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Dendrobaena veneta (Rosa, 1886) Allolobphora veneta Rosa, 1886: 674. Dendrobaena veneta veneta: Mršić 1991: 613. Szederjesi & Csuzdi 2012: 268. Dendrobaena veneta: Dhora 2010: 82; 2018: 91. Szederjesi 2017: 94; 2019: 28. Distribution type: peregrine (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003). Distribution in Albania: Borsh, Qukës-Shkumbin, Shtamë Pass, Qafa e Shtyllës, Ostreni i Madh, Lin (Szederjesi & Csuzdi 2012); Rrash, Muzinë – Syri i Kaltër (Szederjesi 2019). New record: HNHM/17593 1 ex., Tiranë district, Gropë Mts, Bizë, limestone rocks, Kaprol stream and its sidebrook at the military camp, 1250 m, N41.3392° E20.1989°, 07.07.2019, leg. Z. Fehér, T. Fehér, R. Lika, T. Szederjesi. Known habitat in Albania: spring, brook, shore of lake, stream., Published as part of Szederjesi, Tímea, 2023, Checklist of the earthworms of Albania (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae), pp. 23-37 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7745152, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1886) Note sui lombrici del Veneto. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, 4, 673 - 687.","Mrsic, N. (1991) Monograph on earthworms (Lumbricidae) of the Balkans I-II. Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Zazred za Naravoslovne Vede Opera 31 Ljubljana, 757 pp.","Szederjesi, T. & Csuzdi, Cs. (2012) New earthworm species and records from Albania (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 58 (3), 259 - 274.","Dhora, D. (2010) Register of the species of the fauna of Albania. Camaj-Pipa Publ., Skhodra, 208 pp.","Dhora, D. (2018) Liste paraprake e specieve te zakonshme te faunes se Shqiperise. Universiteti i Shkodres \" Luigj Gurakuqi \". Bul. Shk., Ser. Shk. Nat, 68, 88 - 100.","Szederjesi, T. (2019) Data to the earthworm fauna of the Balkan Peninsula, Istria, the Papuk Mountain and the Kamnik-Savinja Alps (Megadrili: Lumbricidae). Folia historico-naturalia musei matraensis, 43, 25 - 31."]}

The selected chemical composition (dry matter, ash, total protein, and crude fat) of the integumentary muscles of Dendrobaena veneta were determined, plus the dry matter (DM) percentage content of 17 amino acids and the profile (%) of fatty acids. Results were compared with a more fully studied earthworm, Eisenia fetida. In addition, the composition of exogenous amino acids was compared to the WHO standard for pork, beef, and chicken eggs. Both earthworm species were grown on the same kitchen waste, and protein composition was analyzed using the same methods. Studies indicated that the muscle of D. veneta was characterized by a high level of protein (76.82% DM). A similar content of exogenous amino acids was observed in the protein of both earthworms, but for phenylalanine and isoleucine, slightly higher levels were recorded for E. fetida. More histidine, lysine, threonine, isoleucine, and arginine were found in earthworms compared with chicken egg white. Fatty acids play an essential role in balancing human or animal feed and their content determines the dietary and nutritional value of the food. Both earthworm species contained the appropriate content of saturated and unsaturated acids. In D. veneta, a higher content of arachidonic acid was found, and in E. fetida, lauric, tridecanoic, and palmitic acids were present. Future issues of food security may force us to seriously consider earthworm protein for indirect or even direct human consumption.

To feed humans on a future Mars settlement, a sustainable closed agricultural ecosystem is a necessity. On Mars, both the faeces of astronauts as well as any plant residues or other organic waste needs to be (re)used to fertilise the present regolith. The activity of earthworms may play a crucial role in this ecosystem as they break down and recycle the dead organic matter. The contribution of worms to Mars regolith forming is yet an unexplored territory. The first goal of our research was to investigate whether earthworms (Caligonella genus and Dendrobaena veneta) can survive in Mars soil simulant. The second goal was to investigate whether earthworm activity on Mars soil simulant can stimulate the growth of crops, in our case Rucola. The third goal was if earthworm activity can enhance the effect of pig slurry on the growth of Rucola. In a 75-day greenhouse experiment, we sowed Rucola in Mars soil simulant as well as in silver sand as an Earth control, amended with pig slurry, plant residues, and earthworms. During the experimental period, we observed worm activity. At the end of the experiment, the worms had propagated both in the Mars soil simulant and Earth control. However, we found no significant effect of worm activity on plant biomass production. This was probably due to the relative short duration of the experiment, being one life cycle of Rucola. Adding pig slurry stimulated plant growth significantly as expected, especially for the Mars soil simulant.

Olive oil industry is economically important in Mediterranean countries. Disposal of olive mill waste (OMW) presents an environmental concern in those countries due to its high salinity and its high level of polyphenols. In order to reuse OMW, those properties have to change either through the filtration process and addition of adsorbents or by composting. One of the most important organisms in composting of organic wastes is earthworms. However, data on the effects of OMW on earthworms are scarce. The main aim of our study was to investigate whether OMW contaminated soil (OMW CS) causes adverse effects on molecular and organism level in epigeic earthworm Dendrobaena veneta and on microbiological activity. Changes of measured biochemical biomarkers (AChE, CAT, GST, lipids, MDA) varied depending on the quantity of added OMW CS and the exposure duration. Oxidative stress occurred after 7 days of exposure, while in most cases enzyme activity recovered after 28 days. At the highest ratio of contaminated soil (50%), reproduction was completely inhibited. The second aim was to investigate the impact of earthworms on phenol degradation and microbial activity, indicating an important role in the bioremediation of contaminated soils. Our results show that above a certain quantity an OMW CS has an adverse effect on earthworms, while the impact of earthworms on soil microbial activity was positive but transient. Yet, as the results also imply that earthworms have an impact on phenol degradation, they can be used to help remediation of OMW CS and its subsequent usage in agriculture. However, the quantity of OMW CS that can be safely added should be determined first.

This article was retracted by the authors on March 08, 2022.

Dendrobaena veneta (Rosa, 1886) Allolobophora veneta Rosa 1886: 674. Dendrobaena veneta veneta Mr��ić 1991: 613. Dendrobaena veneta Csuzdi 2012: 97���99. E. Beech forest (Stojanović et al. 2013). D. Cincar (Mr��ić 1991). Z. Peregrine species with high morphological variability introduced all over in Europe, probably of East-Mediterranean origin (Perel 1979)., Published as part of Sekuli��, Jovana, Stojanovi��, Mirjana, Popovi��, Filip & Traki��, Tanja, 2022, Checklist of the earthworm fauna of Bosnia & Herzegovina (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae), pp. 501-518 in Zootaxa 5093 (5) on page 507, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5964425, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1886) Note sui lombrici del Veneto. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, 4, 673 - 687.","Mrsic, N. (1991) Monograph on earthworms (Lumbricidae) of the Balkans I, II. Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Razred za Naravoslovne Vede, Opera, Ljubljana, 31, 1 - 757.","Csuzdi, C. (2012) Earthworm species, a searchable database. Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 43, 97. [http: // earthworm. uw. hu]","Perel, T. S. (1979) Range and regularities in the distribution of earthworms of the USSR fauna. Nauka, Moscow, 272 pp. [in Russian]"]}

Earthworms can be used in the vermicomposting process. The success of the process depends on many factors, including the choice of the appropriate earthworm species. Eisenia fetida and Dendrobaena veneta are treated as "compost earthworms". They are characterized by a relatively short life cycle, relatively fast growth rate, efficient reproduction and a similar amount of organic matter processed, compared to species found in the natural environment. However, while analyzing their features in more detail, it can be seen that these two species differ. The aim of this study was to compare the selected features of the Eisenia fetida (Sav.) and Dendrobaena veneta (Rosa) earthworm populations in an annual cycle. The mature specimens of E. fetida or D. veneta were put in groups into plastic boxes with soil. Populations were checked regularly by manual sorting of the medium. The earthworms and cocoons were cleaned, counted and weighed individually. Afterwards, the mature individuals were placed in appropriate containers, while the cocoons were separated from the starting populations. The earthworms were fed ad libidum on kitchen wastes every four weeks. The experiment was carried out under constant laboratory conditions for 52 weeks. The analysis of the studied populations confirmed that the tested species of earthworms differ from each other. After 52 weeks of the experiment, the sum of earthworm biomass was higher for D. veneta compared to E. fetida species (18.568 ± 1.867 g and 7.263 ± 1.786 g; p

D. veneta (Rosa) Material examined: CCSM-E 000029.2 ex. Mazandaran Province, Chaloos- Akbarabad Village, 11.11.2019. Leg. R. Latif, A. Esmaeilizad; CCSM-E 000030.2 ex. Mazandaran Province, Ghaem Park, 11.11.2019. Leg. R. Latif, A. Esmaeilizad; CCSM-E 000080.2 ex. Golestan Province, Bandar-e-Gaz- Nokandeh village, 19.10.2019. Leg. R. Latif, A. Esmaeilizad., Published as part of Latif, Robabeh, Rejali, Farhad, Aminjan, Atabak Roohi & Esmaeilizad, Ashraf, 2021, New earthworm records from the Caspian Hyrcanian Forests of Iran (Oligochaeta: Megadrili), pp. 433-440 in Zootaxa 5052 (3) on page 436, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5052.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5572244

Earthworms shape the biological and physicochemical qualities of the soil they choose to reside in, but our understanding of the specific chemicals that attract or repel a particular species of earthworm remains incomplete. Current research indicates that some species feed on and are attracted to fungi, such as Geotrichum candidum. In the present study, as part of our continuing effort to characterize mechanisms of earthworm chemosensation, we tested whether ethyl hexanoate and ethyl pentanoate, two compounds produced by G. candidum, are appetitive to the European nightcrawler (Dendrobaena veneta). In a soil T-maze, both of these compounds significantly repelled individual earthworms in a dosage-dependent manner, this result ran counter to our initial hypothesis. D. veneta also avoided ethyl hexanoate and ethyl pentanoate in an assay we specifically developed to test an earthworms aversion to chemical stimuli in soil. In both of these assays, ethyl hexanoate was aversive at lower concentrations than ethyl pentanoate. These findings further clarify our understanding of the chemical cues that trigger the decision of D. veneta to select a particular soil-environment, and emphasize that different earthworm species may react very differently to commonly encountered chemical stimuli.

Dendrobaena veneta is one of the most widely used compost worms now distributed all over Europe and has been described under several synonymous names. Besides the typical stripy red specimens, another form bearing pinkish pigmentation also exists, mostly found in natural habitats in the East Mediterranean. Here we provide the first integrative taxonomic analysis of D. veneta, including some closely related species. Both the morphological and molecular results highly support the resurrection of D. succinta, a former synonym of D. veneta. In addition, we describe a peculiar new species, D. karacadagi sp. n. from Anatolia, and prove the highly homoplasious character of the cross section of the longitudinal musculature.urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:336D3F7A-AEA1-465B-9096-03070C761A6A

Dendrobaena veneta Rosa, 1886 Allolobophora veneta Rosa, 1886: 674. Eisenia veneta: Michaelsen 1900: 477. Dendrobaena veneta: Perel 1979: 231 (part.); Kvavadze 1985: 122. Dendrobaena veneta veneta: Zicsi 1982: 443 (part); Easton 1983: 479 (part); Blakemore 2008: 559 (part)., Published as part of Latif, Robabeh, Malek, Masoumeh, Aminjan, Atabak Roohi, Pasantes, Juan José, Briones, Maria J. I. & Csuzdi, Csaba, 2020, Integrative taxonomy of some Iranian peregrine earthworm species using morphology and barcoding (Annelida: Megadrili), pp. 163-173 in Zootaxa 4877 (1) on page 170, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4877.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4424015

Due to a need for sustainability in agriculture, waste products ought to be utilized in the most appropriate way. A study was undertaken relating to the vermicomposting of Cameroon sheep dung (CSD) by the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta. Processing of this waste was investigated using unadulterated CSD and in a 1:1 mixture with unpalatable (waste) hay (CSDH). Results demonstrated that these materials were actively processed by D. veneta with vermicomposts obtained which can be characterized by a higher amount of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (average, respectively, 17.0, 10.5, 13.2 g kg&minus, 1 d.m.), as well as lower total carbon and magnesium content (respectively, 340 and 3.2 g kg&minus, 1 d.m.), compared with the initial waste material. No significant differences were found between CSD and CSDH vermicomposts with respect to chemistry. Levels of selected trace elements (average: Cu 17.5&ndash, 18.8, Cr 5.7&ndash, 5.8, Pb 13.5&ndash, 14.4, Ni &lt, 3, Cd &lt, 0.4 mg kg&minus, 1 d.m.) in both vermicomposts did not exclude their application to agricultural soil as a fertilizer.

Topsoil and peat are often taken from intact rural ecosystems to supply the urban demand for fertile soils and soil-like substrates. One way of reducing this exploitation is to recycle suitable urban wastes to produce Technosols and technogenic soil-like sub­strates. In this study we investigate the role earthworms can play in improving the hydraulic properties of such a soil-like substrate.In a four-month microcosm experiment, the influence of the earthworm species D.veneta on the hy­draulic properties of brick-compost mixture was examined. Of the ten boxes filled with ca. 11 dm³ of ground bricks (0.7 cm³ cm-3) and green waste compost (0.3 cm³ cm-3), five contained earthworms (W-boxes) and the re­maining five were used as controls (C-boxes). The substrate was periodically irrigated and the weight of the boxes and of the drained water was monitored. At the same time, images were taken from the front of the boxes to quantify the activity of the earthworms by image analysis. Before and after the experiment, water retention curves were determined from disturbed samples of the substrate using the simplified evaporation method.After six weeks, differences between the C- and the W-boxes were evident. Micrographs showed brick-compost aggregates only for the substrates processed by earthworms. The earthworm activity leads to reduced evaporation and an increased water content in the respec­tive microcosms. The effect persists even after disturbing the substrate. The propor­tion of plant-available soil water is about 0.02 cm³ cm-3 higher for the substrate processed by earthworms (0.250 ±0.009 cm³ cm-3) compared to the control (0.230 ±0.008 cm³ cm-3).This study shows that earthworms are capable of ingesting and processing crushed bricks together with compost. The earthworms produced aggregates which persisted after disturbance and had a positive influence on the water retention capacity of such a soil-like substrate constructed from waste.

Earthworms are exposed to herbicides both through their skin and digestive system. Herbicides can influence earthworms' survival, physiology and reproduction. However, there is a lack of data on herbicide effects on earthworms as they are often regarded as low or non-toxic. The aim of our study was to investigate whether widely used commercial formulations of glyphosate (GLF), tembotrione (TBT) and nicosulfuron (NCS) each applied at three environmentally relevant concentrations have adverse effects on various biomarkers and reproduction in epigeic earthworm Dendrobaena veneta. The activities of measured biomarkers varied depending on the herbicide used and the exposure duration and suggest that oxidative stress plays an important role in the toxicity of tested herbicides. Namely, GLF caused an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity induction after seven days, and NCS after 28 days, while TBT caused an inhibition up to 47% (6.6 μg kgdw soil−1) after seven days. Only TBT caused a significant change (H2 = 13.96, p = 0.002) to catalase (CAT) after seven days of exposure. Malondialdehyde concentrations (MDA) were increased all the time after NCS exposure, but only after seven days in GLF and 28 days in TBT treatments, respectively. The tested herbicides did not have a significant effect on reproduction success, expect of NCS which increased the number of juveniles (p

The toxicological risk assessment of chemicals is largely based on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. These internationally approved methodologies help shape policy and political strategy of environment and human health issues. Risk assessments which pertain to soil biota ‘recruit’ sentinel organisms, including the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Despite E. fetida being morphologically similar to Dendrobaena veneta, they are characterized by a several-fold difference in sensitivity to xenobiotics. Worms, sold as either as pure E. fetida stocks or E. fetida/D. veneta mixed cultures, were obtained from five commercial suppliers. The species identity of 25 earthworms was determined by sequencing the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (COII). We revealed that only one of 25 worms was E. fetida, the remaining worms were all identified as D. veneta. This underlines the notion that E. fetida and D. veneta are easily mis-identified. The occurrence of cryptic speciation combined with the well-documented species-specific variation in toxicological responses highlights the pressing need to accurately classify earthworms to species level prior to any toxicological research. Only this will ensure the validity and reliability of risk assessments., Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image, Highlights • The most frequently used worm in the standard OECD soil test is Eisenia fetida. • The existence of a cryptic E.fetida/andrei species complex has previously been reported however E.fetida and Dendrobaena veneta are morphologically near identical. • E. fetida is significantly more robust/resilient to chemical exposures than D. veneta. • Toxicity tests based on the wrong species will provide misleading data. • The risk of misidentification of earthworms may invalidate any OECD based tox tests.

Earthworms irritated by various noxious stimuli expel coelomic fluid through dorsal pores in the body wall. Coelomic fluid contains coelomocytes (amoebocytes and riboflavin-storing eleocytes) and soluble factors responsible for immune functions, thus efficient restoration of the depleted coelomocyte system has an important adaptive value for soil-dwelling species. The aim of present experiments was to compare restoration of coelomocytes and riboflavin (vitamin B2) after experimental expulsion performed in composting earthworms reared for generations in the same laboratory conditions. Dendrobaena veneta , Eisenia andrei and Eisenia fetida were identified according to morphological criteria, species-specific fluorophores, and DNA sequences of mitochondrial COI genes. Analyses (cell counting, flow cytometry, spectrofluorimetry) were conducted on juveniles and adults at the time of electric shock-induced depletion of coelomocyte-containing coelomic fluid and then three weeks later in worms recovering their immune systems, and in their untreated counterparts. Electric shock induced expulsion of approximately 90% amoebocytes, eleocytes, and riboflavin, followed by their gradual restoration that was still in progress 3 weeks later. Amoebocytes were restored faster than riboflavin and eleocytes. Riboflavin content was higher in restored than senescent eleocytes of adult worms. Process of restoration was faster in juveniles than in adults and in the former was connected with accelerated gain in body mass. Senescent coelomocytes of adult earthworms easily undergo fragmentation, while it was seldom observed in coelomocytes of juveniles and in newly formed coelomocytes replacing expelled cells in both adult and juvenile worms. Molecular basis of these phenomena are worth further elucidation.

Dendrobaena veneta (Rosa, 1886) Allolobophora veneta Rosa, 1886: 674. Dendrobaena veneta veneta: Csuzdi et al. 2006: 15. Material examined. HNHM/17066 1 ex., No. 35, Güzelim, Tufanbeyli, Adana, N of the village, under Pinus and Quercus, N38°08.922' E36°10.718', 1427 m, leg. M.B. Kaydan, 0 1.0 5.2015. HNHM/17067 2 ex., No. 34, Harbiye, Antakya, Harbiye waterfall, under Platanus, N36°07.790' E36°08.660', 244 m, leg. M.B. Kaydan, 0 1.0 5.2015. HNHM/17076 6 ex., No. 27, Yukarıçaylı, Dadalı, Kastamonu, W of the village, chestnut orchard, N41°55.527' E33°44.430', 479 m, leg. L. Dányi, M.B. Kaydan, 23.0 4.2015. HNHM/17105 2 ex., No. 8, Kumafşarı, Denizli, SE of the village, bushy pasture, N37°18.532' E29°31.929', 970 m, leg. L. Dányi, M.B. Kaydan, 17.0 4.2015. HNHM/ 17107 1 ex., No. 38, Yenikızılcakese, Ordu, NE of the village, disturbed beech forest, N40°57.279' E37°08.038', 715 m, leg. L. Dányi, M.B. Kaydan, 24.0 4.2015. HNHM/17126 1 ex., No. 7, Yeniköy, Bursa, SE of the village, machia of deciduous oaks, N40°18.833' E29°27.800', 360 m, leg. L. Dányi, M.B. Kaydan, 20.0 4.2015., Published as part of Szederjesi, Tímea, Dányi, László, Kaydan, Mehmet Bora & Csuzdi, Csaba, 2018, Contribution to the knowledge of the earthworm fauna of Turkey with description of three new species (Clitellata: Megadrili), pp. 160-172 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on page 165, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/1446737, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1886) Note sui lombrici del Veneto. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, 4, 673 - 687.","Csuzdi, Cs., Zicsi, A. & Misirlioglu, M. (2006) An annotated checklist of the earthworm fauna of Turkey (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zootaxa, 1175, 1 - 29."]}

Dendrobaena veneta (Rosa, 1886) Allоlоbоphоra veneta Rosa, 1886: 674. Dendrоbaena veneta veneta: Mršić 1991: 613; Szederjesi 2013: 69; Stojanović et al. 2008: 59; Stojanović & Milutinović 2014: 308. Eisenia veneta zebra Michaelsen, 1902: Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003: 127. Dendrоbaena veneta zebra: Stojanović & Karaman 2003: 29; Stojanović et al. 2008: 59. Dendrоbaena veneta: Stojanović 1996: 72; Csuzdi 2012: 97; Stojanović et al. 2013: 638. E. Bееch fоrеst (Stоjаnоvić et al. 2013). D. Bаlkаn pаrt—Mоjstir, Tutin, Lеpеnicа, Krаgujеvаc (Stоjаnоvić 1996); Bаbin Zub (Stоjаnоvić et al. 2013); Đеrdаp Mts., Gоlubinjе (Szеdеrjеsi 2013); Bеlа Stеnа (Stоjаnоvić & Milutinоvić 2014). Z. Pеrеgrinе spеciеs with high mоrphоlоgicаl vаriаbility intrоducеd аll оvеr in Eurоpе, prоbаbly оf Eаst-Mеditеrrаnеаn оrigin (Pеrеl 1979)., Published as part of Stojanović, Mirjana, Sekulić, Jovana & Trakić, Tanja, 2018, Checklist of earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from Serbia: a review, pp. 124-155 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on page 139, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.9, http://zenodo.org/record/1447067, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1886) Note sui lombrici del Veneto. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, 4, 673 - 687.","Mrsic, N. (1991) Monograph on earthworms (Lumbricidae) of the Balkans I, II. Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti, Razred za Naravoslovne Vede, Opera, Ljubljana, 31, 1 - 757.","Szederjesi, T. (2013) New earthworm records from the former Yugoslav countries (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 44 (1), 61 - 76.","Stojanovic, M., Milutinovic, T. & Karaman, S. (2008) Earthworm (Lumbricidae) diversity in the Central Balkans: An evaluation of their conservation status. European Journal of Soil Biology, 44, 54 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejsobi. 2007.09.005","Michaelsen, W. (1902) Neue Oligochaeten und neue Fundorte altbekannter. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 19, 3 - 53.","Csuzdi, C. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). In: Csuzdi, C. & Mahunka, S. (Eds.), Pedozoologica Hungarica. Vol. 1. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, pp. 1 - 271.","Stojanovic, M. & Karaman, S. (2003) Dendrobaena veneta zebra (Michaelsen, 1902), a new subspecies in the fauna of Serbia. Archives of Biological Science, 55 (3 - 4), 29 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.2298 / ABS 030429 PS"]}

The early scientists who studied the earthworm fauna of Bulgaria were Rosa (1897), Černosvitov (1934), and Mihailova (1966). Their work was continued by Šapkarev (1986) and Zicsi and Csuzdi (1986). In the last decade, researchers from Hungary, Serbia and Bulgaria organized explorations of many localities and enhanced the knowledge of the earthworm fauna of the country (Valchovski 2012, Stojanović et al. 2012, Szederjesi 2013). The present paper summarizes the new species records after these aforementioned three publications: Cernosvitovia munteniana, Eisenia andrei, Murchieona minuscula, Proctodrilus opisthoductus and Dendrobaena veneta.

Dendrobaena veneta (Rosa, 1886) Eastern Stara Planina Mts. (Szederjesi 2013)., Published as part of Valchovski, Hristo, Misirlioğlu, Mete & Stojanović, Mirjana, 2018, New earthworm records (Clitellata: Lumbricidae) from Bulgaria since 2012, pp. 173-174 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on page 173, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/1446747, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1886) Note sui lombrici del Veneto. Atti del Reale Istituto Feneto di Scienze, 4, 673 - 687.","Szederjesi, T. (2013) New earthworm records from Bulgaria (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 44, 77 - 83."]}

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a manipulation of cellular behavior using non-ablative low intensity light sources. This manipulation triggers a cascade of metabolic effects and physiological changes resulting in improved tissue repair, of benefit in the treatment of tissue injury, degenerative or autoimmune diseases. PBM has witnessed an exponential increase in both clinical instrument technology and applications. It is therefore of benefit to find reliable experimental models to test the burgeoning laser technology for medical applications. In our work, we proposed the earthwormDendrobaena venetafor the study of non-ablative laser-light effects on wound healing. In our preliminary work,D. venetahas been shown to be positively affected by PBM. New tests usingD. venetawere set up to evaluate the effectiveness of a chosen 808 nm-64 J/cm2–1W-CW laser therapy using the AB2799 hand-piece with flat-top bean profile, on the wound healing process of the earthworm. Effective outcome was assimilated through examining the macroscopic, histological, and molecular changes on the irradiated posterior-segment of excised-earthworms with respect to controls. Three successive treatments, one every 24 hours, were concluded as sufficient to promote the wound healing, by effects on muscular and blood vessel contraction, decrement of bacteria load, reduction of inflammatory processes and tissue degeneration.D. venetawas demonstrated to be a reliable experimental organism that meets well the 3Rs principles and the National Science Foundation statement. Through their genetic and evolutionary peculiarity, comparable to those of scientifically accredited models,D. venetaallows the effect of laser therapies by multidisciplinary methods, at various degree of complexity and costs to be investigated.

Dendrobaena veneta veneta (Rosa, 1886) Allolobophora veneta Rosa, 1886: 674. ? Eisenia alpina f. typica: Černosvitov 1934: 18. Dendrobaena veneta: Zicsi & Michalis 1981: 258. Michalis 1982: 355; 1983: 59; 1995: 16. Michalis et al. 1985: 39. Szederjesi 2015: 147. Dendrobaena veneta veneta: Szederjesi & Csuzdi 2012: 34. Szederjesi 2017. Peregrine/Caucasian-East-Mediterranean subspecies (Csuzdi & Zicsi 2003, Pavl��ček & Csuzdi 2016). Distribution in Greece. Mainland: Elaeon, Zagora (Zicsi & Michalis 1981). Athamania, Vouliasta, Agios Georgios, Kamaroula, Desi, Chaliki, Kalpaki (Szederjesi & Csuzdi 2012). Crete: Dafnes (Michaelsen 1902).?Psiloritis Mts (Černosvitov 1934). Agii Deka, Ida Mts, Samaria, Pinakiano (Szederjesi 2015). Anogia, Loutraki Kato Simis, Omalos, Theriso, Toplou, Agios Konstantinos, Kaminaki, Skalani, Kritsa (Szederjesi 2017). Rhodes: Koskinou (Cognetti 1913). Afandou (Szederjesi 2015). Lesvos: Mytilini, Neapolis. Leros: Partheni. Athos (Zicsi & Michalis 1981). New records. HNHM /17177 1 ex., Rhodes Island, Salakos, in the valley under the Nymphi Spring, Platanus - Quercus coccifera -Q. aegilops forest, 36��17.164'N, 27��56.866'E, 225 m a.s.l., leg. L. D��nyi, 0 4.0 4.2016. HNHM / 17180 1 ex., Karpathos Island, Lefkos, S of the village, Pinus brutia forest, 35��34.175'N, 27��5.904'E, 183 m a.s.l., leg. L. D��nyi, 28.0 3.2016. HNHM /17186 1 ex., Karpathos Island, Lastos, in the saddle W of the village, Pinus brutia forest, 35��34.481'N, 27��7.738'E, 690 m a.s.l., leg. L. D��nyi, 29.0 3.2016. Remark. Eisenia alpina f. typica reported from Crete by Černosvitov (1934) most probably represents uniformly colored D. veneta specimens frequent in Crete (Szederjesi 2017)., Published as part of Szederjesi, T��mea, Vavoulidou, Evangelia, Chalkia, Christina, D��nyi, L��szl�� & Csuzdi, Csaba, 2017, An annotated checklist of earthworms of Greece (Clitellata: Megadrili), pp. 57-82 in Zootaxa 4272 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4272.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/583379, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1886) Note sui lombrici del Veneto. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, 4, 673 - 687.","Cernosvitov, L. (1934) Die Lumbriciden Bulgariens. Mitteilungen der Koniglichen Naturwissenschaftlichen Institute Sophia, 7, 71 - 78.","Zicsi, A. & Michalis, K. (1981) Ubersicht der Regenwurm-fauna Griechenlands (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Acta Zoologica Hungarica, 27, 239 - 264.","Michalis, K. (1982) Katalog der Oligochaetenfauna Griechenlands. Biologia Gallo-Hellenica, 9, 343 - 362.","Michalis, K., Fragoulis, A. & Panidis, S. (1985) Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from the montainous mas of Pella province: southwest region, and Imathias province, northwest region: a systematical and ecological study. Ecologia Mediterranea, 11 (4), 37 - 42.","Szederjesi, T. (2015) New earthworm records from various parts of Greece (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae, Acanthodrilidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae). Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 46 (2), 143 - 152.","Szederjesi, T. & Csuzdi, Cs. (2012) New and little known earthworm species form Greece (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae, Acanthodrilidae). Zootaxa, 3304, 25 - 42.","Csuzdi, Cs. & Zicsi, A. (2003) Earthworms of Hungary (Annelida: Oligochaeta; Lumbricidae). In: Csuzdi, Cs. & Mahunka, S. (Eds.), Pedozoologica Hungarica. 1. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, pp. 1 - 271.","Pavlicek, T. & Csuzdi, Cs. (2016) Chapter 23: Clitellata: Oligochaeta: Earthworms. In: Sparrow, D. J. & Eddie, J. (Eds.), An Introduction to the Wildlife of Cyprus. Terra Cypria, Limassol, pp. 587 - 599.","Michaelsen, W. (1902) Neue Oligochaeten und neue Fundorte alt-bekannter. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 19, 3 - 53.","Cognetti, L. (1913) Escursioni zoologiche del Dr. E. Festa nell'Isola di Rodi V. Oligocheti. Bollettino dei Musei di zoologia ed anatomia comparata della R. Universita di Torino, 28 (74), 1 - 6."]}

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) has recently been proposed as an indicator of compost stability. We assessed the earthworms' effect on DOC content and composition during composting, and linked compost stability to greenhouse gas emissions and feeding ratio. Earthworms reduced total DOC content, indicating larger stability of vermicompost than of thermophilic compost. The concentrations of humic acid and fulvic acid were reduced by earthworms, whereas there was no significant effect on hydrophobic neutrals and hydrophilics. The humic acid fraction was depleted more quickly than the other compounds, indicating humic acid degradation during composting. The optimum feeding ratio decreased DOC content compared to the high feeding ratio. The lowest N2O emissions were also observed at the optimum feeding ratio. Our study confirmed the use of DOC content and composition as an indicator of compost stability and suggested that feeding ratio should be considered when assessing the earthworms' effect on stabilisation and greenhouse gas emissions.

Sphingomyelin-binding proteins of the lysenin family were originally identified in earthworms belonging to the genus Eisenia comprised of at least two distinct species, E. andrei and E. fetida, until recently considered subspecies or morphotypes of E. foetida (sic). In the present study the presence of lysenin and lysenin-related protein 2 (LRP-2, known also as fetidin) was detected in coelomocytes retrieved from all investigated adult specimens of E. andrei, and E. fetida. They were accompanied by LRP-3 and LRP-1 in some specimens of E. andrei and E. fetida, respectively. Lysenins were not observed in a third composting lumbricid species, Dendrobaena veneta, which served as a convenient negative reference for techniques and procedures used in the study. The pore-forming potential of soluble and cellular fractions of coelomic fluid was studied towards sheep red blood cells and sphingomyelin-rich liposomes. After experimental depletion the potential was restored in parallel with restoration of chloragocyte-derived eleocytes in both E. andrei and E. fetida.

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for humans, animals and certain lower plants, but at higher concentrations Se becomes toxic to organisms. The boundary between the Se beneficial effect and its toxicity is narrow and depends on its chemical form, applied concentration, and other environmentally regulating factors. Due to the potential risk of toxicity in higher concentration, the aim of this study was to estimate the impact of increased concentrations of different forms of Se on the response of wheat-soil-earthworm system. Soil, earthworms and wheat grains were exposed to the Se in form of selenite and selenate in concentrations of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg. As an indicator of oxidative stress in wheat, lipid peroxidation levels (LPO) and total H2O2 content were determined, while antioxidative response was determined by catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities. The biomarker responses in earthworms were determined by acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CES) and antioxidative enzymes (CAT and glutathione S-transferase) activities. Selenite and selenate increased Se content in the wheat and earthworms, while selenate application was more efficient, indicating higher bioaccumulation of this Se form. Both Se forms did not cause significant changes in the LPO level and H2O2 content, while GPX activities were elevated in all treatments, suggesting that oxidative stress was not induced in wheat. In earthworms, Se significantly reduced activities of AChE and CAT at some concentrations, while CES activity was increased at all concentrations applied. This study showed significant impact of Se on measured biochemical responses in wheat and earthworms, indicating the disruption of homeostasis. Obtained results can serve as basis for further studies on Se effects and will help in including different aspects necessary for understanding of Se impact on different components of soil ecosystems.

We examined six types of cells that form the ovary of the earthworm Dendrobena veneta ogonia, prooocytes, vitellogenic oocytes, trophocytes, fully grown postvitellogenic oocytes and somatic cells of the gonad. The quantitative stereological method revealed a much higher "volume density" of mitochondria in all of the types of germ-line cells except for the somatic cells. Fluorescent vital stain JC-1, however, showed a much higher oxidative activity of mitochondria in the somatic cells than in the germ-line cells. The distribution of active and inactive mitochondria within the studied cells was assessed using the computer program ImageJ. The analysis showed a higher luminosity of inactive mitochondria in all of the types of germ-line cells and a higher luminosity of active mitochondria in somatic cells. The OXPHOS activity was found in somatic cells mitochondria and in the peripheral mitochondria of the vitellogenic oocytes. The detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) revealed a differentiated distribution of ROS in the different cell types. The amount of ROS substances was lower in somatic cells than in younger germ-line cells. The ROS level was also low in the cytoplasm of fully grown postwitellogenic oocytes. The distribution of the MnSOD enzyme that protects mitochondria against destructive role of ROS substances was high in the oogonia and in prooocytes and it was very high in vitellogenic and postvitellogenic oocytes. However, a much lower level of this protective enzyme was observed in the trophocytes and the lowest level was found in the cytoplasm of somatic cells. The lower mitochondrial activity and higher level of MnSOD activity in germ-line cells when compared to somatic cells testifies to the necessity of the organisms to protect the mitochondria of oocytes against the destructive role of the ROS that are produced during oxidative phosphorylation. The protection of the mitochondria in oocytes is essential for the transfer of healthy organelles to the next generation., Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

Dendrobaena veneta veneta (Rosa, 1886) Allolobophora veneta Rosa, 1886: 674. Allolobophora (Notogama) veneta: Rosa 1905: 5. Dendrobaena veneta var. concolor: Pop 1943: 22. Dendrobaena veneta var. zebra: Pop 1943: 22. Eisenia veneta typica: Omodeo 1952: 6. Eisenia veneta kervillei: Omodeo 1952: 7. Dendrobaena veneta typica: Omodeo 1955: 7. Dendrobaena veneta: Zicsi 1973: 225; Omodeo & Rota 1989: 187; 1991: 179; Mısırlıoğlu 2002: 18; 2004: 2; Pavl��ček, Csuzdi & Coşkun 2009: 119. Dendrobaena veneta veneta: Csuzdi, Zicsi & Mısırlıoğlu 2006: 15; Csuzdi, Pavl��ček & Mısırlıoğlu 2007: 354. Material examined. Marmara Region: HNHM / 15798 2 ex, Istranca Mts, Değirmen stream and its gallery at Canlı Alabalık (1 km of Demirk��y), 253 m a.s.l., N 41 �� 49.300 ��� E 27 �� 45.085 ���, 0 6.04. 2007, leg. L. D��nyi, Z. Erőss, Z. Feh��r, J. Kontsch��n, D. Mur��nyi. East Anatolia: HNHM / 16098 1 ex, Erzurum, 1.5 km S of Uzundere, 1120 m a.s.l., 0 9.07. 2012, leg. Z. Feh��r; HNHM / 16101 1 ex, Trabzon, 3.5 km S of Hamsik��y, 1407 m a.s.l., 0 6.07. 2012, leg. Z. Feh��r; HNHM / 16670 2 ex, Kahramanmaraş G��ksun, 3 km N, small stream, 1384 m a.s.l., 38 ��04���N 36 �� 27 ���E, 10.10. 2009, Y. Coşkun, A. Kaya, S. Se��kin. Upper Mesopotamia: HNHM / 15393 1 ex, Diyarbakır, Ergani Hilar, oak forest, 27.05. 2008, leg. Y. Coşkun, T. Pavl��ček; HNHM / 15415 1 ex, HNHM / 15418 7 ex, Diyarbakır, ��ermik, Sinek ��ayı, 0 2.06. 2008, leg. Y. Coşkun, T. Pavl��ček; HNHM / 16577 4 ex, HNHM / 16578 2 ex, HNHM / 16585 4 ex, Diyarbakır, between Ergani and ��ermik, oak forest patch, 25.04. 2009, leg. Cs. Csuzdi, V.V. Pop, E. Vavoulidou; HNHM / 16580 6 ex, Diyarbakır, ��ermik, dolomite hillside, 25.04. 2009, leg. Cs. Csuzdi, V.V. Pop; HNHM / 16584 9 ex, Diyarbakır, ��ermik, limestone, stream, 660 m a.s.l., 38 ��09���N 39 �� 28 ���E, 25.04. 2009, leg. T. Pavl��ček; HNHM / 16586 6 ex, HNHM / 16596 5 ex, Pirhatap, 40 km N of Mardin, limestone, stream, 29.04. 2009, leg. T. Pavl��ček; HNHM / 16594 2 ex, Yukarıkonak, 40 km N of Mardin, limestone, 1873 m a.s.l., 37 �� 34 ���N 40 �� 32 ���E, 28.04. 2009, leg. T. Pavl��ček; HNHM / 16597 2 ex, Diyarbakır, Dicle University Campus, open cultivated area, 673 m a.s.l., 37 �� 54 ���N 40 �� 16 ���E, 12.11. 2009, leg. Y. Coşkun, A. Kaya, N. Yakalı; HNHM / 16610 3 ex, 10 km SW of Eğil, valley, open park forest, small oaks, calcareous soil, 856 m a.s.l., 38 �� 11 ���N 40 ��05���E, 0 3.04. 2010, leg. P. Cardet, Y. Coşkun, T. Pavl��ček; HNHM / 16613 2 ex, near Eğil, valley with open park forest, small oaks, calcareous soil, 836 m a.s.l., 38 �� 15 ���N 40 ��05���E, 0 3.04. 2010, P. Cardet, Y. Coşkun, T. Pavl��ček., Published as part of Szederjesi, T��mea, Pavl����ek, Tom��s, Co��kun, Y��ksel & Csuzdi, Csaba, 2014, New earthworm records from Turkey, with description of three new species (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae), pp. 555-570 in Zootaxa 3764 (5) on page 560, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3764.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/231274, {"references":["Rosa, D. (1886) Note sui lombrici del Veneto. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, 4, 673 - 687.","Rosa, D. (1905) Terricolen. In: Ergebnisse einer Naturwissenschaftlichen Reise zum Erdschias Dag. Annalen des K. K. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums Wien, 20, 104 - 106.","Pop, V. (1943) Einheimische und auslandische Lumbriciden des Ungarischen National-Museums in Budapest. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 36, 11 - 24.","Omodeo, P. (1952) Oligocheti della Turchia. Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita di Napoli, 4 (2), 1 - 20.","Omodeo, P. (1955) Lombrichi cavernicoli di Grecia e Turchia, raccolti dal Dr. K. Lindberg. Oligocheti della Turchia. Annuario dell'Istituto e Museo di Zoologia della Universita di Napoli, 7, 1 - 16.","Zicsi, A. (1973) Regenwurmer (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) aus der Turkei. Acta Zoologica Hungarica, 19, 217 - 232.","Omodeo, P. & Rota, E. (1989) Earthworms of Turkey. Bollettino di Zoologia, 56, 167 - 199. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250008909355639","Misirlioglu, I. M. (2002) The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) of Eskisehir City, Turkey. Megadrilogica, 9, 17 - 19.","Csuzdi, Cs., Zicsi, A. & Misirlioglu, M. (2006) An annotated checklist of the earthworm fauna of Turkey (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Zootaxa, 1175, 1 - 29.","Csuzdi, Cs., Pavlicek, T. & Misirlioglu, M. (2007) Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae, Criodrilidae and Acanthodrilidae) of Hatay Province, Turkey, with description of three new lumbricids. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 53 (4), 347 - 361."]}