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The article focuses on analysis of the cause-sign interplay in penitential writing through the lens of modern speech act theory. Topics discussed include differences between Catholic and Protestant penitential understandings, notion of speech as an action has marked penitential theology from its origins and role of cause and sign in doctrinal debate about repentance.

Even when uttered with the best of intentions, an apology pursues contradictory goals: as a confession of guilt it invites condemnation, but as a petition for forgiveness it seeks to soften condemnation. Some philosophers have tried to clean up this illocutionary messiness by defining apology strictly as either moral acknowledgment or as an instrumental means to achieving pardon. Taking revenge tragedy as a literary genre that thematizes the refusal to forgive or forget past offenses, this essay considers three apologies in Shakespeare's Hamlet in order to argue that not only are philosophical efforts to purge ambiguity from apologies likely to fail but they are also ultimately undesirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]