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Microorganisms are of great importance in agriculture in terms of plant nutrients by reducing the need for chemical fertilization. In recent years, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been widely used as biological fertilizers (BF) in agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the development of pea plants. Firstly the phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation potentials of the bacteria used in this study were determined. In the study, the effects of 4 different combinations, F1 [(Rhizobium sp. (FR-13) and Pseudomonas alcaligenes (FDG121)], F2 [(Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype F (FDG-7), Rhizobium sp. (FR-18) and Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup B(FDG-134)], F3 [Arthrobacter oxydans (FDG-72), Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup B (FDG-146), Rhizobium sp. (FR-11)] and F4 [Acinetobacter genospecies 9 (FDG-116), Brevibacillus agri (FDG-118), Methylobacterium zatmanii (FDG-123) and Bacillus-megaterium-GC subgroup A (FDG-153)] were investigated. Formulations made with bacteria that were found to be the best in terms of the properties specified among these strains were tested against pea plants under greenhouse conditions and their effects on the plant's total fresh and dry weight were investigated. The study was set up to have 3 replications. As a result of the statistical analysis made with the data obtained, the formulations used compared to the control; F2, F3 and F1 applications were important in total fresh weight, respectively, and F2 and F3 applications were important in total dry weight. As a result, these 3 formulations are especially effective on the yield of pea plants and can be used as potential biofertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the essential oil content, essential oil and extracts, which are known as Ferula orientalis and obtained from naturally grown plants in Narman (Erzurum, Türkiye) province, antioxidant effects and antimicrobial effects. F. orientalis essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify their components. The antimicrobial activity was measured by the disc diffusion methods and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods against Chryseobacterium indologenes which cause soft rot in certain vegetables and fruits. Total antioxidant and phenolic contents were analyzed by 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulphonic acid (ABTS), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), β-carotene bleaching test (BCB) and Folin-Ciocalteu method. According to the results obtained; F. orientalis essential oil exhibited a high content of δ-3-Carene (40.38%) as major compound over 14 identified components by GC-MS analysis followed by γ-Terpinene (17.24%), (E)-β-Ocimene (10.51%), and β-Phellandrene (8.49%). The essential oil and extracts was evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against C. indologenes showed significant antibacterial activities with MIC values of 9-21 mm and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively, but extracts and antibiotics have no effect against C. indologenes. Hexane extract had the highest ABTS free radical scavenging activity with 14.2 (IC50 g/l), acetone extract had the highest DPPH capacity with 24.2 (IC50 g/l), and water extract had the highest amount of total phenolic compound with 15.13±3.82 mg GAE/g. In the TBARS test antioxidant activity increased as the amount of essential oil increased. The antioxidant capacity of F. orientalis essential oil exhibited reduction when evaluated by β-carotene bleaching assay. As a result, it is thought that F. orientalis essential oils and extracts can be used as an alternative natural antioxidant source for potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was prepared to determine reactions of mammalian sexual hormones (MSH) (progesterone, 17β-estradiol, estrone and testosterone) on sainfoin plants (Onobrychis sativa L.) grown in in vitro conditions, which was applied for 13 different methods performed in two stages. In the first stage, the seeds were cultured in hormone-free medium. In the second stage, the explants (cotyledon, root and hy-pocotyl) obtained from the plantlets were transferred to the medium including different hormone, dose and hormone-dose combinations. For the effects of MSH, the highest shoot (16 shoot/petri) were obtained from hypocotyl explants with the doses 10-6 mM of progesterone and, 10-4 and 10-6,mM of estrone; the highest rate of callus formation (84,4 %) with the dose 10-4 mM of estrone; the highest vigor rate (73,4%) with the doses 10-4 and 10-5 mM of progesterone from root explants were obtained. For rooting, the most suitable hormone was testosterone, the most suitable explant was hypocotyl and it is observed that number of root increased depending on treatment day. This study is the primary in terms of determination of the effects of MSH on tissue culture of sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]