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Bacterial blight disease of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most serious constraints in rice production. The most sustainable strategy to combat the disease is the deployment of host plant resistance. Earlier, we identified an introgression line, IR 75084-15-3-B-B, derived from Oryza officinalis possessing broad-spectrum resistance against Xoo. In order to understand the inheritance of resistance in the O. officinalis accession and identify genomic region(s) associated with resistance, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population was developed from the cross Samba Mahsuri (susceptible to bacterial blight) × IR 75084-15-3-B-B (resistant to bacterial blight). The F2 population derived from the cross segregated in a phenotypic ratio of 3: 1 (resistant susceptible) implying that resistance in IR 75084-15-3-B-B is controlled by a single dominant gene/quantitative trait locus (QTL). In the F7 generation, a set of 47 homozygous resistant lines and 47 homozygous susceptible lines was used to study the association between phenotypic data obtained through screening with Xoo and genotypic data obtained through analysis of 7K rice single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip. Through composite interval mapping, a major locus was detected in the midst of two flanking SNP markers, viz., Chr11.27817978 and Chr11.27994133, on chromosome 11L with a logarithm of the odds (LOD) score of 10.21 and 35.93% of phenotypic variation, and the locus has been named Xa48t. In silico search in the genomic region between the two markers flanking Xa48t identified 10 putatively expressed genes located in the region of interest. The quantitative expression and DNA sequence analysis of these genes from contrasting parents identified the Os11g0687900 encoding an NB-ARC domain-containing protein as the most promising gene associated with resistance. Interestingly, a 16-bp insertion was noticed in the untranslated region (UTR) of the gene in the resistant parent, IR 75084-15-3-B-B, which was absent in Samba Mahsuri. The association of Os11g0687900 with resistance phenotype was further established by sequence-based DNA marker analysis in the RIL population. A co-segregating PCR-based INDEL marker, Marker_Xa48, has been developed for use in the marker-assisted breeding of Xa48t.

Rice production is affected by many biotic and abiotic stresses; among them, bacterial blight (BB) and blast diseases and low soil phosphorous stress cause significant yield losses. The present study was carried out with the objective of combining the BB resistance gene, Xa21, the blast resistance gene, Pi54, and the low soil phosphorous tolerance QTL/gene, Pup1, into the genetic background of the Indian mega-rice variety, MTU1010 (Cottondora Sannalu), through marker-assisted pedigree breeding. RP5973-20-9-8-24-12-7 [a near isogenic line (NIL) of MTU1010 possessing Pup1] and RP6132 [a NIL of Akshayadhan possessing Xa21 + Pi54] were crossed and ‘true’ F1s were identified, using the target gene-specific markers and selfed. F2 plants, which are homozygous for all the three target genes/QTLs, were identified using PCR based markers and were advanced further through the pedigree method of breeding, with selection based on phenotypic traits specific for MTU1010. At the F5 generation, a set of 15 promising triple positive homozygous lines were identified and screened for their resistance against BB and blast diseases and tolerance to low soil P. Among them, two lines (LPK 30-18-16 and LPK 49-15-22) showed higher yields as compared to MTU1010, along with the desirable long slender grain type in both low soil P and normal soil P plots, and also exhibited high levels of resistance against BB and blast diseases, with lesser grain shattering as compared to MTU1010. These lines are being advanced for multi-location trials for validating their performance.

Bacterial blight (BB) disease reduces the yield of rice varieties and hybrids considerably in many tropical rice growing countries like India. The present study highlights the development of durable BB resistance into the background of an elite maintainer of rice, DRR17B, by incorporating two major dominant genes, Xa21 and Xa33 through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). Through two sets of backcrosses, the two BB resistance genes were transferred separately to DRR17B. In this process, at each stage of backcrossing, foreground selection was carried out for the target resistance genes and for non-fertility restorer alleles concerning the major fertility restorer genes Rf3 and Rf4, using gene-specific PCR-based markers, while background selection was done using a set of 61 and 64 parental polymorphic SSR markers respectively. Backcross derived lines possessing either Xa21 or Xa33 along with maximum genome recovery of DRR17B were identified at BC3F1 generation and selfed to develop BC3F2s. Plants harboring Xa21 or Xa33 in homozygous condition were identified among BC3F2s and were intercrossed with each other to combine both the genes. The intercross F1 plants (ICF1) were selfed and the intercross F2(ICF2) plants possessing both Xa21 and Xa33 in homozygous condition were identified with the help of markers. They were then advanced further by selfing until ICF4 generation. Selected ICF4 lines were evaluated for their resistance against BB with eight virulent isolates and for key agro-morphological traits. Six promising two-gene pyramiding lines of DRR17B with high level of BB resistance and agro-morphological attributes similar or superior to DRR17B with complete maintenance ability have been identified. These lines with elevated level of durable resistance may be handy tool for BB resistance breeding.

A new protocol for the synthesis of amides from tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPB) and ammonia/amines has been developed under catalyst- and solvent-free conditions. The ammonia, primary and secondary amines reacted smoothly with TBPB to furnish the corresponding primary, secondary, and tertiary amides in excellent yields. TBPB proved to be an efficient and highly chemoselective benzoylating reagent for aliphatic amines in the presence of aromatic amines/ hydroxyl groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]