0 mm in diameter (for more details about the medusa development see Russell 1953). Colours: brown pigment in the endoderm of the bases of the marginal tentacles, and also at the base of the stomach and extending interradially as far as the mouth. Cnidome. Atrichous and basitrichous isorhizas (hydroid); atrichous isorhizas and microbasic mastigophores (medusa). Distribution. Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean (Russell 1953; Cornelius 1995; Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez 1996; Bouillon et al. 2004; Gravili et al. 2008 a). Records in Salento. Rare at La Strea, Porto Cesareo (Faucci & Boero 2000). Remarks. Perigonimus nudus Stechow, 1919 was recognized as a new synonym of Eirene viridula (P��ron and Lesueur, 1810) by Schuchert (2007). In its earliest stages, the medusa of E. viridula bears a very close resemblance to that of Clytia hemisphaerica, but its gonads are more elongated and more proximally placed than in Clytia (Russell 1953). Gonothecae and medusae not seen in the present study. References. Mayer (1910), Russell (1953), Tr��gouboff & Rose (1957), Picard (1958 a), Anichini (1959), Rossi (1971), Goy (1973), Schmidt (1973), Benović (1977), Schmidt & Benović (1979), Dowidar (1984), Lakkis & Zeidane (1985), Castello i Tortella (1986), Gili (1986), Benović & Bender (1987), Goy et al. (1988, 1990, 1991), Benović & Lučić (1996), Medel & L��pez-Gonz��lez (1996), Benović et al. (2000), Faucci & Boero (2000), Bouillon et al. (2004), Galea (2007), Gravili et al. (2008 a)., Published as part of Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano & Boero, Ferdinando, 2015, The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide, pp. 1-187 in Zootaxa 3908 (1) on pages 84-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/242729, {"references":["Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. 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