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European Union (EU) policy and initiatives are driving both building renovation and the uptake of low-embodied carbon and circular design in the construction sector. The European Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) recast (2021) introduces global warming potential (GWP) methodology, and the future state will likely be embodied carbon targets for which life cycle assessment (LCA) of buildings will be required. External wall insulation (EWI) will have an important role to play in meeting targets. In this context, this paper compares the carbon emission payoff of three alternative EWI strategies that address conventional, low-carbon and circular solutions to EWI respectively, in the retrofit of an existing dwelling. The circular strategy is based on design for disassembly (DfD). Whereas standard LCA is based on a single building life cycle, the literature reviewed shows that the environmental impact assessment of DfD requires a multi-life cycle approach. In the absence of standardised methods for assessment, four multi-cycle LCA methods are selected and applied holistically in a case study investigation. Three allocation methods, 100:0, linear degressive (LD) and enhanced linear degressive (CELD), provide a range of emissions from 'conservative' to 'best case' over three building life cycles and the fourth method, the Van Gulck method, assesses the benefits of circularity through the concept of 'multi-cycling' based on one building life cycle. As each method of assessment will deliver different results, carbon emission payoff is not a fixed value. Findings show that with multiple use, the circular strategy pays off due to avoided production emissions and benefits from end-of-life (EoL) processes that DfD facilitates, that the upfront carbon cost of the circular strategy is minor relative to the carbon emission savings that reuse brings, and that the margin of improvement relative to the alternative strategies increases with each subsequent reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the requirements of the EU EPBD (Energy Performance of Buildings Directive) for counting the carbon footprint (especially in Scope 3) and including it in construction projects from 2030. The obligation to count the carbon footprint will burden mainly designers, who are increasingly using BIM (Building Information Modelling) in the design process. Performing analysis and calculation of the carbon footprint in BIM models is hampered by the lack of non-graphical information on the subject in library components. The paper explains the concept of CO2 in 3 scope, also discusses currently available tools for counting the carbon footprint, and examines how many components available on the Internet already contain non-graphical information on emissions, as well as ideas for implementing this directive. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches were presented from the perspective of various stakeholders in the planning and investment and construction processes. The aim of the paper was to present possible solutions, ensuring compliance with the EU directive by proposing specific techniques, enabling the calculation of the Scope 3 carbon footprint, using BIM. In addition to a review of existing ideas, an authorial proposal for a national repository of carbon footprint information taking into account all stakeholders was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We report the first case of pancreatic stent (PS) migration placed early into the main pancreatic duct (MPD) during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) due to subsequent endoscopic papillary balloon dilation. A 74‐year‐old woman who complained of fever and abdominal pain was diagnosed with acute calculous cholangitis. On ERCP, a needle‐knife precut papillotomy was performed from the orifice because of difficult cannulation. Because of unintentional guidewire insertion into the MPD from the orifice, a PS with bilateral flaps was promptly placed to prevent post‐ERCP pancreatitis. After successful biliary cannulation from the orifice alongside the PS, endoscopic papillary balloon dialtion was performed, leading to PS migration into the MPD during the dilation. Two days after the first ERCP, the migrated PS was successfully removed on the second ERCP. The strategy of early PS placement in the ERCP session appears theoretically promising for preventing post‐ERCP pancreatitis. However, early PS placement during the ERCP session should be noted to pose the risk of migration into the MPD, especially when pushing the device into the bile duct.

The energy renovation of buildings is one of the main keys to achieve the decarbonisation objectives of the European Union (EU). In response, the Commission Recommendation (EU) 2019/786 proposed an assessment framework based on Measurable Progress Indicators (MPIs) to assess the decarbonisation. The objective of the study is to analyse the applicability of the MPIs in Spain; for this, the study analyses the viability of the MPIs and carries on the prioritization of the MPIs. Thus, the methodology is developed in three stages: (1) analysis of data availability the viability of each MPI; (2) prioritization of the MPIs by and expert round table (ERT); (3) applicability analysis of the prioritizing MPIs. Firstly, the analysis of viability shows that the data availability and the quality is limited, with many data source entities and big diversity of data features and quality. Secondly, the expert round table prioritized 8 MPIs regarding the EU’s targets in building renovation. Thirdly, the applicability evaluation finds out many barriers but also identifies the key points to launch the MPIs base assessment framework. The study identifies the entities that could likely carry on the data collection and other challenges like the digital building logbook (DBL) or the monitorization towards the efficient assessment of the renovation of the building.

A 58-year-old male with acute cholangitis due to a common bile duct stone underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for stone removal with endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) due to his high bleeding risk owing to maintenance dialysis and antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. He had a history of stone removal using an EPBD. The stone was removed; however, the patient subsequently developed spurting bleeding and underwent endoscopic hemostasis. Despite the subsequent mild pancreatitis, he recovered with conservative management. While EPBD is considered a low-risk procedure for bleeding, caution should still be exercised due to the possibility of massive postprocedural bleeding.

The construction sector plays a pivotal role in reducing carbon emissions, facilitating the transition to renewable energy and promoting sustainable development. In the European Union, where decarbonization strategies are currently proving most incisive, legislative measures such as the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) have catalyzed a marked increase in the prevalence of energy-efficient buildings. In terms of decarbonization, such efforts can be achieved by massively applying Renewable Energy Sources (RES) both in new buildings as well as in existing ones, which represent the majority of the EU building stock. For such reasons, Building-Integrated/Applied Photovoltaic (BIPV/BAPV) systems offer a promising avenue for providing clean energy to the building sector. Nonetheless, despite their potential, the practical implementation of these systems on buildings faces feasibility constraints, mainly due to the limitation of the available installation surface. In such a framework, this study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of BIPV/BAPV installations potential to fulfill the electricity needs of residential buildings (i.e. achieve the net zero energy target), with a particular focus on multi-family structures within the European contest. A reference high-performance building, already assessed by the authors and therefore very well documented, was used as a test bed through detailed dynamic energy simulations. According to obtained results, the net zero energy target can be achieved for energy-efficient buildings with up to 3 and 5 storeys, in Nordic and Mediterranean climatic conditions, respectively. Assuming instead reference maximum consumption thresholds (resulting in higher energy consumption), achievable results are more restrictive, since zero-energy buildings are limited to a maximum of less than 2 storeys in Nordic climates and 3 in Mediterranean climates. In this particular historical period, the outlined results take on considerable relevance, as the highlighted feasibility limitations could jeopardise the implementation of zero emission targets, but they can also be used to properly orient energy policies under development. • An assessment of BIPV/BAPV potential of residential buildings is presented. • Net zero energy target can be achieved for buildings with up to 5 storeys. • Assuming thresholds proposed by the EPBD draft, achievable results allow less flexibility. • In some limited cases, it is required to turn to neighborhood- or city-scale solutions. • Our findings contribute to properly define supportive regulatory framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This data article includes a dataset developed between 2020 and 2022 to characterize and analyze the state of energy efficiency of nearly zero energy buildings in ten Eastern European countries. The data article refers to the paper' Overview and future challenges of nearly zero-energy building (nZEB) design in Eastern Europe' (Attia and Kosinski et al., 2022). The data provides an overview of the status of building energy use, energy savings, and regulations for the newly constructed building stock, including Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. The importance of the dataset lies in its unique approach of data collection that provides detailed information on electricity, gas, oil, coal, and wood used in the investigated countries between 2015 and 2020. The methodology involves compiling and fusing data from national registries and depositories written in ten different national languages. Thus, the data is not available in Eurostat or any EU platform. The methodology followed to produce the data is mainly a literature review of restricted national publications and an extensive questionnaire with 14 national experts involved with the nZEB implementation plans and policies. The data include several parameters, including building energy efficiency thresholds expressed in the form of primary energy use intensity; primary energy conversion factors; renewable energy shares; building envelope performance requirements; mechanical ventilation performance requirements; thermal comfort requirements; construction rates of residential buildings; and heat pumps market penetration expressed as heat pump units per 100 households. The data paper is valuable for scientists to conduct future research to implement energy efficiency measures and renewables towards energy-neutral buildings.

• Analysis of the new standard EN ISO 52010-1:2017. • Proposal for a calculation procedure alternative to EN ISO 52010-1:2017. • Comparative analysis among four different calculation methods on five European cities. • Discrepance between EN ISO 52010-1:2017 and the other considered procedures. A proper evaluation of the building energy consumption implies an accurate assessment of the solar gains and consequently an exact estimation of the direct and diffuse solar radiation on tilted and oriented surfaces. The new standard EN ISO 52016-1: 2017 introduces a new hourly methodology for the calculation of energy performance of buildings and is complemented by EN ISO 52010-1:2017, which specifies the procedure for the conversion of climate data for energy calculations. These standards represent a good compromise between the old EN ISO 13790:2008 and Trnsys, since they allow for a more accurate evaluation of energy consumption than the former, while being less onerous than the latter. In the present work, EN ISO 52010-1:2017 is analysed for the first time and an alternative calculation procedure is proposed. These two algorithms are then compared with two other irradiance splitting methods implemented in Meteonorm and Trnsys code. In order to test performance and limits of the different calculation algorithms, we make a comparison among such methods on five European cities characterized by different climatic characteristics. Results show that the model implemented in EN ISO 52010-1:2017 overestimates the diffuse solar irradiance on horizontal plane for all the considered locations, while the proposed procedure and those implemented in the Trnsys and Meteonorm softwares show similar results. Using Trnsys algorithm as a baseline, the proposed calculation algorithm gives the best approximation among the considered models for what concerns the direct, diffuse and global irradiance on vertical surfaces exposed to south, east and west. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the methodology for conducting a cost-optimal energy performance calculation of a solar hot water system, used for space heating and domestic hot water needs. The calculation is based on dynamic hourly methods, according to the new Energy Performance of Buildings’ (EPB) set of standards EN 15316:2017, and a revision of the standard EN 15316-5:2017 from the year 2021, dealing with storage-tank water temperature calculations. The paper provides proposals for modifications to these newly introduced standards, in order to overcome the observed ambiguities and shortcomings. The calculation of annual energy performance of a building was performed on an hourly basis over a year for the reference of an nZEB multi-apartment building, for a climate area of the city of Zagreb, taking into account water temperature change in the layers of the storage tank connected to solar collectors and hot water boilers. The cost-optimal solution was then determined by varying individual parameters of the building technical system. The influence of these parameters on the energy efficiency of the building was analyzed in detail. Furthermore, the results were compared against those obtained by the Croatian calculation algorithm based on the previous set of EPB standards, EN 15316:2008, currently used EU-wide for the energy performance certification of buildings. The results indicated that the calculation methods of the present algorithm underestimated the consumption of building primary energy by 12%. The energy delivered by solar collectors was underestimated by 18%.

To explore the Endoscopic sphincterotomy combined with different durations of endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation in patients with common bile duct stones. A total of 92 patients with common bile duct stones who underwent EST combined with EPBD in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2018 were selected as the study subjects. They were divided into group A according to the intraoperative balloon dilation time (46 patients, dilatation expansion time 20 s), group B (46 patients, dilatation expansion time 40 s), compared the two groups of patients with a net stone rate, mechanical lithotripsy rate, operation time and X-ray exposure time, compared the two groups of patients with liver function indicators before and after surgery The blood amylase at 12 hours after operation was compared with the incidence of complications such as pancreatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, biliary infection, and perforation in the two groups. (1) The comparison showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of patients in the rate of clean stones, mechanical lithotripsy, operating time, X-ray exposure time, and 12 h blood amylase (P>0.05). (2) The differences in TBIL, ALT, and ALP between the two groups of patients before surgery were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The above indicators in the two groups of patients showed a significant decrease compared with that before treatment, but there was no difference between the groups(P>0.05). (3) The incidence of various postoperative complications in group A was 4.35 % (2/46), and the incidence of various postoperative complications in group B was 17.39 %(8/46). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). EST combined with EPBD has a good therapeutic effect on common bile duct stones. Different balloon inflation times during the operation will not affect the success rate and operation time, but long-term expansion will increase the risk of postoperative bleeding. In the case of surgery, try to control the balloon dilation time during the operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) was introduced by the revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) 2018/844/EU, as a voluntary scheme for rating the smart readiness of buildings. The methodology addresses the benefits of smart technologies and their functionalities in buildings to offer low-energy, healthier, and environmentally comfortable buildings that balance the needs of occupants and the energy grid. This is a case study implementation of the SRI calculation to the university campus scale. The SRI methodology is applicable on a building-by-building basis; however, the assessment of large stocks and energy hubs is not addressed and will be the focus of this study. Other studies have proposed a method to extend the calculation to building clusters which, however, involves assessing all the buildings in the cluster in detail. The current case study extends to a much larger number of buildings, therefore, the assessment of each individual building was not considered effective. A critical implementation of the SRI calculation is presented here that leverages publicly available information like Display Energy Certificate (DEC) advisory recommendation reports for a university campus. A complex building is used to verify the proposed method based on the SRI detailed methodology. The proposed method provides a solution to the large-scale processing of building information across multiple complex buildings, hence benefiting decision-makers early on. Furthermore, the method benefits from the inclusion of building-specific recommendations based on DEC surveys. For the 98 buildings examined, a campus SRI score range has been estimated and focus areas have been identified as the foundation of smart energy and net-zero transition pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe, buildings are responsible for more than one third of the total final energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions. In the last twenty years, the European Union has published a succession of energy performance of building directives to define and ensure the fulfilment of a series of objectives regarding greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, energy efficiency and energy generation from renewable sources in buildings. For its part, Spain is adapting its legal framework, transposing these directives with the aim of achieving greater energy efficiency and sustainability for buildings. Under this context, an energy, economic and environmental assessment is performed to analyze the impact of these regulatory changes on a single-family home including a photovoltaic installation for self-consumption with surpluses and/or a solar thermal installation for domestic hot water supply, located in each one of the eight thousand one hundred thirty-one municipalities that make up Spain. The energy behavior of the original house is compared with that obtained after it is updated with these new facilities. The transient system simulation tool is used for the energy study. The results show that the European objectives are far exceeded. The energy savings achieved range from 67% to 126%, carbon dioxide emissions decrease by 42% to 100% and energy bills are reduced in cost by 32% to 81%. The findings of this work can be used by policymakers as guidelines for the development of national strategic plans and financial incentives for the promotion of small-scale residential photovoltaic and solar thermal applications, as well as by designers, supervisors, managers and developers to include them in their projects.

"Efficient Solutions and Cost-Optimal Analysis for Existing School Buildings" (Paolo Maria Congedo, Delia D’Agostino, Cristina Baglivo, Giuliano Tornese, Ilaria Zacà) [1] is the paper that refers to this article. It reports the data related to the establishment of several variants of energy efficient retrofit measures selected for two existing school buildings located in the Mediterranean area. In compliance with the cost-optimal analysis described in the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive and its guidelines (EU, Directive, EU 244,) [2,3], these data are useful for the integration of renewable energy sources and high performance technical systems for school renovation. The data of cost-efficient high performance solutions are provided in tables that are explained within the following sections. The data focus on the describe school refurbishment sector to which European policies and investments are directed. A methodological approach already used in previous studies about new buildings is followed (Baglivo Cristina, Congedo Paolo Maria, D׳Agostino Delia, Zacà Ilaria, 2015; IlariaZacà, Delia D’Agostino, Paolo Maria Congedo, Cristina Baglivo; Baglivo Cristina, Congedo Paolo Maria, D’Agostino Delia, Zacà Ilaria, 2015; Ilaria Zacà, Delia D’Agostino, Paolo Maria Congedo, Cristina Baglivo, 2015; Paolo Maria Congedo, Cristina Baglivo, IlariaZacà, Delia D’Agostino,2015) [4–8]. The files give the cost-optimal solutions for a kindergarten (REF1) and a nursery (REF2) school located in Sanarica and Squinzano (province of Lecce Southern Italy). The two reference buildings differ for construction period, materials and systems. The eleven tables provided contain data about the localization of the buildings, geometrical features and thermal properties of the envelope, as well as the energy efficiency measures related to walls, windows, heating, cooling, dhw and renewables. Output values of energy consumption, gas emission and costs are given for a financial and a macro-economic analysis. This data article provides 288 and 96 combinations for REF1 and REF2, respectively. The output values are obtained using the software ProCasaClima 2015v.2.0.

The EU members have adopted regulations and official methods for evaluating the energy performance in buildings. Most of these methods are applied at the end of the project phase, with few opportunities to correct erroneous design decisions when the desired building energy performance is not achieved. It is demonstrated that there is no European standard for sustainability and that the decision-making process during the development of a building project is compromised by the methodologies and some concepts, as thermal inertia, are withdrawn. Currently, the industry has been developing alternative tools for evaluating energy performance and CO2 emissions in buildings over their entire life cycle. These software programs, which belong to the BIM environment, use databases and make simplifications adapted to the stage of design when the software can be applied. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the accuracy of this software and how the databases and simplifications influence the decision-making process in building design. Calculation examples are carried out with various tools and compared to real building performance data. The results demonstrate that, as with the official methods, the tools influence the results and therefore condition, sometimes wrongly, the decision-making process to produce better buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Spain, the regulation of energy savings in buildings has evolved in parallel with the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). With the upcoming Basic Document on Energy Saving of the Technical Building Code (CTE-DB-HE 2018), nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEBs) are addressed for the first time, including both new buildings and renovated buildings. The goal of the present work is to present the innovations of the forthcoming modifications introduced by the implementation of the EPBD 2010 in Spain, highlighting the energy rehabilitation possibilities offered, with a goal of achieving the classification of all buildings as NZEBs by 2020. To illustrate these modifications, a complete case study is analyzed, in which the improvements introduced with respect to the previous regulation are checked against the new renewable energy contribution requirements for the production of domestic hot water, energy demand limits and energy consumption limits of the upcoming CTE-DB-HE 2018. In this way, we clarify how the energy consumption of the residential building stock is expected to be reduced and how policies that favor building energy rehabilitation can be encouraged to achieve the European goals for 2020 and 2030. • The new energy saving requirements of building are analyzed. • The main changes introduced are illustrated using a case study. • Indicators to evaluate the residential sector buildings are compared. • This work is useful for drafting energy rehabilitation scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affordable living space has become one of the main talking points in Germany next to the threat of climate change. The SMEs of the German lightweight concrete industry offer regional masonry solutions for detached, semi‐detached, and terraced houses as well as multi‐storey apartment buildings. Particularly in densely populated urban centres, the need for multi‐storey apartment buildings arises constantly. In the following the performance of monolithic lightweight concrete masonry will be described and compared with the relevant requirements for multi‐storey apartment buildings. It will be demonstrated that masonry with supposedly low compressive strength can still fulfil all requirements. Of particular significance here are the external wall‐slab junctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The results of this paper can support the design of nearly zero-energy single-family houses in the Italian context. The provided methodological framework can support the design of nearly zero-energy buildings and be replicated in different contexts. The effective design of nearly zero-energy buildings depends on a large set of interdependent variables, which affect both energy demand and supply. Considering them simultaneously is fundamental when searching for optimal design of nearly zero-energy buildings, as encouraged by the EU in the second recast of the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD). This paper presents the application of the new energy demand and supply simultaneous optimization (EDeSSOpt) methodology to optimize the design of a single-family house in the Italian context. Both primary energy optimization and financial optimization are carried out in the context of European regulations. Robustness of the resulting optimal solution is studied through analysis of optimum neighborhoods. The resulting cost-optimized solution relies on a moderately insulated envelope, a highly efficient system, and 34% of coverage from renewables. The energy-optimized solution requires a higher level of insulation and a higher coverage from renewables, demonstrating that there is still a gap between energy and cost optimums. Beyond the results, integrated optimization by means of EDeSSOpt is demonstrated to better minimize cost functions while improving the robustness of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Directive 2010/31/EU introduces the obligation of "independent control systems". The Member States have implemented this obligation with different methods and levels of accuracy. Based on these motivations, in Italy, the Emilia-Romagna Region (ERR) has activated its own Energy Performance Certificate Control System. We describes the Control System in Europe, compared to existing works, the procedure adopted in the ERR, and the results of the control campaigns in 2016 and 2017. The methodology provides for control over both the EPC Drafts and EPCs Issued, carried out on two levels: checks and on-site inspection. The results show the impact of the EPC control on the technicians, EPC quality and they highlight the recurring mistake during EPC compilation: which should be divided in two categories: technicians who have misunderstood the laws and standards and other technicians whose work entails negligence or illicit activity. Moreover, the results show the effectiveness of such solutions and the extent of the independent control system to verify the work of the independent experts and the contents of the EPCs. We report a customer satisfaction survey about the EPC control and validation. Advantages of this work that it is possible to carry out widespread EPC control, and it reports an improvement in the quality of the EPCs, moreover it is first study about independent control in Italy. Highlights • Directive 2010/31/EU "independent control systems" in Emilia-Romagna Regione (Italy). • Impact of the EPC control on the technicians and EPC quality and they highlight the recurring mistake during EPC compilation. • Customer satisfaction survey about the EPC control. • EPBD independent control in Emilia-Romagna Region: a widespread EPC control to improve quality of the EPCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This data article contains eleven tables supporting the research article entitled: Cost-Optimal Design For Nearly Zero Energy Office Buildings Located In Warm Climates [1]. The data explain the procedure of minimum energy performance requirements presented by the European Directive (EPBD) [2] to establish several variants of energy efficiency measures with the integration of renewable energy sources in order to reach nZEBs (nearly zero energy buildings) by 2020. This files include the application of comparative methodological framework and give the cost-optimal solutions for non-residential building located in Southern Italy. The data describe office sector in which direct the current European policies and investments [3,4]. In particular, the localization of the building, geometrical features, thermal properties of the envelope and technical systems for HVAC are reported in the first sections. Energy efficiency measures related to orientation, walls, windows, heating, cooling, dhw and RES are given in the second part of the group; this data article provides 256 combinations for a financial and macroeconomic analysis.

The EU adopted the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive in 2003 to help to measure, manage and reduce energy consumption and consequential carbon emissions related to buildings. It introduced the concept of energy certificates for buildings on construction, sale or rent. It required energy certificates for display in many public buildings across Europe and introduced regular inspections of heating and air conditioning systems. The Directive was recast in 2010, to include a number of amendments aimed at improving the effectiveness of the legislation. The Directive is now being reviewed again and the European Commission, the Parliament and the Council of Ministers are now engaged in a three-way process of negotiation to finalise the text. This paper looks at the history of the implementation of the EPBD and considers how the recast might affect buildings in both Ireland and the UK. It also seeks to offer a wider perspective on how the Directive may be able to help address the energy challenges we face in both Ireland and the UK.

Abstract The residential sector in the European Union accounts for 25.4% of the final energy consumption and 20.8% of the CO 2 emissions. Greater savings and efficiency in the sector are expected through the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). In the case of Spain, this directive is implemented through the Basic Energy-Saving Document of the Technical Building Code (CTE-DB-HE). This study presents an energy and environmental analysis of the EPBD implementation and evolution toward nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEBs) in a multi-family housing block. The locations of the studied building span 24 cities representative of the hot and temperate climate zones in Spain. This study complements a similar study conducted for the cold climate zones in Spain. The evolution of the regulation is studied through 5 cases and 3 proposals that seek to achieve NZEBs. The results reveal that reductions of more than 50% in energy demand, more than 68% in non-renewable primary energy consumption and more than 65% in CO 2 emissions are achieved with the current regulation. In addition, this article shows how the CTE-DB-HE can evolve to achieve NZEBs. Highlights • Compliance with EPBD in Spain (CTE-DB-HE) ensures major energy savings in buildings. • The total energy demand of the building can be reduced by up to 99.73 kWh/m2·year. • Non-renewable primary energy consumption rating can be changed from E to C at least. • An increase from a rating of E to C or higher in terms of CO 2 emissions can be achieved. • The possibility of an A rating was studied as a primary requirement of NZEBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is the European Union's main legislative instrument aiming to promote the improvement of the energy performance of buildings within Community. It was inspired by the Kyoto Protocol which commits the EU and all its parties by setting binding emission reduction. The first version of the EPBD (Directive 2002/91/EC), was approved on 16 December 2012 and entered into force on 4 January 2003. The Directive required the MS strengthen the building regulations and introduce Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs). Directive 2002/91/EC was later on replaced by the so-called "EPBD recast", which was approved on 19 May 2010. This version of the EPBD broadened its focus on nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEB), cost optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements as well as improved policies. 2016 is an important year for energy efficiency legislation at EU level, with the upcoming revisions of the EPBD and Energy Efficiency Directive (EED). On 30 November 2016 published its "Clean Energy for All Europeans" package, also known as the "Winter Package". With an appropriate framework, buildings could play a central role in transforming the EU energy system. Buildings are entering a transition phase, transforming into highly efficient micro energy-hubs consuming, producing, storing and supplying energy, making the system more flexible and efficient enabling a rapid uptake of renewable energy and electric vehicles. The Paris Agreement provides a common framework within which individual countries are invited to define nationally determined contributions (NDCs) taking account the overall goal of the UN Framework Convention on Climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to write a paper about how the government exercise control of buildings with a view to making them more energy efficient it is first necessary to explore the legal structure of that control. For the purposes of this paper the current author will consider that structure as it applies in England. The legislation in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland has subtle differences that the reader will need to make themselves aware of should they be undertaking work within those jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General guides to support the refurbishment design indicate separately the solutions to common problems such as thermal loss, interstitial condensation, sound transmission, fire safety etc. This paper deals with combined solutions that take into account simultaneously two of these aspects, aiming both at reducing thermal losses and at avoiding or limiting problems related to moisture transfer and condensation, jointly with an indispensable cost analysis. Improving the energy performance of buildings should start from the evaluation of the building's envelope energy saving options. The subject of the research is oriented to typical buildings, often critical from the energy standpoint, which are represented by social housings. The refurbishment target should be the NZEB model, even if it is very difficult to find suitable general solutions. As the renovation design process depends also on the sustainability of costs, an evaluation procedure, previously proposed, is widened to take into account this aspect, by considering characteristics and constraints, and assuring reasonable costs for the most suitable solutions. The methodology has been applied to a case study represented by a common building unit. The insulation improvement is made through a choice of the most suitable combination of material and thickness, with the aim not only of the energy saving, but also of the reduction of the risk of vapour condensation that depends, among other things, on the position of the insulating materials within the wall's structure. Some combined refurbishment solutions for the building envelope are examined and the corresponding costs are evaluated. Moreover, to show the importance of the problem in mild and continental climates, a comparison of the results in different climatic conditions is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of November 2016, the European Commission tabled the Clean Energy for All Europeans package, which represents a large set of proposals for several key directives related to energy. The package included proposed revisions to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) which seek to update and streamline the Directive in several areas, including provisions to ensure buildings operate efficiently by encouraging the uptake of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and smart technologies. Although it can be argued that there is at present no commonly accepted definition of a "smart building", the Commission's proposed revision refers to three key features of a possible indicator of "smartness" in buildings: the technological readiness of a building to (1) interact with its occupants; (2) to interact with the grid; and (3) to manage itself efficiently. Using these three pillars of "smartness" as a methodological starting point, this paper identifies and analyses recent and ongoing Horizon 2020 research, innovation and market uptake projects which are investigating "smart buildings". The research maps and examines the tasks, scope and innovations in areas that include building automation and control systems, demand response, energy management, ICT and user interfaces for energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BUILD UPON2 project proposes to work with local, national and European stakeholders to create a Multi-Level Renovation Impact Framework that contains a suite of milestones and measurable progress indicators for building renovation strategies. This Framework will serve as tool for Cities in delivering the EPBD and ensure that local initiatives are aligned with national and European policies. The objective of the project’s Italian cluster is to gather together a number of cities and stakeholders aiming at sharing strategies and results of initiatives undertaken at city scale for the renovation of the building stock and testing the Multi-Level Renovation Impact Framework.

The effective design of nearly zero-energy buildings depends on a large set of interdependent variables, which affect both energy demand and supply. Considering them simultaneously is fundamental when searching for optimal design of nearly zero-energy buildings, as encouraged by the EU in the second recast of the Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD). This paper presents the application of the new energy demand and supply simultaneous optimization (EDeSSOpt) methodology to optimize the design of a single-family house in the Italian context. Both primary energy optimization and financial optimization are carried out in the context of European regulations. Robustness of the resulting optimal solution is studied through analysis of optimum neighborhoods. The resulting cost-optimized solution relies on a moderately insulated envelope, a highly efficient system, and 34% of coverage from renewables. The energy-optimized solution requires a higher level of insulation and a higher coverage from renewables, demonstrating that there is still a gap between energy and cost optimums. Beyond the results, integrated optimization by means of EDeSSOpt is demonstrated to better minimize cost functions while improving the robustness of results.

In the EU’s revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), a smart readiness indicator (SRI) was introduced as an energy efficiency activity to promote smart ready technologies (SRT) in the building sector. The proposed methodology is based on the evaluation of building services and how they contribute on SRT. The purpose of this paper is to explore the applicability of the SRI to cold climate countries in Northern Europe. The Northern European countries are an interesting test environment for the indicator because of their advanced information and communication technology and high building energy consumption profiles. The findings imply that regardless of the SRI’s conceptualization as a system oriented (smart grid) approach, in its current form, it was not able to recognize the specific features of cold climate buildings, specifically those employing advanced district heating (DH) systems. Another, more practical, implication of the study was that due to the subjective nature of the proposed process for selecting SRI relevant building services, the applicability of SRI as a fair rating system across the EU member states is problematic.

In times of great transition of the European construction sector to energy efficient and nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB), a market observation containing qualitative and quantitative indications should help to fill out some of the current gaps concerning the EU 2020 carbon targets. Next to the economic challenges, there are equally important factors that hinder renovating the existing residential building stock and adding newly constructed high performance buildings. Under these circumstances this paper summarises the findings of a cross-comparative study of the societal and technical barriers of nZEB implementation in 7 Southern European countries. The study analyses the present situation and provides an overview on future prospects for nZEB in Southern Europe. The result presents an overview of challenges and provides recommendations based on available empirical evidence to further lower those barriers in the European construction sector. The paper finds that the most Southern European countries are poorly prepared for nZEB implementation and especially to the challenge/opportunity of retrofitting existing buildings. Creating a common approach to further develop nZEB targets, concepts and definitions in synergy with the climatic, societal and technical state of progress in Southern Europe is essential. The paper provides recommendations for actions to shift the identified gaps into opportunities for future development of climate adaptive high performance buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residential sector in the European Union accounts for 27% of final energy consumption and 23% of CO 2 emissions. Due to this situation, the European Union, in order to strive for greater energy efficiency and savings, has established the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, which, in the case of Spain, takes the form of a Basic Document outlining Energy Saving in the Technical Building Code (CTE-DB-HE). The aim is to perform an energy and environmental analysis in a multi-family housing block, evaluating improvements that are the result of the implementation of the CTE-DB-HE and comparing them with the previous situation. For this purpose, five representative cases for 26 Spanish cities located in cold climate zones are analyzed. The results reveal that with the current rules, an energy demand reduction of over 60% is achieved. In addition, 65% higher reductions are obtained both in the non-renewable primary energy consumption and CO 2 emissions, thereby achieving class B building status. These remarkable savings show that the right direction is being taken toward nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEBs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gap between the intended and actual energy performance of buildings is increasingly well documented in the non-domestic building sector. Recognition of this issue has led to the availability of a large range of initiatives that seek to ensure energy efficient building operation. This article reviews the practical implementation of three such initiatives in a case study building at the University of Cambridge. The notionally high-performance office/laboratory building implemented two voluntary design frameworks during building planning and construction: the voluntary rating scheme BREEAM and a bespoke Soft Landings framework called the CambridgeWork Plan. The building additionally meets the energy reporting criteria for the EU Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), a legislative requirement for many publicly owned buildings in the UK. The relative impact of these three approaches for optimising building energy performance is reviewed through a mixed methods approach of building occupant and operator interviews, document analysis and energy performance review. The building's core functions were revealed to consume 140% more energy than the building logbook estimate for the same needs. This difference, referred to widely as the energy performance gap, is larger than the majority of reported UK university buildings in the energy reporting database CarbonBuzz. The three implemented initiatives are demonstrated to be inadequate for reducing the energy performance gap in the case study, thus a number of alternative energy efficiency approaches are additionally reviewed. Common to the three approaches used in the case study is a lack of verification of actual building performance despite ambitious sustainability targets, due to a heavy focus on the design-stage and few follow-up mechanisms. The paper demonstrates the potential of energy efficiency initiatives that are focussed on operational performance as a core criterion (such as the Living Building Challenge) together with those that ensure the creation of realistic energy estimates at the design stage (such as the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Technical Memorandum 54). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 58-year-old male with acute cholangitis due to a common bile duct stone underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for stone removal with endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) due to his high bleeding risk owing to maintenance dialysis and antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. He had a history of stone removal using an EPBD. The stone was removed; however, the patient subsequently developed spurting bleeding and underwent endoscopic hemostasis. Despite the subsequent mild pancreatitis, he recovered with conservative management. While EPBD is considered a low-risk procedure for bleeding, caution should still be exercised due to the possibility of massive postprocedural bleeding., (© 2023 The Authors.)