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2. Elective surgery system strengthening: development, measurement, and validation of the surgical preparedness index across 1632 hospitals in 119 countries
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Glasbey, James C, Abbott, Tom EF, Ademuyiwa, Adesoji, Adisa, Adewale, AlAmeer, Ehab, Alshryda, Sattar, Arnaud, Alexis P, Bankhead-Kendall, Brittany, Abou Chaar, M K, Chaudhry, Daoud, Costas-Chavarri, Ainhoa, Cunha, Miguel F, Davies, Justine I, Desai, Anant, Elhadi, Muhammed, Fiore, Marco, Fitzgerald, James Edward, Fourtounas, Maria, Fowler, Alex James, Futaba, Kay, Gallo, Gaetano, Ghosh, Dhruva, Gujjuri, Rohan R, Hamilton, Rebecca, Haque, Parvez, Harrison, Ewen M, Hutchinson, Peter, Hyman, Gabriella, Isik, Arda, Jayarajah, Umesh, Kaafarani, Haytham MA, Kadir, Bryar, Lawani, Ismail, Lederhuber, Hans, Li, Elizabeth, Löffler, Markus W, Lorena, Maria Aguilera, Mann, Harvinder, Martin, Janet, Mazingi, Dennis, McClain, Craig D, McLean, Kenneth A, Meara, John G, Ramos-De La Medina, Antonio, Mengesha, Mengistu, Minaya, Ana, Modolo, Maria Marta, Moore, Rachel, Morton, Dion, Nepogodiev, Dmitri, Ntirenganya, Faustin, Pata, Francesco, Pearse, Rupert, Picciochi, Maria, Pinkney, Thomas, Pockney, Peter, van Ramshorst, Gabrielle H, Richards, Toby, Roslani, April Camilla, Satoi, Sohei, Sayyed, Raza, Shaw, Richard, Simões, Joana FF, Smart, Neil, Sullivan, Richard, Sund, Malin, Sundar, Sudha, Tabiri, Stephen, Taylor, Elliott H, Venn, Mary L, Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha, Wright, Naomi, Yip, Sebastian Bernardo Shu, Bhangu, Aneel, Omar, Omar, Harrison, Ewen, Bhangu, Aneel A, Siaw-Acheampong, Kwabena, Benson, Ruth A, Bywater, Edward, Dawson, Brett E, Evans, Jonathan P, Heritage, Emily, Jones, Conor S, Kamarajah, Sivesh K, Khatri, Chetan, Khaw, Rachel A, Keatley, James M, Knight, Andrew, Lawday, Samuel, Mann, Harvinder S, Marson, Ella J, Mckay, Siobhan C, Mills, Emily C, Pellino, Gianluca, Tiwari, Abhinav, Trout, Isobel M, Wilkin, Richard JW, Abukhalaf, Sadi, Adamina, Michel, Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O, Agarwal, Arnav, Akkulak, Murat, Alameer, Ehab, Alderson, Derek, Alakaloko, Felix, Albertsmeier, Markus, Alser, Osaid, Alshaar, Muhammad, Augestad, Knut Magne, Ayasra, Faris, Azevedo, José, Bankhead-Kendall, Brittany K, Barlow, Emma, Beard, David, Blanco-Colino, Ruth, Brar, Amanpreet, Minaya-Bravo, Ana, Breen, Kerry A, Bretherton, Chris, Buarque, Igor Lima, Burke, Joshua, Caruana, Edward J, Chaar, Mohammad, Chakrabortee, Sohini, Christensen, Peter, Cox, Daniel, Cukier, Moises, Davidson, Giana H, Di Saverio, Salomone, Drake, Thomas M, Edwards, John G, Emile, Sameh, Farik, Shebani, Ford, Samuel, Garmanova, Tatiana, Gomes, Gustavo Mendonça Ataíde, Grecinos, Gustavo, Griffiths, Ewen A, Gruendl, Magdalena, Halkias, Constantine, Hisham, Intisar, Hutchinson, Peter J, Hwang, Shelley, Jenkinson, Michael D, Jonker, Pascal, Keller, Debby, Kolias, Angelos, Kruijff, Schelto, Leventoglu, Sezai, Litvin, Andrey, Loehrer, Andrew, Major, Piotr, Mashbari, Hassan N, Metallidis, Symeon, Mohan, Helen M, Moszkowicz, David, Moug, Susan, Ng-Kamstra, Joshua S, Maimbo, Mayaba, Negoi, Ionut, Niquen, Milagros, Olivos, Maricarmen, Oussama, Kacimi, Outani, Oumaima, Parreno-Sacdalanm, Marie Dione, Rivera, Carlos Jose Perez, Pinkney, Thomas D, Plas, Willemijn van der, Qureshi, Ahmad, Radenkovic, Dejan, Revell, Elliot J, Roberts, Keith, Roslani, April C, Rutegård, Martin, Segura-Sampedro, Juan José, Santos, Irène, Schache, Andrew, Schnitzbauer, Andreas A, Seyi-Olajide, Justina O, Sharma, Neil, Shaw, Catherine A, Shu, Sebastian, Soreide, Kjetil, Spinelli, Antonino, Stewart, Grant D, Townend, Philip, Tsoulfas, Georgios, Vidya, Raghavan, Vimalachandran, Dale, Warren, Oliver J, Wedderburn, Duane, EuroSurg, NA, European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP), NA, Global Initiative for Children's Surgery, NA, GlobalSurg, NA, GlobalPaedSurg, NA, ItSURG, NA, PTSurg, NA, SpainSurg, NA, Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery, NA, Association of Surgeons in Training, NA, Irish Surgical Research Collaborative (ISRC), NA, Transatlantic Australasian Retroperitoneal Sarcoma Working, NA, Italian Society of Surgical Oncology, NA, Booth, Lesley, Barker, Margaret, Barker, Neil, Cooke, Shirley, Doré, Suzanne, Horwood, Nigel, Runigamugabo, Emmy, Weir, Carrie Tierney, Bahrami-Hessari, Mike, Riaz, Asad, Shah, Jaffer, Safi, Mohammed, Thereska, Dariel, Dajti, Irida, Cheddadi, Riadh, Tidjane, Anisse, Quinteros, Carlos A, khelfaoui, Ahmed, Salem, Khalifa M, Riffi, Omar, Kacimi, Salah Eddine O, Loudjedi, Salim, Damerdji, Tidjani, Pantoja Pachajoa, Diana A, Palacios Huatuco, René M, Alvarez, Fernando A, Doniquian, Alejandro M, Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto A, Schlottmann, Francisco, Cobos, Carlos M, Gigena, Cecilia, Forneris, Agustin Albani, Duro, Agustin, García-Mansilla, Agustín M, Busnelli, Virginia Cano, Poggi, Catalina, Mercado, Pedro L, González, Marcos, Castro Lalin, Agustina F, Mayer, Horacio F, Brandariz, Rodrigo, Slullitel, Pablo A, Boudou, Rocio, Lobos, Pablo A, Uffelmann, María C, Petersen, Maria L, Luzzi, Emilia, Padilla Lichtenberger, Fernando L, Crespi Amor, María S, Zarratea, Celeste S, Esteves, Tomas A, Gemelli, Nicolas A, Tirapegui, Sebastián, Liyo, Juan, Scherñuk, Jordán, Boccalatte, Luis A, Balmaceda, Ruben D, D'Addino, Jose L, Caubet, María M, Calderón Arancibia, José A, Chwat, Carina, Morris, Brian, Avellaneda, Nicolas, Pedraza Salazar, Ivana I, Eskinazi, Diego G, Vargas, Lara, Muriel, María E, Lucchini, Sergio M, Gosselink, Martijn P, Davis, Amelia L, Barker, John C, Qin, Kirby R, Proud, David M, Cox, Daniel RA, Goh, Su Kah, Liu, David S, Wu, Damien M, Merrett, Neil D, Badiani, Sarit S, Sengupta, Shomik, Jain, Anshini, Steen, Christopher J, Wong, Enoch, Ip, Christopher CK, Leaning, Matthew G, McCartney, Conor B, Gananadha, Sivakumar, Yeap, Evie FW, Stevens, Sean G, Vu, Anh N, Martin, Sarah A, Stanley, Guy H M, Watson, David I, Townend, Philip J, Young, Thomas K, Cox, Georgia T, Dawson, Amanda C, Laura, Sharon E, Lun, Elizabeth W Y, Liang, Ina X, O'Neill, Christine J, Lott, Natalie J, Chuan, Alwin, Saravanan, SK, Gundara, Justin, Ong, Bee Shan, Nataraja, Ramesh M, Pacilli, Maurizio, Foley, Daniel M, Ooi, Geraldine J, Traeger, Luke, MacDermid, Ewan, Daruwalla, Jurstine, Hodgson, Russell, Heriot, Alexander G, Mulligan, Christopher S, Blefari, Nicholas D A, Purcell, Shaun S, Frankel, Adam J, Guerra, Glen R, Tefay, Joan S, Liang, Rhea W Y, Kroon, Hidde M, Farfus, Anthony W, Warren, Leigh R, Roy, Jennifer M, Whitfield, Robert J, Moller, Cea-Cea B, Davis, Sean S, Sammour, Tarik, Lam, Yick Ho, Kour, Kevin, Gan, Siang Wei, Coventry, Brendon J, Dawson, Joseph A, Batstone, Martin D, King, Sebastian K, Scott, Nathan J, Foo, Jonathan W, Shepherd, Talia, Page, Richard S, Choong, Peter F, Badgery, Henry E, Chong, Lynn, Taylor, Lillian, Hii, Michael W, Wright, Gavin M, Kong, Joseph CH, Watson, Matthew M, Bock, Jacob, Lidder, Surjit S, Elias, Patrick, Kanavathy, Sathisvaran, Koh, Cherry E, Chennakesavan, Srinivas Kondalsamy, Panuganti, Vishwakar, Latif, Haider, Yeung, Justin MC, Besson, Alex J, Tse, Eunice Q Y, Pitcher, Meron E, Taylor, Danielle L, Nahm, Christopher B, Lim, Alicia, Tree, Kevin, Aigner, Felix, Dawoud, Christopher, Foessleitner, Philipp, Zimmermann, Matthias, Wiedemann, Dominik, Findl, Oliver, Messner, Franka, Bauer, Marlies, Nägele, Felix, Kronberger, Irmgard E, Öfner, Dietmar, Härter, Bettina, Bicz, Nina Ru B, Zwittag, Paul M, Poier, Nikolaus, Navarro, Francisco Ruiz, Zebuhr, Yorck A, Köglberger, Paul, Wiesinger, Clemens G, Mathew, Erwin, Trivik-Barrientos, Felipe, Königsrainer, Ingmar, Djedovic, Gabriel, Cohnert, Tina U, Lumenta, David B, Singer, Georg, Leithner, Andreas, Kamolz, Lars-Peter, Andrianakis, Alexandros, Puchwein, Paul, Mikalauskas, Saulius, Kirchweger, Patrick, Függer, Reinhold, Mittermair, Christof, Russe, Elisabeth, Paal, Peter, Grünbart, Martin, de Cillia, Michael, Weiss, Helmut G, Steiner, Florian, Binder, Alf Dorian, Samadov, Elgun, Ibrahimli, Arturan, Muslumov, Gurbankhan, Bayramov, Nuru Y, Saunders, Jada M, Almoosa, Noora, Haj-Ibrahim, Huzifa, Maresch, Martin, Ezzdean, Weaam K, Juma, Isam M, Hasan, Layla H, Haider, Fayza HA, Alfaqawi, Ghassan Salman, Alam, Mohammed S, Islam, Shahnoor, Basher, AKM K, Mitul, Ashrarur Rahman, Islam, Nazmul, Oosterkamp, Antje E, Ahmed, Tanveer, Hannan, M Jafrul, Padmore, Greg M, Doyle, Alex F, LaCorbiniere, Karisha L, Boyce, Rico D R, Ragoobar, Paul T, Walkes, Keisha M Y, Haynes, Amelia A, Corbin, Sasha M, Litvina, Yauheniya A, Makhmudov, Anvar, Strypstein, Sébastien, Dhondt, Bert, Rasschaert, Ricky, Farid, Yasser, Wahib, El Mahdi, Pigeolet, Manon, Belle, Koen Van, De Wachter, Stefan, Komen, Niels, Vandeputte, Mathieu PJ, Jansen, Yanina JL, Stijns, Jasper, Eynde, Jef Van den, Olowo, Benedicte I, Feraudy, Israel C, Dragisic, Vedran, Martinovic, Vlatka, Barišić, Tatjana, Penava, Nikolina, Hudic, Igor, Delibegovic, Samir, Bogdanović, Gordana, Grgić, Gordana, Cerovac, Anis, Cerovac, Elmedina, Bedada, Alemayehu G, Baiocchi, Glauco, Wainstein, Alberto, Moisés, Elaine Christine D, Zani, Ana Carolina Tagliatti, de Campos Prado, Caio Antonio, Panis, Carolina, Rech, Daniel, Soares da Silva, Ruan Gabriel, Joviliano, Edwaldo E, Rezende, Ricardo F, Reis, Igor G N, Pires, Robinson E S, Christiano, Adriana Borgonovi, Consani, Heitor F X, Pugliesi, Felipe G, Takeda, Flavio R, Mariani, Alessandro W, Valadares, Ricardo J B, Andreollo, Nelson A, Lopes, Luiz Roberto, Tonello, Cristiano, Alonso, Nivaldo, dos Santos, Carlos Ferreira, Lima, Leonardo S, Salgado, Wilson, Pereira, Thiago H S, Gatti, Arthur Paredes, Oliva, Ramon N L, Nardi, Caroline N, Sousa, Alvaro F L, Ribeiro, Ivonizete P, Carvalho, Herica E F, Oliveira, Layze B, Schneider, Guilherme, Casteleins, William Augusto, Silva, Larissa M, Gomes, Carlos Augusto, da Cunha Viana Júnior, Alonço, Cruz, Ricardo P, Gomes, Gustavo MA, Buarque, Igor L, Barros, Aldo V, Marangon, Gustavo B, Flumignan, Ronald LG, Nakano, Luís CU, Pascoal, Patrícia IF, Santos, Brena C, Kuramoto, Danielle AB, Correia, Rebeca M, Amaral, Fabio CF, Flumignan, Carolina DQ, Dussán-Sarria, Jairo A, Simões, Romeo L, Amorim, Robson L, Silva, Jeancarllo S, Lyra Junior, Humberto F, Julio, Nathalia S, Gerber, Marlus T, dos Santos, José Mauro, de Oliveira, Joao Carlos C, Palamim, Camila VC, Marson, Fernando AL, Gomes, Iolanda M, Oliveira, Priscila R, Lima, Ana Lucia L M, Carvalho, Vladimir C, Silva, Jorge S, NA, Ulysses Ribeiro, Laporte, Gustavo Andreazza, Gonçalves, Mateus Capuzzo, Botacin, Lais S, Avelino, Melissa AG, Brito, Luiz Gustavo O, Hristova, Evguenia T, Stoyanov, Vladislav Valentinov, Sakakushev, Boris E, Dardanov, Dragomir D, Sokolov, Manol B, Mehta, Ananya, Gyokova, Elitsa H, Abdullahi, Mohamed, Karamanliev, Martin P, Dimitrov, Dobromir D, Slavchev, Mihail T, Atanasov, Boyko Ch, Yotsov, Tsanko I, Hadzhiev, Dimitar Bozhidarov, Stock, Simon E, Nwegbu, Chukwuemeka Gerald, Tanyi, Tanyi John, Brown, James A, Arneja, Jugpal S, Lee, Susan M, Kancherla, Ramya, Kidane, Biniam, Champagne, Pierre-Olivier, Ma, Xiya, Munro, Allana, McKeen, Dolores M, Glinka, Juan, Vasarhelyi, Edward M, Subramani, Yamini, Alfaro, Hilda, Shah, Ushma J, Gonzalez, Nelson J, MacNeil, S Danielle, Nagappa, Mahesh, Malthaner, Richard A, Brackstone, Muriel, Alkhamesi, Nawar A, Qiabi, Mehdi, Arango-Ferreira, Camila, Prempeh, Agya B A, Dumitra, Sinziana, Spence, Richard T, Bedard, Eric LR, Luc, Jessica GY, Johnston, Brian R, Attabib, Najmedden, Persad, Amit RL, Das, Sunit, Khoshbin, Amir, Ladha, Karim S, Sankar, Ashwin, Teja, Bijan, Daza, Julian F, Chan, Veronica F, Baertschiger, Reto M, Zani, Augusto, Nessim, Carolyn, McIsaac, Daniel I, Singh, Mandeep, Behzadi, Abdollah, Dell, Angela J, Al Riyami, Salim M, Dajani, Khaled Z, Bigam, David, Manikala, Vinod K, Street, John T, Mayson, Kelly V, Wallis, Christopher J D, Mimica, Ximena, Villanueva, Julio, Altamirano, Roberto, Waissbluth, Sofia, Marín, Diego I, Fonseca, Bruno Catoia, Hodali, Andrés J, Ramos, Andrea I, Valenzuela, Marco A, Torres, Janina J, Song, Yi, Yang, Wah, Aldanakh, Abdullah, Alradhi, Mohammed, Lyu, Yidong, Chen, Yan, Fletcher, Angélica V, Camargo, Daniela, Casanova, Rafael Figueroa, Medina, Camilo Andres Caicedo, Bolivar, Dinimo, Garcia, Tatiana Carolina Beltran, Pedraza, Nestor F, Garcia-Lopez, Andrea, Patino-Jaramillo, Nasly G, Giron, Fernando A, Rivera, Carlos J- Perez, Nieto-Calvache, Albaro José, Ariza, Fredy, Orozco-Chamorro, Claudia Milena, Nanez, Maria A, Garces, Diana S, Figueroa, Luis M, Badiel, Marisol, Martinez, Delio F, Coll-Tello, Brenda, Camelo, Hector F, Montoya Casella, Antonio J, Ordoñez, Sebastian, Velez Sanchez, Paola A, Salcedo, Juan C, Villegas, Lina M, Holguín, Jorge A, Cardozo, Jesús Hernán Tovar, Perdomo, Jorman Harvey Tejada, Perdomo, Valentina Gutiérrez, Rivera-Rincon, Natalia A, Gomez, Paula Torres, Delgado-Nieto, Elena Leonor, Isaza-Restrepo, Andres, Vargas, Felipe, Vargas, Ana M, Castro, Arnulfo Andrade, Navarro, Jorge A, Vargas, Saul E, Calvache, Jose A, Mendoza-Arango, Maria C, Bernal, Jorge Luis Vélez, Gonzalez, Felipe O, šantak, Goran, Kirac, Iva, Kršul, Dorian, Versic, Ana Bosak, Augustin, Goran, Kulis, Tomislav, Kastelan, Zeljko, Hadzibegovic, Ana Danic, Grsic, Kresimir, Hudolin, Tvrtko, Tarle, Marko, Mamic, Matija, Lorencin, Mia, Luksic, Ivica, Habek, Dubravko, Konjevoda, Suzana, Mihanovic, Jakov, Antoniou, Stavros A, Almezghwi, Heyam A, Gouvas, Nikolaos, Martinek, Lubomir, Novysedlak, Rene, Žatecký, Jan, Meyhoff, Christian S, Ellebæk, Mark Bremholm, Batista, Sylvia Jeanne, Rodriguez, Julia, Mejia De la Cruz, Dolores, Jimenez, Mirna Giselle Santiago, Dominguez, Carla M, Negrete, José R, Campuzano, Pedro N, Mogrovejo, Daniel L, Armas, Maria J, Arboleda-Bustan, Jenny E, Lincango-Naranjo, Eddy P, El-Kassas, Mohamed, Awad, Ahmed K, Alazab, Emad, Abdulmaseh, Kyrillos G, Diab, Sherein, El Wahab, Mostafa HAbd, Darwesh, Amr, Mostafa, Badr E, Abdelgalil, Mahmoud Shaban, Elbadawy, Merihan A, Reda, Ali M, Asla, Amir Fathi, Fayed, Notaila M, Ahmed, Mohamed S, Elsadek, Menan Ahmed, Gad, Dalia Elsayed, El Saadany, Aya Gameel, Elsadek, Aalaa Mohamed, Sayed, Ahmed E, Naeem, Ahmed, Al-Mallah, Abdullah, Abdelsamed, Ahmed A, Ewedah, Moataz, Soliman, Mohamed O, Tanas, Yousef, Hamouda, Mohammed, Mahfouz, Marina H, Abdo, Manal E, Dean, Yomna E, Lka, Karim, Abodeeb, Aya O, Ashoush, Fouad M F B, Elsherbiny, Roqaia R, Gadelkarim, Mohamed, Osman, Nermin A, MIbrahim, Maya, Youssef, Nehal G, Ibrahim, Mohamed Hamdy, Soliman, Antonios, Gadelkareem, Rabea A, Abbas, Ahmed M, Mohamed Hussein, Aliae AR, Abdelsattar, Khaled, Maher, Ahmed, Elabd, Mohamed M, Abdelazim, Hassan, Ibraheem, Maher H, Noureldin, Yasser A, Elfiky, Mahmoud, Ebrahim, Mohamed A, Abdelrahman, Ahmed Saber Mohamed, Marei, Mahmoud Marei, Elkhalawy, Aya M, Azzam, Ahmed Y, Azab, Mohammed A, Elmasry, Ahmed H, Elgazar, Amr, Shalaby, Mahmoud Mohamed Mohamed, Mahmoud, Mohammad S, Qassem, Mohamed G, Kinani, Hussein, Wahba, Abdelrahman M, Ezzat, Rana Hisham, Ahmed, Mai H, Elshawy, Mohamed Elemam, Faragalla, Hazem Metwally, Mahmoud, Khalid D, Nafea, Ahmed M, Abdel-Maboud, Mohamed, Abozied, Hesham, Moharam, Modather, Shehata, Ashraf H, ElKafrawy, Samir A, Tayiawi, Mosaab M, Elghadban, Hosam M, Emara, Moataz M, Shehta, Ahmed, Saqr, Amira M, Abdelelsalm, Wafaa M, Elshennawy, Eslam M, Radwan, Samar T, Awad, Selmy S, Emile, Sameh H, Aldosoky, Wesam A, Elfeki, Hossam, Gendi, Sara N, Abdelsalam, Hala Adel, Hammad, Mohammed, Shalaby, Mostafa, Sakr, Ahmad Hammad, Abdelmaksoud, Mohamed A, Alawady, Mohammed, Omran, Abdelrahman Azzam, Allam, Abdallah R, Ismail, Zainab, Gaballah, Khaled M, AlGady, Mahmoud Fathy Mahmoud, Raslan, Ahmed M, Gharbia, Khaled, Nuser, Abdelazez A, Sayed, Ahmed Kamal, Elshahawy, Mahmoud A, Ghaly, Galal, Sherif, Ahmed Elshawadfy, Makram, Abdelrahman M, Makram, Omar M, Ahmed, Ola, Helmy, AbdelRahman M A, Abdelwahab, Khaled M, Abdelkhalek, Mohamed, Metwally, Islam H, Shetiwy, Mosab Saad, Zuhdy, Mohammad, Ramadan, Salma I, Abdelghany, Mohamed, Omar, Mohammed A, Soliman, Ziad A, Ali, Hossam T, Elnoamany, Salma, Ghozy, Sherief, Abbas, Alzhraa S, Shehata, Mostafa A, Mahmoud, Sahar A, Elsaman, Mohammed A, Fayad, Elsayed A, Radwan, Asmaa, El-Sakka, Ahmed I, Sallam, Asser, Elbahnasawy, Mohamed G, Esmail, Eslam S, Hawila, Ahmed Maher, Hamada, Mohamed K, Motawea, Sara H, Morsy, Mohamed S, El-Sheemy, Hatem Refaat, Ebada, Mahmoud Ahmed, Khedr, Ali H, Gad, Ahmed, Elmandouh, Omar, Elmandouh, Reem, Alkanj, Souad, Youssef, Mohammad G, Awad, Kamal, Mohammed, Maged, Elsayad, Ahmed H, Rätsep, Tõnu, Wolle, Melatework A, Negussie, Abraham G, Adimass, Misganaw A, Misganaw, Bereket Tsegaye, Bezabih, Yoseph S, Assefa, Biniam Zemedu, Shumye, Getachew W, Mengesha, Mengistu G, Gechera, Dagnachew Y, Mohammed, Adnan A, Mulugeta, Gersam A, Metaferia, Yonas Y, Kifetew, Ashebir B, Degefa, Eyueal A, Deressa, Yadani M, Gonfa, Kebebe Bekele, Bedane, Zewdie G, Ayalew, Alem M, Ayele, Henok Teshome, Abebe, Engida, Worku, Bereket Atnafu, Sisay, Million M, Kassa, Dawit Worku, Awedew, Atalel F, Bayable, Abera C, Tiruneh, Abraham Genetu, Hailu, Samuel, Numaro, Yilkal T, Ademe, Yonas, Baleh, Abat S, Megerssa, Thomas B, Kejela, Segni, Derilo, Habtamu T, Akililu, Yemisirach B, Lebbe, Iris, Sarjanoja, Elise K, Kauppila, Joonas H, Sinikumpu, Juha-Jaakko, Giordano, Salvatore, Kantor, Elie, Soussan, Romy, Tommaso, Cipolat Mis, Nappi, Francesco, Morichau-Beauchant, Tristan, Nahum, Julien, Maillet, Jean-Michel, Godement, Mathieu, Jouffret, Lionel, Migliorelli, Federico, De Simone, Belinda, Brunaud, Laurent, Fuchs-Buder, Thomas, Testelin, Sylvie, Bin, Kim, Boucher, Sophie, Schmitt, Françoise, Lakkis, Zaher, Harper, Luke, Slim, K, Piessen, Guilaume, Eveno, Clarisse, Ballouhey, Quentin, Taibi, Abdelkader, Crenn, Vincent, Duchalais, Emilie, Azzis, Olivier, Tuech, Jean-Jacques, Vaysse, Charlotte, Weyl, Ariane, Vergriete, Kelig, Charbonneau, Helene, Ezanno, Anne-Cecile, Malgras, Brice, Basso, Celeste Del, Duquesne, Igor, Bernabei, Federico, Rothschild, Pierre-Raphaël, Abbo, Olivier, Manceau, Gilles, Chamouni, Alexandre, Crétolle, Célia, Arnalsteen, Laurent, Mikhael, Elie, Police, Andrea, Montero-Macias, Rosa, Villefranque, Vincent, Maisonneuve, Emeline, Langlais, Tristan, Seeliger, Barbara, Pessaux, Patrick, Gonzalez, Cristians A, D'Urso, Antonio, Angeles, Martina A, Seguin-Givelet, Agathe, Des Deserts, Marc Danguy, Gaujoux, Sebastien, de Ponthaud, Charles, Chartier-Kastler, Emmanuel J, Ali, Liza, Peycelon, Matthieu, Mege, Diane, Demetrashvili, Zaza, Stoleriu, Mircea G, Keppler, Lena, Saier, Tim, Konrads, Christian, Tapking, Christian, Kamphues, Carsten, Bulian, Dirk R, Schmedding, Andrea, Doerner, Johannes, Gut, Anna E, Rolinger, Jens, Kirschniak, Andreas, Schröder, Lars, Reim, Daniel, Safi, Seyer, Fichter, Andreas M, Wagner, Arthur, Meyer, Bernhard, Gempt, Jens, Sablotzki, Armin R, Herzberg, Jonas, Altenburg, Manuel, Yenilmez, Ferhat, Meins, Jan, Aghwan, Louai A, Börner, Nikolaus, Keppler, Alexander M, Seyfried, Steffen, Rassweiler-Seyfried, Marie-Claire, Kriegmair, Maximilian, Kowalewski, Karl-Friedrich, Gousias, Konstantinos, Strotmann, Johanna J, Höhn, Philipp, Horn, Julian, Knipschild, Julia M, Siemen, Leonie, Luu, Andreas Minh, Horch, Raymund E, McLean, Aaron Lawson, Lindert, Judith Anne Teresa, Ziemann, Sebastian, Modabber, Ali, Winnand, Philipp, Hölzle, Frank, Sommer, Björn, Wolf, Sebastian, Shiban, Ehab, Recker, Florian, Güresir, Erdem, Randau, Thomas M, Güresir, Agi, Velten, Markus, Vilz, Tim O, Wittmann, Maria, Willis, Maria A, Glowka, Tim R, Bork, Ulrich, Hecker, Matthias, Hecker, Andreas, Reichert, Martin, Miller, Clemens, Nemeth, Marcus, Ronellenfitsch, Ulrich, Kleeff, Jorg, Lorenz, Kerstin, Kisser, Ulrich, Schneider, Rick, Seiwerth, Ingmar, Osterhoff, Georg, Linz, Valerie C, Mallmann, Michael R, Rokohl, Alexander C, Heindl, Ludwig M, Wawer Matos, Philomena A, Cursiefen, Claus, Mallmann, Christoph A, Domroese, Christian M, Königsrainer, Alfred, Yurttas, Can, Thiel, Karolin, Vahl, Julius M, Wiegering, Armin, Lock, Johan F, Heuer, Annika, Reiter, Alonja, Stangenberg, Martin, Böttcher, Arne, Kaemmerer, Daniel, Mensah, Kofi T, Gyamfi, Frank E, Opandoh, Isabella N M, Ofori, Emmanauel O, Baidoo, Ebikela I, Baidoo, Richard O, Azize, Diallo A, Appiah-Thompson, Peter, Agbeno, Evans K, Ken-Amoah, Sebastian, Rahman, Ganiyu A, Kpangkpari, Richard, Aniakwo, Luke A, Nortey, Michael, Agyapong, Meshach M, Boakye, Benedict, Mensah, Philip, Agyen-Mensah, Kwasi, Amoako-Boateng, Mabel P, Mensah, Samuel, Debrah, Sam, Yakubu, Mustapha, Adam-Zakariah, Leslie Issa, Davor, Anthony, Arthur, Joshua, Dzogbefia, Mawutor, Konney, Anna, Konney, Thomas O, Amoah, Michael, Barnor, Isaac, Issahalq, Mohammed Duah, Hoyte- Williams, Paa Ekow, Awortwi, Wilfred Sam, Hammond, Bernard, Awoonor-Williams, Ronald, Naabo, Nuhu N H, Appiah-Kubi, Adu, Adanu, Kekeli Kodjo, Clegg-Lamptey, Joe Nat A, Adae, Jefferson Owusu, Adjeso, Theophilus T K, Yahaya, Mundashiru, Ansah-Agyei, David A, Charadan, Ana Maria Simono, Labrada, Magdiel Rodriguez, Issaka, Adamu, Yabasin, Iddrisu B, Antwi, David A, Manan, Lukman, Bukari, Mohammed I S, Buunaaim, Alexis D B, Alatiiga, John Abanga, Sheriff, Mohammed, Kumi, Emmanuel O, Bonsaana, Gilbert B, Micha, Georgia, Kiriakopoulos, 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U, Çakici, Mehmet Çağlar, Iplikci, Ayberk, Yildirim, Asif, Ozgur, Ilker, Sen, Comert, Dincer, Muserref B, Erginöz, Ergin, Sanli, Ahmet Necati, Turna, Akif, Askar, Ahmet, Uludağ, Server Sezgin, Guldogan, Cem E, Ozmen, Mehmet M, Bozkurt, Mehmet A, özcan, Adem, Kara, Yasin, Kocataş, Ali, Guner, Ali, Sari, Ramazan, Memisoglu, Ecem, Saracoglu, Kemal T, Tosun, Yasin, Çetin, Kenan, Kalafat, Erkan, Taskiran, Cagatay, Vatansever, Dogan, Giray, Burak, Tatar, Ozan C, Köksal, Hande, Özkent, Mehmet Serkan, Ulutaş, Mehmet E, Hamarat, Mustafa B, Coskun, Bora, Abbasov, Aykhan, Altinsoy, Ezgi, Uprak, Tevfik Kivilcim, Saracoglu, Ayten, Ugurlu, M Umit, Kose, Emin, Ozgen, Utku, Sungurtekin, Ugur, Gonullu, Emre, Bayhan, Zulfu, Akin, Emrah, Mantoglu, Baris, Colak, Elif, Kucuk, Gultekin Ozan, Yuksel, Cemil, Aydin, Ferit, Dogan, Lutfi, Culcu, Serdar, Tufan, Aydin Eray, Citgez, Bulent, Akpinar, Göksever, Köksoy, Ülkü C, Ulgur, Hanife Seyda, Kalin, Murat, Ozkan, Omer Faruk, Yildirak, Muhammed Kadir, Atici, Semra Demirli, Salimoğlu, Semra, Abud, Burcin, Calik, Bulent, Kamer, Erdinc, Kebabci, Eyup, Uylas, Ufuk, Teker, Kenan, Cakmak, Guldeniz Karadeniz, Gultekin, Fatma Ayca, Xaviour, Okedi Francis, Isaac, Otolia, Gaston, Turinawe, Asiimwe, Daniel, Vahwere, Bienfait Mumbere, Sikakulya, Franck Katembo, Lule, Herman, Lugobe, Henry Mark, Lekuya, Hervé Monka, Namugenyi, Christine, Kiweewa, Ronald, Bosco, Muhangi, Yovenko, Ihor, Kopetskyi, Viacheslav, Maksymenko, Bogdan, Khan, Sabina A, Padvi, Amit Vasantrao, Serour, Mohamed A, Beigh, Shamim Ahmad, Elsayed, Hisham M, Mohamed, Awadelkarim O, Basappanavar, Vikram Somashekhar, Al-Wandi, Amna S, Khalil, Kareem S, Younis, Muhammad Umar, Al Saadi, Hayder S Abdulhadi, Heidan, Ginan K, Trehan, Ravi K, Davies, Justin, Ashcroft, James, Georgiades, Fanourios, Durrani, Amer J, Price, Stephen J, Wong, Kai Yuen, Agrawal, Amit, Seah, Matthew KT, Saad, Marwa M E, Segaren, Nicholas, Ghobrial, Marios, Balakrishnan, Anita, Forouhi, Parto, Khan, Wasim S, Wheeler, James, Schache, Andrew G, Katsikostas, Dimitrios P, Angelou, Dimitrios, Fell, Adam J, Madani, Rana, Dindyal, Shiva, Seraj, Shaikh S, Sharavanan, Premalatha, Iqbal, Muhammad R, Wong, Nicholas J, Lo, William B, Soon, Wai C, Hammouche, Dalia, Lee, Jonathan DE, Pachl, Max J, Alexander, Dinesh, Ahmad, Shoaib, Morley, Hannah L, Selwyn, David, Wareing, Jonathan, Oktseloglou, Vlasios, Bobak, Peter, Rampersad, Lisa S, Mohamed, Mazin, Kaur, Mandeep, Athanasiou, Antonios, Martin, Benjamin P, Jichi, Tarik S, Batchelor, Tim JP, Rozwadowski, Sophie, Maniarasu, Sarveen, Seyed-Safi, Parisah K, Kutuzov, Vladislav, Shah, Hemina B, Noton, Toby M, Dela Cruz, Nina Jyne Minette, Trehan, Neev, Tokidis, Evripidis, Byrne, Matthew H V, Winter, Stuart C, Pinto-Lopes, Rui, Pavithran, Aswathy, Khalifa, Ahmad O, Eardley, Nicola J, Ashour, Rami, Steinke, Jacqueline D, Esmail, Husayn D, Bence, Matthew N, Walters, Samuel T, Akinyemi, Tosin O, Lakpriya, Sathya, Moawad, Nader N, Panahi, Pedram, Lau, Joshua, McAleer, Stephen, Laoye, Adeyinka, Hussain, Abdulzahra Abdulsamad, Zafar, Muneeb, Elsheikh, Mohammed H, Shaerf, Daniel A, Soggiu, Fiammetta, Massoumi, Abaris, Gareb, Fahed, Yao, Mark W, Qamar, Mubasher A, Fang, Clarissa E H, Greenhalgh, Michael S, Hunt, Alexander, Oladeji, Emmanuel O, Benjamin, Miles W, Beak, Philip, Rae, Fraser J, Aithie, Joanna M S, Clarke, Gareth W J, Veeramootoo, Darmarajah, Ashman, Alex J, Kahka, Ehab E, Rafe, Tanvir, PATEL, PANNA K, Albirnawi, Hatim, Katory, Mark, Fisher, Ann, Amonkar, Sunil J, Rao, Pawan Kumar Dhruva, Holroyd, David J, Gkikas, Andreas, Newton, Lydia S, Kirk, Alan J B, Khalid, Ayesha, Ferguson, David, Stanier, Paul B, Shah, Vinay, El-Boghdadly, Kariem, Schizas, Alexis M P, ilyas, Minahi, George, Mark L, Gawad, Mothana, Groom, William D, Al-Azzawi, Mohammed, Ahluwalia, Julian CJ, Punjabi, Prakash P, Cheung, Fang Yi, Wilson, Michael D, Mitrofan, Claudia Gabriela, Malam, Yogeshkumar, Townson, Adam, Loubani, Mahmoud, Yau, Jih Dar, Seebah, Kevin, Akowuah, Enoch F, Pushpoth, Sreekumari R, Viswanath, Yirupaiahgari KS, ElSanhoury, Kareem, Chew, Misha, Walker, Thomas E, Elhassan, Almutasim Billah Elbagir, Belcher, Elizabeth, Goricar, Matej, majd, Hooman Soleymani, Knight, Dominic, Ismail, Lamiese, McKinnon, Chris, Ganau, Mario, Prokopenko, Max, Doshi, Neel S, Gkorila, Aikaterina, Sheikh, Nomaan A, Helm, Jessica R, Low, Mei Ken, Ogunfusika, Oluseyi Harold, Bisheet, George, Alhammali, Tariq, Arnob, Ahmed Showki, Singh, Jatinder, Allde, Emma L, Sambhwani, Sharan H, Dube, Manas, Gemmill, Elizabeth H, John, Joby, Gerogiannis, Ioannis N, Abuelgasim, Mona A A, Crate, Georgina, Holme, Thomas J, Nguyen, Anh T V, Ho, Michael W, Wade, Ryckie G, Hussain, Azar, Andrzejowski, Paul, Omakobia, Eugene, Eltayeb, Momin, Galabov, Tsanko P, Lee, Chung Yan Vernon, Nazir, Anum, Siaw, Oliver L, Ashford, Robert U, Boddy, Alex P, Ashmore, Christopher D, Shah, Snehadhar M, Gowers, Benjamin T V, Thekkinkattil, Dinesh K, Worku, Dawit, Harky, Amer, Talwar, Rishi, Sagoo, Harkiran K, Jambulingam, Periyathambi S, Smart, Christopher J, Doherty, Daniel T, Mastoridis, Sotiris, Kumar, Sidharth, Mahmoud, Rana, Solari, Francesca, Egan, Richard J, Barry, Jonathan D, Morrison, Jo, Davoudi, Kaveh, Hollyman, Marianne, Kelly, Andrew, Badenoch, Thomas F, pandanaboyana, sanjay, Critchley, Rebecca J, Sarodaya, Varun R, Sinnerton, Robert J H, Manickavasagam, Jaiganesh, Lindsay, Elizabeth F, Arora, Ankita, Hasan, Raashad, Liew, Ignatius, Ozua, Joshua, Kouritas, Vasileios, Collins, Rachael V, Lafford, George H, Moret, Charlie, Chean, Chung Shen, Horgan, Liam F, Aujayeb, Avinash, Siddique, Muhammad Harris, Navaratne, Lalin, Kotecha, Sanjeev, Bellato, Vittoria, Lewis, Sophia E, Ali, Muhammad Usman, Marson, Ben A, Craxford, Simon, Gajjar, Ketankumar, Theophilidou, Elena, Aboelmagd, Tariq, Khatkar, Harman, Awadallah, Mahmoud A, Blanco, Jose A, Chituku, Tsitsi G, Dixon, Oliver GB, sarveswaran, Janahan, Jones, Imogen S, Hammouche, Salah, Vijay, Vardhini, Ooi, Rucira, Karmarkar, Rahi, Khaleeq, Tahir, Bhatia, Mohit, Al-Khazaali, Badr L, Daadipour, Audrina, Mattar, Ahmed, Singhal, Tarun, Mahmoud, Moustafa Ibrahim, Glasbey, James, Nankivell, Paul C, Kalkat, Maninder S, Nour, Shahd, Beggs, Andrew D, Yershov, Danylo Y, Chughtai, Shafiq Ahmad, Youssef, Hesham, Norrish, Alan R, Mohammed, Mohammed M, Gwozdz, Adam M, Charalambous, Michalis P, Knight, Stephen R, McCaul, James A, Bridgman, Elsie A, El Sheikh, Mustafa, Ogunbowale, Akinsola, Wright, Evan O, Ahmed, Usama, Younus, Hafsa, Tincknell, Laura G, Weixing-Ho, Ken, Demetriou, Charis, Hussei, Mohammed, Reilly, John-Joe, Hormis, Anil P, Moug, Susan J, Anazor, Fitzgerald C, Horwell, Edward A, Neal-Smith, Gregory, McNamara, John M, Baryeh, Kwaku W, Bhatti, Khalid M, McKay, Joseph E, Cannoletta, Maria G, Perkins, Clare J, Gopalswamy, Sivakumar, Sheldon, Anna F, John, Joseph B, Mantle, Mark, Toia, Bogdan, Phillips, Andrew J, Al-Khyatt, Waleed, Lund, Jonathan N, Ammar, Ahmed Y, Yim, Guang H, Huntley, Daniel A, Daniels, Ian R, Valverde, Joao, Lumley, Edward David John, Walton, Thomas J, Raptis, Dimitri A, Dimitrokallis, Nikolaos, Nathan, Arjun, Motallebzadeh, Reza, Chowdhury, Shihab, Ahmed, Rezwan F A, Mirnezami, Reza, Szakmany, Tamas, Knight, Dominic J, Al-Azzani, Waheeb, Davies, Huw R, Ooi, Setthasorn Zhi Yang, Oo, Khaing K, Cullis, Paul S, Peng, Ed, Demetriades, Andreas K, Tambyraja, Andrew L, Poon, Michael TC, Brennan, Paul M, Oikonomou, Dimitrios, Newman, Samuel E, Le Blevec, Louise, Otify, Mohamed, Szatmary, Peter, Devkaran, Bhavesh, Sochorova, Dana, Sohrabi, Catrin, Sivaprakasam, Rajesh, Goh, Mingzheng Aaron, Atkinson, Kate V, Soares, Delvene, Prce, Daniela, Cann, Johnathon P, Grobbelaar, Amy C, Bradley, Rebecca, Strauss, Helen J, Taha, Ahmed, Minicozzi, Annamaria, Thakur, Bhaskar, Hanoun, Abdullah, Goru, Poornanand, Baumber, Rachel M, Sobti, Anshul S, Cross, George WV, Havenhand, Tom, Antoniou, George A, Chauhan, Govind Singh, Vokshi, Ismail, Mahmud, Ayesha, Albanese, Erminia, Evans, Daisy, Madhuri, Thumuluru Kavitha, Horsnell, Jonathan D, Zalmay, Pardis, Davies, Angharad J, Aljanadi, Firas, Jeganathan, Reubendra, Jones, Mark, Kakos, Christos, vidya, Raghavan, El-Ghobashy, Alaa, Habib, Ahmed M, Reid, Jeremy P, Rajgor, Harshadkumar Dhirajlal, Ahmed, Omar, Branagan, Graham, Mohamedahmed, Ali Yasen Y, Al-Sabbagh, Ali, Chetty, Govind, Kelty, Clive J, EL-Wajeh, Yasin A M, Tomlinson, James E, Rominiyi, Ola, Sinha, Saurabh, Saad, Sanad, Sahu, Banchhita, Charalampakis, Vasileios, Enemosah, Ibrahim, Williams, Simon J, Yaqoob, Hassan N, Laurent, Edward P, Moreau, Joshua L, Frostick, Rhiannon, Parwaiz, Hammad, Aboelmagd, Karim, Pournaras, Dimitri J, Hristova, Kalina H, Iyengar, Karthikeyan P, Mohamed, Muyed, Artioukh, Dmitri Y, Anwar, Sibtain, Hussein, Mostafa K A, Omogbehin, Tomisin S, Herron, Jonathan B T, Labib, Amir, Patel, Preemal, Marsden, Samuel C, Mehdian, Roshana, Santhirakumaran, Gowthanan, Smelt, Jeremy, Agarwal, Ketan, Lancerotto, Luca, Sahnan, Kapil, Shalhoub, Joseph, Donnelly, Liam J, Erridge, Simon, Chidambaram, Swathikan, Luo, Xun, Bansal, Sujesh, Ryan, Neil AJ, Smith, Alexander C D, Flatman, Michael, Wafaie, Imad, Malik, Muhammad Isfandyar Khan, Thumbadoo, Ruben P, Hussain, Shoaib F, Henein, Christin, Hamad, Yousif T, Belgaumkar, Ajay P, Bosanquet, David C, Kolias, Angelos G, Choi, David, Marcus, Hani J, Horsfall, Hugo RM Layard, Khan, Danyal Z, Sahni, Arun, Millward, Christopher P, Render, Luke, Truss, Adam, Elmoslemany, Tarek, Parmar, Chetan, Hanger, Joseph, Sheen, Jonathon, Rait, Jaideep S, Foreman, Jennifer, Marzouqa, Natalie, Fontalis, Andreas, Voulalas, Grigorios, CHEONG, Ryan Chin Taw, Dindyal, Sanjay, Arumugam, Sathyaseelan, Ward, Thomas R W, Stephens, Alastair S, Douka, Eleftheria, Abou-Foul, Ahmad K, McKay, Siobhan C, Kitchen, Mark O, Rees-Stoner, Oliver DJ, Balasubramanya, Supriya, Akhtar, Muhammad Adeel, Warwick, Andrew J, Pawar, Shweta, Dubey, Vivek, Al-Yaseen, Mustafa W, Williams, Christopher YK, Laird, Alexander, Krishna, Kandaswamy, Anyaugo, Ngozi S, Wuraola, Obafemi K, Odejinmi, Funlayo, Craven, Joanna M, West, Charlotte L, Barter, Reece A, Navaratnam, Devaraj M, Malik, Shahbaz S, Mahendran, Vimaladhithan, Zilvetti, Miguel, Lovegrove, Richard E, Board, Tim N, Zeiton, Moez, Sarwar, Safdar A, Duff, Sarah E, Hsabo, Elmuiz A, Nugur, Ashwani Kumar, Morris, Richard M, Lala, Anil K, Kwan-Feinberg, Rita O, Ross, Samuel W, Dressler, Jeremy A, Evans, Faye M, Wason, Shaun E L, Vogel, Keianna R, Wang, Joanna C, Sulciner, Megan L, Hirji, Sameer, Raoof, Mustafa, Wolff, Christopher J, kent, Ilan, Turan, Alparslan, Teixeira, Pedro G, Olson, Kristofor A, Patel, Neil D, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Moris, Dimitrios, Rice, Henry E, Gabr, Hesham, Satoskar, Savni R, Castater, Christine A, Jmaileh, Manal, Payne, Rachel E, Kwon, David S, Aarabi, Shahram, Escobar, Pedro F, Kronenfeld, Joshua P, Dalton, Michael K, Etchill, Eric W, Haut, Elliott R, Vervoort, Dominique, Dehal, Ahmed, McKenney, Mark, Elkbuli, Adel, Gosain, Ankush, Abdelsattar, Zaid M, Naunheim, Matthew R, Burks, Ciersten A, Zhou, Allen S, Heng, Marilyn, Abohashem, Shady, Lozano-Calderón, Santiago A, Reisenauer, Janani S, Mouawad, Nicolas J, Diehl, Thomas M, Eriksson, Evert A, Marwaha, Jayson S, Schroeppel, Thomas J, LaRocca, Christopher J, Chang, Grace H, Hassan, Romana, Nosanov, Lauren B, Rickard, Jennifer L, Avraham, Jacob B, Petrone, Patrizio, Sferra, Joseph J, Hadaya, Joseph, Mead, Brittany S, Hauptman, Jason S, Ahmad, Maleeha, Meola, Antonio, Chang, Steven D, Ko, Ara, Specht, Katherine E, Choudhry, Asad, Encalada, Ronald Zerna, Poggio, Juan L, Xing, Hang, Glass, Nina E, Hooker, Robert, Martins, Paulo N, Scott, Erin M, Bankhead, Brittany K, Giorgakis, Emmanouil, Nigh, Joe, Osborn, Tamara, Tay Lasso, Erika L, Beswick, Daniel M, Berndtson, Allison E, Kaups, Krista L, Chen, Lee-lynn, Farrell, Michael S, Boeck, Marissa A, Vaysburg, Dennis M, Kassam, Al-Faraaz, Turner, Kevin M, Dyas, Adam R, Coleman, Julia R, Folsom, Megan, Lam, Christopher M, Kumer, Sean C, Larson, Kelsey, Turner, Scott, Guidry, Christopher, Reddy, Madhuri, Berbel, German, Findley, Austin, Beahm, David, Bur, Andres, Marlor, Derek, Houndschell, Corey, Carver, Shea, Ulrich, Alissa, Bhutiani, Neal, DiChiacchio, Laura, Abdou, Hossam, Napolitano, Lena M, Ghebre, Rahel, Bass, Gary Alan, Kaplan, Lewis J, Martin, Niels D, Duffy, Caoimhe C, Abdelhamid, Sultan S, Daley, Brian J, Roland, Christina L, Dumas, Ryan P, Ban, Vin Shen, Rajesh, Aashish, Davies, Mark G, Purudappa, Prabhudev P, Walters, Camila B, Lin, Nicole, Ruzgar, Nensi M, Ullrich, Sarah J, Trostchansky, Ivan, Bonilla-Cal, Fernando, Castedo, Fabiola, Sobrero, Helena, Acuña, Gastón, Álvarez, Sofía M, Tarigo, Josefina, Carbajal, Ana C, Carbajal, Ana, Reyes, Antonio R, Al-Eryani, Fatima A, Alqousi, Nardeen N, Alattas, Zainab, Al-Saban, Rafat A, Al-Shehari, Mohammed M, ALHammadi, Nawal T, Shream, Sarah A, Al-Naggar, Hamza M, Al-Qalisi, Lina M, Nadeesh, Areej E, Al-Samawi, Hytham H, Bajjah, Hadeel M, AL-Ameri, Saba A, Albably, Jamal F, Ghannam, Rana A, Shamsan, Amatallah H, Meead, Abdullah A, Al- Zubaidi, Riham Q, Zulait, Mohammed A, Najeeb, Halah, Alsayadi, Musaed M, Al-Mashreqi, Seham K, Al-Jomai, Najla A, Alsayadi, Ramzi A, Al-Naggar, Moath M, Almarashi, Hassan A, Musaeed, Hasna M, Al-Raimi, Ibrahim M, Ghanem, Hossam N, Al-Zazay, Karim A, AL-Mahdi, Shehab A, Almontaser, Amatalaleem S, Savopoulos, Vanessa A S, Munthali, James, Kabongo, Kizito M C, Mushiwokufa, Willard, Ngulube, Allan, Ntoto, Crispin, Magama, Praise T, Dzinotyiwei, Daniel, Chivanga, Shelton K, Dube, Ngqabutho S, Sanchez, Ernesto C, Moyo, Assel T, Chengahomwe, Antony, Chinyowa, Simbarashe, Siamuchembu, Maphios, Bondera, Tafadzwa, and Mushawarima, Trust
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- 2022
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3. Scientific response to the 2021 eruption of Nyiragongo based on the implementation of a participatory monitoring system
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Boudoire, G., Calabrese, S., Colacicco, A., Sordini, P., Habakaramo Macumu, P., Rafflin, V., Valade, S., Mweze, T., Kazadi Mwepu, J.-C., Safari Habari, F., Amani Kahamire, T., Mumbere Mutima, Y., Ngaruye, J.-C., Tuyishime, A., Tumaini Sadiki, A., Mavonga Tuluka, G., Mapendano Yalire, M., Kets, E.-D., Grassa, F., D’Alessandro, W., Caliro, S., Rufino, F., and Tedesco, D.
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- 2022
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4. New occurrence records of Bromeliaceae for the state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil
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Elidio A. E. Guarçoni, Jeferson D. S. Sousa, Alessandro W. C. Ferreira, Wagner R. S. Junior, Miguel S. Oliveira, and Eduardo O. Silva
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Encholirium spectabile ,geographic distribution ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
We report three species of Bromeliaceae (Encholirium spectabile Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f., Pitcairnia burchellii Mez, and Tillandsia bulbosa Hook.) for the first time from Maranhão, northeastern Brazil, based on our fieldwork. Data on species’ morphology, taxonomy, ecology, and geographic distribution are included. Our new data add to the knowledge to the flora of Maranhão and expand the distribution of three bromeliad species in Brazil.
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- 2020
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5. Temporal monitoring of fumarole composition at Santorini volcano (Greece) highlights a quiescent state after the 2011–2012 unrest
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Bernard, A, Battani, A, Rizzo, A, Balci, U, Györe, D, D'Alessandro, W, Callot, J, Kyriakopoulos, K, Pujol, M, Bernard, Alexis, Battani, Anne, Rizzo, Andrea Luca, Balci, Uğur, Györe, Domokos, D'Alessandro, Walter, Callot, Jean-Paul, Kyriakopoulos, Konstantinos, Pujol, Magali, Bernard, A, Battani, A, Rizzo, A, Balci, U, Györe, D, D'Alessandro, W, Callot, J, Kyriakopoulos, K, Pujol, M, Bernard, Alexis, Battani, Anne, Rizzo, Andrea Luca, Balci, Uğur, Györe, Domokos, D'Alessandro, Walter, Callot, Jean-Paul, Kyriakopoulos, Konstantinos, and Pujol, Magali
- Abstract
Santorini Island (Greece) is an active volcano which has alternated between dormant and active periods over the last 650,000 years with the latest volcanic unrest occurring in 2011–2012. Here we report a geochemical survey of fumarolic gases collected at Nea Kameni islet located in the center of the caldera over the period 2015–2022 in order to study the activity of the volcano and changes in hydrothermal conditions. This period is marked by the absence of significant geochemical anomalies compared to the unrest of 2011–2012, implying that no new magma upwelling has occurred. This is evident from the low CO2/CH4 ratio and H2 concentration of fumaroles. An increase of the atmospheric contribution in gases after the 2011–2012 unrest suggests a decrease of the deep gas flow and the chemical and C-He-isotope compositions are compatible with a model of Rayleigh fractionation in which CO2 dissolves in water at decreasing temperatures over time. These results are consistent with temperature estimates obtained using the H2/N2 geothermometer, seismic and geodetic evidences. This implies a slowing of the degassing of the hydrothermal/volcanic system and a cooling of the magma injected at shallow depth in 2011–2012. All these conclusions support a quiescent state of the Santorini volcano over the period 2015–2022.
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- 2024
6. Comparative reproductive biology reveals two distinct pollination strategies in Neotropical twig-epiphyte orchids
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Pansarin, Emerson R., Bergamo, Pedro J., Ferraz, Lucenilda J. C., Pedro, Silvia R. M., and Ferreira, Alessandro W. C.
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- 2018
7. TRAQUEOSTOMIAS POR COVID‐19 NO CONTEXTO DO SUS VERSUS HOSPITAIS PRIVADOS
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Ricardo H. Bammann, Thamara Kazantzis, Letícia L. Lauricella, Augusto Ishy, Juliana Mol Trindade, Alberto J.M. Dela Veja, and Alessandro W. Mariani
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Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Published
- 2021
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8. New records of Tillandsia L. (Bromeliaceae, Tillandsioideae) for Maranhão state, Brazil
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Elidio A. E. Guarçoni, Andrea Ferreira da Costa, Eduardo O. Silva, Alessandro W. C. Ferreira, and Miguel Sena de Oliveira
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Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
We report the first records of Tillandsia kegeliana, T. loliacea, T. paraensis, T. parvispica, T. recurvata, and T. tenuifolia for Maranhão, Brazil. These species were collected in the Amazonian and Cerrado biomes. This work adds new knowledge to the flora of Maranhão and extends the distribution of these species within Brazil.
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- 2018
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9. Unexpected conservation of the RNA splicing apparatus in the highly streamlined genome of Galdieria sulphuraria
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Huan Qiu, Alessandro W. Rossoni, Andreas P. M. Weber, Hwan Su Yoon, and Debashish Bhattacharya
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Genome reduction ,RNA splicing ,Intron ,Rhodophyta ,Evolution ,QH359-425 - Abstract
Abstract Background Genome reduction in intracellular pathogens and endosymbionts is usually compensated by reliance on the host for energy and nutrients. Free-living taxa with reduced genomes must however evolve strategies for generating functional diversity to support their independent lifestyles. An emerging model for the latter case is the Rhodophyta (red algae) that comprises an ecologically widely distributed, species-rich phylum. Red algae have undergone multiple phases of significant genome reduction, including extremophilic unicellular taxa with limited nuclear gene inventories that must cope with hot, highly acidic environments. Results Using genomic data from eight red algal lineages, we identified 155 spliceosomal machinery (SM)-associated genes that were putatively present in the red algal common ancestor. This core SM gene set is most highly conserved in Galdieria species (150 SM genes) and underwent differing levels of gene loss in other examined red algae (53-145 SM genes). Surprisingly, the high SM conservation in Galdieria sulphuraria coincides with the enrichment of spliceosomal introns in this species (2 introns/gene) in comparison to other red algae (
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- 2018
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10. Defense against Reactive Carbonyl Species Involves at Least Three Subcellular Compartments Where Individual Components of the System Respond to Cellular Sugar Status
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Schmitz, Jessica, Dittmar, Isabell C., Brockmann, Jörn D., Schmidt, Marc, Hüdig, Meike, Rossoni, Alessandro W., and Maurino, Veronica G.
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- 2017
11. THU014 Post-surgical Remission After Resection Of Solitary Mediastinal Lymph Node In A Metastatic Occult Ectopic ACTH Syndrome Patient
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de Magalhães, Isabelle P A, primary, Oliveira, Caroline P F, additional, Lins, Lais P, additional, Andrade, Natália X S, additional, Lima, Marcos S, additional, Siqueira, Sheila A C, additional, Fonini, Jaqueline S, additional, Assis Filho, Eudes C, additional, Mariani, Alessandro W, additional, and Machado, Marcio Carlos, additional
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- 2023
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12. Geochemical characteristics of soil radon and carbon dioxide within the Dead Sea Fault and Karasu Fault in the Amik Basin (Hatay), Turkey
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Yuce, G., Fu, C.C., D'Alessandro, W., Gulbay, A.H., Lai, C.W., Bellomo, S., Yang, T.F., Italiano, F., and Walia, V.
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- 2017
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13. Transcriptional response of the extremophile red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae to changes in CO2 concentrations
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Rademacher, Nadine, Wrobel, Thomas J., Rossoni, Alessandro W., Kurz, Samantha, Bräutigam, Andrea, Weber, Andreas P.M., and Eisenhut, Marion
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- 2017
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14. Zr- Hf Fractionation During Water-Rock Interaction
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Zuddas, P., Inguaggiato, C., Censi, P., and D’Alessandro, W.
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- 2017
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15. Effects of ground surface permeability on the growth of urban linden trees
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Sand, Emilia, Konarska, Janina, Howe, Alessandro W, Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, Moldan, Filip, Pleijel, Håkan, and Uddling, Johan
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- 2018
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16. Species delimitation in the Trichocentrum cepula (Oncidiinae, Orchidaceae) complex: a multidisciplinary approach
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Antonio E. Camelo-Júnior, Alessandro W. C. Ferreira, Ivanilza M. Andrade, Simon J. Mayo, Felipe Nollet, José L. Silva, Maria C. Barros, Elmary Fraga, and Edlley M. Pessoa
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Plant Science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 2022
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17. Turnera carolina (Turneraceae, Passifloraceae s.l.): A New Species from Chapada das Mesas, Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil
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Silva, Maycon Jordan Costa da, primary, Rocha, Lamarck, additional, Ferreira, Alessandro W. C., additional, Scatigna, André Vito, additional, and Marinho, Lucas C., additional
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- 2023
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18. Systems Biology of Cold Adaptation in the Polyextremophilic Red Alga Galdieria sulphuraria
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Alessandro W. Rossoni and Andreas P. M. Weber
- Subjects
microevolution ,Cyanidiales ,extremophile ,temperature adaptation ,cold stress ,red algae ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
Rapid fluctuation of environmental conditions can impose severe stress upon living organisms. Surviving such episodes of stress requires a rapid acclimation response, e.g., by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Persistent change of the environmental context, however, requires longer-term adaptation at the genetic level. Fast-growing unicellular aquatic eukaryotes enable analysis of adaptive responses at the genetic level in a laboratory setting. In this study, we applied continuous cold stress (28°C) to the thermoacidophile red alga G. sulphuraria, which is 14°C below its optimal growth temperature of 42°C. Cold stress was applied for more than 100 generations to identify components that are critical for conferring thermal adaptation. After cold exposure for more than 100 generations, the cold-adapted samples grew ∼30% faster than the starting population. Whole-genome sequencing revealed 757 variants located on 429 genes (6.1% of the transcriptome) encoding molecular functions involved in cell cycle regulation, gene regulation, signaling, morphogenesis, microtubule nucleation, and transmembrane transport. CpG islands located in the intergenic region accumulated a significant number of variants, which is likely a sign of epigenetic remodeling. We present 20 candidate genes and three putative cis-regulatory elements with various functions most affected by temperature. Our work shows that natural selection toward temperature tolerance is a complex systems biology problem that involves gradual reprogramming of an intricate gene network and deeply nested regulators.
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- 2019
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19. The genomes of polyextremophilic cyanidiales contain 1% horizontally transferred genes with diverse adaptive functions
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Alessandro W Rossoni, Dana C Price, Mark Seger, Dagmar Lyska, Peter Lammers, Debashish Bhattacharya, and Andreas PM Weber
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horizontal gene transfer ,lateral gene transfer ,Cyanidiales ,red algae ,evolution ,genome ,Medicine ,Science ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 - Abstract
The role and extent of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in eukaryotes are hotly disputed topics that impact our understanding of the origin of metabolic processes and the role of organelles in cellular evolution. We addressed this issue by analyzing 10 novel Cyanidiales genomes and determined that 1% of their gene inventory is HGT-derived. Numerous HGT candidates share a close phylogenetic relationship with prokaryotes that live in similar habitats as the Cyanidiales and encode functions related to polyextremophily. HGT candidates differ from native genes in GC-content, number of splice sites, and gene expression. HGT candidates are more prone to loss, which may explain the absence of a eukaryotic pan-genome. Therefore, the lack of a pan-genome and cumulative effects fail to provide substantive arguments against our hypothesis of recurring HGT followed by differential loss in eukaryotes. The maintenance of 1% HGTs, even under selection for genome reduction, underlines the importance of non-endosymbiosis related foreign gene acquisition.
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- 2019
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20. Dissolved inert gases (He, Ne and N2) as markers of groundwater flow and degassing areas at Mt Etna volcano (Italy)
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Paonita, A., Longo, M., Bellomo, S., D'Alessandro, W., and Brusca, L.
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- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Hydrogen sulfide measurements in air by passive/diffusive samplers and high-frequency analyzer: A critical comparison
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Venturi, S., Cabassi, J., Tassi, F., Capecchiacci, F., Vaselli, O., Bellomo, S., Calabrese, S., and D’Alessandro, W.
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- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Zirconium–hafnium and rare earth element signatures discriminating the effect of atmospheric fallout from hydrothermal input in volcanic lake water
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Inguaggiato, C., Censi, P., Zuddas, P., D'Alessandro, W., Brusca, L., Pecoraino, G., and Bellomo, S.
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- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Volcanic plume fingerprint in the groundwater of a persistently degassing basaltic volcano: Mt. Etna
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Liotta, M., D'Alessandro, W., Bellomo, S., and Brusca, L.
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- 2016
- Full Text
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24. SANTORY: SANTORini’s Seafloor Volcanic ObservatorY
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Nomikou, P, Polymenakou, P, Rizzo, A, Petersen, S, Hannington, M, Kilias, S, Papanikolaou, D, Escartin, J, Karantzalos, K, Mertzimekis, T, Antoniou, V, Krokos, M, Grammatikopoulos, L, Italiano, F, Caruso, C, Lazzaro, G, Longo, M, Sciré, S, D'Alessandro, W, Grassa, F, Bejelou, K, Lampridou, D, Katsigera, A, Dura, A, Nomikou P, Polymenakou PN, Rizzo A, Petersen S, Hannington M, Kilias SP, Papanikolaou D, Escartin J, Karantzalos K, Mertzimekis TJ, Antoniou V, Krokos M, Grammatikopoulos L, Italiano F, Caruso CG, Lazzaro G, Longo M, Sciré SS, D'Alessandro W, Grassa F, Bejelou K, Lampridou D, Katsigera A, Dura A, Nomikou, P, Polymenakou, P, Rizzo, A, Petersen, S, Hannington, M, Kilias, S, Papanikolaou, D, Escartin, J, Karantzalos, K, Mertzimekis, T, Antoniou, V, Krokos, M, Grammatikopoulos, L, Italiano, F, Caruso, C, Lazzaro, G, Longo, M, Sciré, S, D'Alessandro, W, Grassa, F, Bejelou, K, Lampridou, D, Katsigera, A, Dura, A, Nomikou P, Polymenakou PN, Rizzo A, Petersen S, Hannington M, Kilias SP, Papanikolaou D, Escartin J, Karantzalos K, Mertzimekis TJ, Antoniou V, Krokos M, Grammatikopoulos L, Italiano F, Caruso CG, Lazzaro G, Longo M, Sciré SS, D'Alessandro W, Grassa F, Bejelou K, Lampridou D, Katsigera A, and Dura A
- Abstract
Submarine hydrothermal systems along active volcanic ridges and arcs are highly dynamic, responding to both oceanographic (e.g., currents, tides) and deep-seated geological forcing (e.g., magma eruption, seismicity, hydrothermalism, and crustal deformation, etc.). In particular, volcanic and hydrothermal activity may also pose profoundly negative societal impacts (tsunamis, the release of climate-relevant gases and toxic metal(loid)s). These risks are particularly significant in shallow (<1000m) coastal environments, as demonstrated by the January 2022 submarine paroxysmal eruption by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Volcano that destroyed part of the island, and the October 2011 submarine eruption of El Hierro (Canary Islands) that caused vigorous upwelling, floating lava bombs, and natural seawater acidification. Volcanic hazards may be posed by the Kolumbo submarine volcano, which is part of the subduction-related Hellenic Volcanic Arc at the intersection between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates. There, the Kolumbo submarine volcano, 7 km NE of Santorini and part of Santorini’s volcanic complex, hosts an active hydrothermal vent field (HVF) on its crater floor (~500m b.s.l.), which degasses boiling CO2–dominated fluids at high temperatures (~265°C) with a clear mantle signature. Kolumbo’s HVF hosts actively forming seafloor massive sulfide deposits with high contents of potentially toxic, volatile metal(loid)s (As, Sb, Pb, Ag, Hg, and Tl). The proximity to highly populated/tourist areas at Santorini poses significant risks. However, we have limited knowledge of the potential impacts of this type of magmatic and hydrothermal activity, including those from magmatic gases and seismicity. To better evaluate such risks the activity of the submarine system must be continuously monitored with multidisciplinary and high resolution instrumentation as part of an in-situ observatory supported by discrete sampling and measurements. This paper is a design study that d
- Published
- 2022
25. Geochemistry of REE, Zr and Hf in a wide range of pH and water composition: The Nevado del Ruiz volcano-hydrothermal system (Colombia)
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Inguaggiato, C., Censi, P., Zuddas, P., Londoño, J.M., Chacón, Z., Alzate, D., Brusca, L., and D’Alessandro, W.
- Published
- 2015
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26. Chemical parameters as natural tracers in hydrogeology: a case study of Louros karst system, Greece
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Katsanou, K., Lambrakis, N., D’Alessandro, W., and Siavalas, G.
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- 2017
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27. Dissecting the Physiological Function of Plant Glyoxalase I and Glyoxalase I-Like Proteins
- Author
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Jessica Schmitz, Alessandro W. Rossoni, and Veronica G. Maurino
- Subjects
glyoxalase I ,methylglyoxal ,scavenging ,abiotic stress ,reactive carbonyl species ,glyoxalase system ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
The Arabidopsis genome annotation include 11 glyoxalase I (GLXI) genes, all encoding for protein members of the vicinal oxygen chelate (VOC) superfamily. The biochemical properties and physiological importance of three Arabidopsis GLXI proteins in the detoxification of reactive carbonyl species has been recently described. Analyses of phylogenetic relationships and conserved GLXI binding sites indicate that the other eight GLXI genes (GLXI-like) do not encode for proteins with GLXI activity. In this perspective article we analyse the structural features of GLXI and GLXI-like proteins, and explore splice forms and transcript abundance under abiotic stress conditions. Finally, we discuss future directions of research on this topic with respect to the substrate identification of GLXI and GLXI-like proteins and the need of reliable quantitative measurements of reactive carbonyl species in plant tissues.
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- 2018
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28. Characterization of the Etna volcanic emissions through an active biomonitoring technique (moss-bags): Part 2 – Morphological and mineralogical features
- Author
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Calabrese, S. and D’Alessandro, W.
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- 2015
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29. Characterization of the Etna volcanic emissions through an active biomonitoring technique (moss-bags): Part 1 – Major and trace element composition
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Calabrese, S., D’Alessandro, W., Bellomo, S., Brusca, L., Martin, R.S., Saiano, F., and Parello, F.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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30. Geoquímica de las aguas vinculadas al Complejo Volcánico Planchón-Peteroa, Mendoza-Argentina
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Llano J., Nogués V., Agusto M., Lamberti M. C., Sierra D., García S., Carabajal F., Calabrese S., D’Alessandro W., and Llano, J., Nogués, V., Agusto, M., Lamberti, M. C., Sierra, D., García, S., Carabajal, F., Calabrese, S., D’Alessandro, W.
- Subjects
Hidrogeoquímica, Volcán activo, Peteroa, Sistema hídrico - Abstract
El presente trabajo fue desarrollado en el Complejo Volcánico Planchón-Peteroa en la provincia de Mendoza, Argentina. Su objetivo es analizar y describir por primera vez los principales procesos geoquímicos que se desarrollan y controlan la composición de las aguas pertenecientes al sistema hídrico del complejo volcánico estudiado. Dichas aguas fueron clasificadas a partir de sus composiciones y características fisicoquímicas en cuatro grupos: aguas sulfato-cloruradas, ácidas y calientes pertenecientes a las lagunas cratéricas; aguas termales sulfatadas neutras; aguas termales bicarbonatadas neutras; y aguas de escorrentía frías y ácidas a levemente ácidas. Los principales procesos que se reconocen en las aguas descriptas son la interacción de las mismas con gases ácidos y calientes emanados desde la cámara magmática, la precipitación de minerales secundarios como sulfatos de calcio, la interacción agua-roca, en particular con las evaporitas de la formación Auquilco, y la interacción de las aguas con las cenizas emitidas desde el volcán Peteroa durante períodos de actividad eruptiva. La presencia o combinación de algunos de estos procesos definen la composición geoquímica en cada grupo de agua.
- Published
- 2022
31. Species delimitation in the Trichocentrum cepula (Oncidiinae, Orchidaceae) complex: a multidisciplinary approach
- Author
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Camelo-Júnior, Antonio E., primary, Ferreira, Alessandro W. C., additional, Andrade, Ivanilza M., additional, Mayo, Simon J., additional, Nollet, Felipe, additional, Silva, José L., additional, Barros, Maria C., additional, Fraga, Elmary, additional, and Pessoa, Edlley M., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Butterfly pollination in Pteroglossa (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae): a comparative study on the reproductive biology of two species of a Neotropical genus of Spiranthinae
- Author
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Pansarin, Emerson R. and Ferreira, Alessandro W. C.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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33. Esposizione ad elementi in tracce in aree ad alta incidenza di sclerosi multipla: un ruolo delle ceneri vulcaniche?
- Author
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Cicero, CALOGERO EDOARDO, Copat, C., Grasso, A., Chisari, C. G., Patti, F., Giammanco, S., Andronico, D., Bonfanti, P., D’Alessandro, W., Federico, C., Calabrese, S., Fiore, M, Ferrante, M., and Nicoletti, A.
- Published
- 2022
34. SANTORY: SANTORini’s Seafloor Volcanic ObservatorY
- Author
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Nomikou, P. Polymenakou, P.N. Rizzo, A.L. Petersen, S. Hannington, M. Kilias, S.P. Papanikolaou, D. Escartin, J. Karantzalos, K. Mertzimekis, T.J. Antoniou, V. Krokos, M. Grammatikopoulos, L. Italiano, F. Caruso, C.G. Lazzaro, G. Longo, M. Sciré Scappuzzo, S. D’Alessandro, W. Grassa, F. Bejelou, K. Lampridou, D. Katsigera, A. Dura, A.
- Abstract
Submarine hydrothermal systems along active volcanic ridges and arcs are highly dynamic, responding to both oceanographic (e.g., currents, tides) and deep-seated geological forcing (e.g., magma eruption, seismicity, hydrothermalism, and crustal deformation, etc.). In particular, volcanic and hydrothermal activity may also pose profoundly negative societal impacts (tsunamis, the release of climate-relevant gases and toxic metal(loid)s). These risks are particularly significant in shallow (
- Published
- 2022
35. Chemical and isotopic characterization of rainwater in volcanic, urban and industrial areas of Sicily (Italy)
- Author
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Brugnone F., D’Alessandro W., Saiano F., Pennisi M., Liotta M., Bellomo S., Brusca L., Abita A. M., Parello F., Calabrese S., and Brugnone F., D’Alessandro W., Saiano F., Pennisi M., Liotta M., Bellomo S., Brusca L., Abita A. M., Parello F., Calabrese S.
- Subjects
rainwater, atmospheric deposition, trace elements, stable isotopes, volcanic emissions - Abstract
The chemical composition of rainwater depends on (i) the dissolution of gases and particulate matter emitted by different sources, (ii) the chemical and physical reactions occurring during local and regional scale transport, and (iii) removal processes. The source of major and trace elements dissolved in rainwater can be both natural (e.g. sea salts, volcanic emissions, geogenic dust, biogenic material) and anthropogenic (e.g. industrial plants, vehicular traffic, domestic heating, vessel traffic). A group of trace elements has been recently brought to attention, especially for their possible environmental impacts, the Technology-critical elements (TCEs): Ga, Ge, In, Te, Nb, Ta, Tl, the Platinum Group Elements and most of the rare-earth elements (REE). The current knowledge about the geochemical cycle of TCEs is still scarce and there are not many studies about the concentrations of them in the rainwater. Nevertheless, recent studies (e.g. Brugnone et al., 2020) evidenced a contribution from the volcanic activity for some of them (Te, Tl, and REE). The main aim of this research is to produce an unedited geochemical database on major and trace element concentrations and bulk depositions, in different areas of Sicily: a volcanic area (Mt Etna), two urban (Palermo and Catania), and two industrial areas (Milazzo and Priolo) and a rural monitoring site representative of the regional atmospheric background (Cesarò, Nebrodi Regional Park). The samples will be collected monthly, for almost two years, through a network of 15 bulk collectors, most of which were installed at atmospheric monitoring stations of the “Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale - ARPA Sicilia”. Moreover, the isotopic ratios of H and O in the rainwater will be investigated, while an innovative feature of the research will be the determination of the isotopic ratios of isotopes not investigated in previous similar studies: 34S/32S, 11B/10B, 87Sr/86Sr. These isotopes have been studied in matrices such as groundwaters, river and marine waters, in which the above elements show higher concentrations than rainwater. Therefore, a new analytical methodology will be developed to measure these isotopic ratios in rainwater. The isotope fingerprint enables to distinguish the contribution of sea-salt from terrestrial and anthropogenic components, allowing to discriminate the different sources that contribute to the chemical and the isotopic composition of atmospheric bulk deposition in the Mediterranean basin.
- Published
- 2021
36. Geochemical characterization of water quality in karst systems of Greece
- Author
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Li Vigni L., Daskalopoulou K., Calabrese S., Cardellini C., Kyriakopoulos K., Ionescu A., Brugnone F., Parello F., D’Alessandro W., and Li Vigni L., Daskalopoulou K., Calabrese S., Cardellini C., Kyriakopoulos K., Ionescu A., Brugnone F., Parello F., D’Alessandro W.
- Subjects
karst systems, trace elements, water quality ,Settore GEO/08 - Geochimica E Vulcanologia - Abstract
Karst systems represent the main drinking water source for 20-25% of world’s population, although covering only 7-10% of the global land surface (Ford & Williams, 2007). Karst aquifers are highly vulnerable to external pollution, so their protection and management is of critical importance to sustain water resources. In Greece, starting from the 1970’s, water demands for agricultural, domestic and industrial use increased significantly, mainly in coastal areas (Daskalaki & Voudouris, 2008). The main Hellenic aquifers are hosted in alluvial deposits, in Neogene deposits and in carbonate rocks. The latter cover about 35% of the country and are located in Western, Central and Southern Greece (Daskalaki & Voudouris, 2008). Karst aquifers are developed in limestones and dolomites (Triassic – Cretaceous), and in marbles (Paleozoic – Mesozoic). Their hydrogeological behaviour is controlled by tectonic deformation. About 45% of them is located inland, while the rest is in coastal areas (Voudouris & Kazakis, 2018). During several field sampling campaigns from 2016 to 2020, 126 karst water samples were collected in Greece. Physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, electric conductivity and redox potential) were measured in situ. Analyses of major ions and trace elements were performed at the laboratories of INGVPalermo. Results were compared with the limits set by the Directive 98/83/EC that fixes quality standards for drinking water. Temperatures of sampled waters ranged from 8.7 to 31 °C, pH from 6.5 to 8.4, whilst Total Dissolved Solids from 206 to 25,617 mg L-1. Most of the samples showed a typical alkaline-earth bicarbonate composition, whilst those sited along the coastline presented elevated concentrations of Na+ (up to 7,680 mg L-1), Cl- (up to 14,200 mg L-1) and SO4 2- (up to 1,940 mg L-1), sometimes exceeding the EC limits, suggesting a seawater contamination. Furthermore, karst springs contaminated by seawater, displayed high concentrations of B (up to 3,870 μg L-1) and Sr (up to 7,080 μg L-1). Nitrate concentrations were always below the EC limit (50 mg L-1), indicating a low contamination from fertilizers. Few low chloride waters showed a metal enrichment, such as Tempi springs (Thessaly) that presented enrichments in Sr (up to 242 μg L-1), Mo (up to 2.27 μg L-1), Cs (up to 1.57 μg L-1) and As (up to 17 μg L-1). Such enrichments could be attributed to the local petrological environment. Generally, karst water samples can be considered suitable for human consumption. Water quality degradation of Hellenic karst springs is mainly due to seawater intrusion or to local geogenic contamination.
- Published
- 2021
37. Deep-sourced fluids released in central-western Europe: new evidences of active degassing in Serbia region
- Author
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Randazzo P., Caracausi A., Ionescu A., D’Alessandro W., Li Vigni L., Papic P., Marinkovic G., Cardellini C., Aiuppa A., Chiodini G., and Randazzo P., Caracausi A., Ionescu A., D’Alessandro W., Li Vigni L., Papic P., Marinkovic G., Cardellini C., Aiuppa A., Chiodini G.
- Subjects
helium, degassing, carbon dioxide, geodynamic, Serbia ,Settore GEO/08 - Geochimica E Vulcanologia - Abstract
Identification of transfer of mantle-derived fluids (e.g. CO2, N2, noble gases) in continental regions is critical for developing exploration strategies of natural resources (i.e., hydrocarbons, ore deposits, heat sources) and also to investigate the processes that control the deep and shallow evolution of Earth such as subduction, volcanism, natural degassing vs. active tectonic and earthquakes (e.g., O’Nions & Oxburgh, 1988; Caracausi et al., 2013; Labidi et al., 2020). Recently the outgassing of deep-mantle volatiles has been verified in different crustal segments of central-western Europe, but the geological and tectonic controls on migration of these deep fluids remain to be fully understood. To figure out the source of these volatiles can furnish new elements to the understanding of the complex regional geodynamic evolution and for the exploitation of natural resources. Furthermore, that region is also characterized by an high heat flow (< 150 mW/m2) that highlights an high geothermal energy potential that is coupled to seismicity trough the overall crust (Horwarth et al., 2015). Here, we report on the results of an extensive geochemical survey of gas manifestations in the Serbian part of the Vardar zone, a mega-suture zone between Eurasia and Africa plates. Based on their chemical compositions (C, He, Ne, Ar), the studied gases are clustered into three distinct groups (CO2-, N2- and CH4-dominated). The He isotope ratios identify a weak (
- Published
- 2021
38. Duvalo “Volcano” (North Macedonia): A Purely Tectonic‐related CO 2 Degassing System
- Author
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Vigni, L. Li, primary, Cardellini, C., additional, Temovski, M., additional, Ionescu, A., additional, Molnár, K., additional, Palcsu, L., additional, Gagliano, A. L., additional, Cappuzzo, S., additional, and D’Alessandro, W., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Active Degassing of Deeply Sourced Fluids in Central Europe: New Evidences From a Geochemical Study in Serbia
- Author
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Randazzo, P., primary, Caracausi, A., additional, Aiuppa, A., additional, Cardellini, C., additional, Chiodini, G., additional, D'Alessandro, W., additional, Li Vigni, L., additional, Papic, P., additional, Marinkovic, G., additional, and Ionescu, A., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. TRAQUEOSTOMIAS POR COVID‐19 NO CONTEXTO DO SUS VERSUS HOSPITAIS PRIVADOS
- Author
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Leticia Leone Lauricella, Augusto Ishy, Juliana Mol Trindade, Thamara Kazantzis, Alberto J.M. Dela Veja, Ricardo Helbert Bammann, and Alessandro W. Mariani
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Infectious Diseases ,Welfare economics ,Political science ,Ep‐023 ,lcsh:QR1-502 ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,lcsh:Microbiology ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases - Published
- 2021
41. New occurrence records of Bromeliaceae for the state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil
- Author
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Guarçoni, Elidio A. E., Sousa, Jeferson D. S., Ferreira, Alessandro W. C., Junior, Wagner R. S., Oliveira, Miguel S., and Silva, Eduardo O.
- Subjects
Encholirium spectabile ,Pitcairnia burchellii ,taxonomy ,Tillandsia bulbosa ,geographic distribution - Abstract
We report three species of Bromeliaceae (Encholirium spectabile Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f., Pitcairnia burchellii Mez, and Tillandsia bulbosa Hook.) for the first time from Maranhão, northeastern Brazil, based on our fieldwork. Data on species’ morphology, taxonomy, ecology, and geographic distribution are included. Our new data add to the knowledge to the flora of Maranhão and expand the distribution of three bromeliad species in Brazil.
- Published
- 2020
42. TRAQUEOSTOMIAS POR COVID‐19 NO CONTEXTO DO SUS VERSUS HOSPITAIS PRIVADOS
- Author
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Bammann, Ricardo H., primary, Kazantzis, Thamara, additional, Lauricella, Letícia L., additional, Ishy, Augusto, additional, Trindade, Juliana Mol, additional, Veja, Alberto J.M. Dela, additional, and Mariani, Alessandro W., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Impact of hydrothermal alteration processes on element mobility and potential environmental implications at the Sousaki solfataric field (Corinthia - Greece)
- Author
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D'Alessandro, W., primary, Calabrese, S., additional, Bellomo, S., additional, Brusca, L., additional, Daskalopoulou, K., additional, Li Vigni, L., additional, Randazzo, L., additional, and Kyriakopoulos, K., additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. New occurrence records of Bromeliaceae for the state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil
- Author
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Guarçoni, Elidio A. E., primary, Sousa, Jeferson D. S., additional, Ferreira, Alessandro W. C., additional, Junior, Wagner R. S., additional, Oliveira, Miguel S., additional, and Silva, Eduardo O., additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Geochemical characterization of groundwater quality in Hellenic karst systems
- Author
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Li Vigni L., Daskalopoulou K., D'Alessandro W., Cardellini C., Calabrese S., and Li Vigni L., Daskalopoulou K., D'Alessandro W., Cardellini C., Calabrese S.
- Subjects
Greece, groundwater, trace element ,Settore GEO/08 - Geochimica E Vulcanologia - Abstract
Karst aquifers are considered to be one of the most important aquifer types, as they constitute the main drinking water resource for the majority of the global population (Ford et al., 2007). They are generated from the dissolution of carbonate rocks (e.g. limestone, dolomite, marble etc.), a phenomenon commonly known as “karstification”. This process is mainly caused by the acidity of water enriched in dissolved CO2, with the concentration of the latter being dependent on both the temperature and the CO2 partial pressure of the atmosphere in contact with the water (Bakalowicz, 2005). Carbonate rocks cover about 35% of the land surface of Greece and are mainly located in the western, central and southern parts of the country (Daskalaki et al., 2008). The Hellenic karst aquifer resources are more abundant in the western part of Greece, which receives the highest amount of precipitation (1800 mm/a) (Mimikou, 2005). The karst system constitutes a strategic resource of water in the region and preserving its quantity and quality is of the utmost importance for the sustainability of the area. Seventy samples of natural water were collected from karst springs in the northern (Macedonia-Thrace) and in the central parts of Greece, during 3 campaigns from 2016 to 2018. Sampling sites were selected on the basis of the springs flow rates (> 50 L/s). Water temperature, pH, Eh and electric conductivity were measured in situ with portable instruments; major ions were determined by Ionic Chromatography (IC) on filtered (anions) or filtered and acidified (cations) samples, whereas trace elements were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) on filtered and acidified samples. All analyses were performed at the laboratories of INGV of Palermo. Chemical compositions were compared with the limits fixed by the Directive 98/83/EC, which is the most recent EU legislation that sets quality standards for drinking water. Regulations concerning the quality of drinking water as established by the Directive allow Member States to adapt the monitoring of water quality to local conditions (Karavoltsos et al., 2008). Temperatures of the sampled waters ranged from 8 to 25 °C, pH from 6.5 to 8.4, whilst Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) from 206 to 15,418 mg/L. The highest concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfate were found in the karst springs of Central Greece (26.6-5610 mg/L; 1.56-204 mg/L; 81.06-9467 mg/L; 15-2420 mg/L, respectively), where values had sometimes exceeded the limits set by the Directive 98/83/EC, indicating a contamination due to sea water intrusion. Based on the chloride concentrations, samples were subdivided into low (Cl- < 100 mg/L) and high (Cl- > 100 mg/L) chloride karst waters. All water samples were plotted in a Langelier Ludwig diagram (Fig. 1) with the low chloride waters presenting a typical alkaline-earth bicarbonate composition. Exception is the samples of Kaliakuda, Sidirokastro and Koromilia that display enrichment in alkalis possibly due to hydrothermal activity. On the other hand, the most chloride-rich waters plot close to the sea water composition point while two samples (Rema, Mylos Kokkosi) are aligned along the seawater-groundwater mixing line (Fig. 1). Concentration ranges of major and trace elements for all waters are presented in Fig. 2, with low and high chloride samples being plotted with different symbols. High chloride group displays much higher values for Mg, SO4, Cl, Na, K, Sr, B, Li, Rb and Cs with respect to low chloride, with differences in the median values between two and three orders of magnitude. Species deriving from carbonate dissolution (Ca and HCO3) show the lowest range of concentrations both for low and high chloride waters (Fig. 2). Low chloride waters show a wide range of concentrations (three to four orders of magnitude) for trace elements such as Li, Fe, Rb, As, Mn, Cu and Cs. Trace elements were above the legislation limits (Directive 98/83/EC) mostly in the case of high chloride karst springs, showing elevated concentrations of Boron (up to 1861 μg/L), Strontium (up to 5026 μg/L) and Arsenic (up to 12.1 μg/L). In terms of Boron and Strontium, the exceeding values seem to be generally related to the intrusion of sea water. On the other hand, Arsenic, whose maximum admissible level is 10 μg/L, was above limit also in the low chloride water (17 μg/L) of Tempi, Thessalia. Few low chloride waters show a metal enrichment, such as Tempi (Sr = 242 μg/L, Mo = 2.27 μg/L, and Cs = 1.57 μg/L) and Kaliakuda (V = 3.89 μg/L, Mn = 3.65 μg/L, Fe = 71.26 μg/L, Cu = 11.55 μg/L, Zn = 22.61 μg/L, Rb = 54.7 μg/L), whilst nitrate concentrations that could indicate contamination from fertilizers or from septic tanks, are always below the maximum admissible value (50 mg/L). Most of the analyzed waters can be considered suitable for human consumption. Water quality deterioration of Hellenic karst springs is mainly due to sea water intrusion, whilst only few low chloride waters show significant enrichments in trace metals that rarely exceeds the drinking water standards. These higher contents are probably of natural origin due to local geological setting.
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- 2019
46. Gas hazard related to CO2 degassing at Loutra Ypatis, Greece
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D'Alessandro W., Daskalopoulou K., Calabrese S., Li Vigni L., Pfanz H., and D'Alessandro W., Daskalopoulou K., Calabrese S., Li Vigni L., Pfanz H.
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Greece, gas hazard, carbon dioxide ,Settore GEO/08 - Geochimica E Vulcanologia - Abstract
Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions represent a hazard. However, the impact of gases released in geodynamically active areas should not be underestimated. It is commonly known that geogenic sources release great amounts of gases, which, apart from having an important influence on the global climate, can also have a strong impact on human health causing both acute and chronic effects. In particular, CO2 and sulphur gases (mainly H2S and SO2) are the main compounds responsible for acute mortality due to their asphyxiating and/or toxic properties. One of the most known and also worst episodes occurred, took place on the 21th of August 1986 at Lake Nyos, Cameroon, when about 1700 people were killed and 850 injured by a massive CO2 release (D’Alessandro, 2006). Like other geodynamically active areas, Greece is also affected by a large number of geogenic gas manifestations (Daskalopoulou et al., 2018a). These occur either in the form of point sources (fumaroles, mofettes, bubbling gases) or of diffuse soil gas emanations (Daskalopoulou et al., 2018b). D’Alessandro and Kyriakopoulos (2013) made a preliminary estimation of the risk related to geogenic gases in Greece for the time period of 1992-2011; the whole population of the country was considered. In that period, at least two fatal episodes with a total of three victims took place, likely caused to the exposure to geogenic gases (specifically CO2). This would give a risk of 1.310-8 fatality from geogenic gas manifestations per annum. This value, although probably underestimated, is much lower than many other natural or anthropogenic risks. Since deaths due to natural gases are often wrongly attributed, it cannot be excluded that some fatal episode has not been recognized and thus that the risk is somewhat higher than assessed. Although very low, this risk should not be neglected, not only because it is possibly underestimated, but also because simple countermeasures could be adopted for risk reduction. Dangerous areas could be easily identified and delimited by geochemical prospecting and their hazards properly highlighted. Apart from the sites where fatal episodes occurred, many other hazardous sites have been recognized in Greece. Here we present data collected at Loutra Ypatis (central Greece). Study area Sperchios Basin – Evoikos Gulf Graben is a 130 km long actively spreading graben in Central Greece (1 cm/a). The high geothermal gradient of the area is evident by the presence of many thermal springs with temperatures that vary from 24 to 82 °C. In the waters of these springs, discharging along the normal faults bordering the graben, an abundant gas phase is bubbling. Loutra Ypatis is one of the emerging springs and its waters (31 °C) are exploited by a spa. The water is currently drained by a gallery and therefore the water level is about 5 m below ground at the bottom of a funnel-like hole (Fig. 1 left). For safety reasons the hole was covered by a closed building (Fig. 1 left and center). The gas, which is vigorously bubbling in the spring, is mostly (> 96%) composed of CO2 (D’Alessandro et al., 2014). The walls of the hole are covered of sulfur that derives from the partial oxidation of the H2S (2500 ppm) contained in the released gas (D’Alessandro et al., 2014). Methods In October 2015 atmospheric concentrations of CO2 were measured with a Licor LI820 NDIR spectrometer (range 0 to 20,000 ppm, accuracy of 2%), whilst in April 2016, the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and H2S were measured with a Multi-GAS analyser manufactured by INGV-Palermo equipped with Licor LI-840 NDIR spectrometer (CO2 0-20,000 ppm) and an EZ3H electrochemical sensor by City Technology Ltd. (H2S 0–100 ppm). Simultaneous CO2, CH4 (both 0- 100%), CO, H2S (both 0-500 ppm) and O2 (0 – 25%) concentrations within the building were measured with a portable gas analyser GA2000 (Geotechnical Instruments). Results and discussion Due to the fact that a building covers the thermal spring, the intense bubbling activity of its waters creates a strong gas accumulation inside. The main component of the released gases is CO2, which has a higher density with respect to atmospheric air, thus creating the conditions for gas accumulation. About 2 m above the water level, CO2 concentrations of >95% and non-detectable O2 concentrations were measured. At higher levels above the water, CO2 concentrations were decreased but never below 50%. Such concentrations within the building are lethal for both animals and human beings. Of course, access is forbidden, but as the building is not perfectly sealed, the gases permeate to the outside through fissures and cracks. Figure 2 shows the CO2 concentrations measured in the air on October 2015 at 1.5 m height while walking around the walls of the edifice at about 2 m distance. Leaking of CO2 from the edifice is made evident by concentrations reaching values of more than 6000 ppm. The highest values were measured close to the entrance of the edifice were fissures and cracks are concentrated. Due to the tendency of CO2 to accumulate at lower levels, in this place, close to the ground, CO2 levels lethal to small animal can be reached. This was made evident by a dead bird found in that occasion (Fig. 1). In April 2016, due to the much windier conditions, CO2 concentrations at the same places reached values never exceeding 1000 ppm while H2S was always below 1 ppm. These values sharply increased getting closer to the fissures around the main entrance of the building and reached saturation of the sensors (CO2 > 20,000 ppm and H2S > 100 ppm) at a distance of few centimeters. The intense CO2 degassing observed at Loutra Ypatis may be responsible for elevated levels that can have an impact on human beings. It is worth noting that values measured in the atmosphere close to the building exceed the Occupational Recommended Exposure Limit of 5000 ppm (NIOSH, 2005). In closed spaces lethal levels can be easily reached. An older inhabitant of the close by village told us that in his childhood a playmate died by going inside the gallery that drains the thermal water out of the spa due to the high CO2 levels. Such episode underscores the need not to disregard the gas hazard created by intense natural gas manifestations like the thermal spring of Loutra Ypatis.
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- 2019
47. 'Hidden' degassing from streams: estimation of the CO2 release from the thermal springs of Sperchios Basin, Greece
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Li Vigni L., D’Alessandro W., Calabrese S., Gagliano A. L., and Li Vigni L., D’Alessandro W., Calabrese S., Gagliano A. L.
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Greece, degassing, carbon dioxide ,Settore GEO/08 - Geochimica E Vulcanologia - Abstract
Areas located at plate boundaries are characterized by the presence of seismic, volcanic, and geothermal activity, as well as ore deposition. Such processes are enhanced by the circulation of hydrothermal fluids in the crust transporting volatiles from either the deep crust or the mantle to the surface. Intense geodynamic activity is also taking place in Greece giving rise to: (i) the highest seismicity in Europe, (ii) the presence of an active volcanic arc and numerous areas of anomalously high geothermal gradient, and (iii) a widespread occurrence of thermal springs. Elevated heat flow values are concentrated in Sperchios basin, an area characterised by a system of deeply rooted extensional faults and quaternary volcanic activity. This regime favoured the formation of hydrothermal systems, the surface expression of which are thermal springs with intense bubbling of CO2-rich gases. Flux measurements in the bubbling pools were made with the floating chamber method. The highest bubbling CO2 output is found in Thermopyles and Psoroneria (1 and 2 t/d, respectively). The outgoing channels of these springs have an elevated flow (>250 l/s) of gas-charged water (>15 mmol/l of CO2). Although no bubbling is noticed along the stream, the CO2 content decreases by an order of magnitude after few hundreds of metres, indicating an intense degassing from the water. Taking into account the water flow and the amount of CO2 lost to the atmosphere, the CO2 output of the outgoing channels is quantified in >10 t/d for Thermopyles and 9 t/d for Psoroneria. An estimation is also made at Ypati, Kamena Vourla, Koniavitis and Edipsos, where the mean values reach 1 t/d of CO2 for each spring. The obtained values are always higher respect to the estimated outputs from visible bubbling, suggesting that most of the degassing is “hidden”. Furthermore, the loss of CO2 from the water determines a shift in dissolved carbonate species as demonstrated by the pH increase along the channel that leads eventually to an oversaturation in carbonate minerals and therefore travertine deposition. To sum up, the total CO2 output of the study area is estimated at 30 t/d, with the major contribution deriving from the degassing along the outflow channels of the thermal springs. Such output is comparable to that of the single active volcanic systems along the South Aegean Volcanic Arc (Sousaki, Methana, Milos, Santorini, Kos and Nisyros) and highlights the importance of “hidden” degassing along CO2-oversaturated streams.
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- 2019
48. Gas Geochemistry and Fractionation Processes in Florina Basin, Greece
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Kyriaki Daskalopoulou, D’alessandro, W., Sergio Calabrese, Cardellini, C., Gagliano, Al, Ionescu, A., Karakatsanis, S., Kyriakopoulos, K., Lorenza Li Vigni, Pop, C., and Daskalopoulou K., D’Alessandro W., Calabrese S., Cardellini C., Gagliano A. L., Ionescu A., Karakatsanis S., Kyriakopoulos K., Li Vigni L., Pop C.
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Methane, Carbon dioxide fluxes, accumulation chamber ,Settore GEO/08 - Geochimica E Vulcanologia - Abstract
Florina Basin is located in northern Greece, close to Mount Voras where the volcanic activity of Late Messinian age began. In the area, many CO2-rich gas emissions are present as a bubbling free-phase in groundwater (both springs and wells) and soil gases. Volcanism along with the geological and geodynamic regime of the basin, created the ideal conditions for CO2 accumulation in vertically stacked reservoirs. One of these, industrially exploited by the company Air Liquide Greece, produces 30,000 t/a of CO2. Results show that CO2 concentrations in the gases of Florina can arrive up to 99.8% and are mostly above 90%. Moreover, C-isotope composition (-2.1 to + 0.3 h vs. VPDB) indicates a mixed mantle-limestone origin for CO2, while He isotope composition (R/RA from 0.21 to 1.20) shows a prevailing crustal origin with an up to 15% mantle contribution. Helium and methane, with concentrations spanning over three orders of magnitude, show a positive correlation and a consequent high variability of He/CO2 and CH4/CO2 ratios. This variability can be attributed to the interaction of the uprising gases with groundwater that chemically fractionates them due to their different solubility. Based on the CO2, CH4 and He concentrations, gas samples collected in the basin can be divided in 3 groups: a) deep reservoir gases, b) enriched in less soluble gases and c) depleted in less soluble gases. The first group consists of gas samples collected at the Air Liquide extraction wells, which tap a 300m deep reservoir. This group can be considered as the least affected by fractionation processes due to interaction with groundwater. The gases of the second group due to their interaction with shallower unsaturated aquifers, become progressively enriched in less soluble gases (He and CH4). Finally, the third group represents residual gas phases after extensive degassing of the groundwater during its hydrological pathway.
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- 2019
49. Origin of the geogenic gases and preliminary estimation of the carbon release of Greece
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Daskalopoulou K., Calabrese S., Gagliano A. L., Li Vigni L., D'Alessandro W., and Daskalopoulou K., Calabrese S., Gagliano A. L., Li Vigni L., D'Alessandro W.
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Greece, geogenic gases, carbon dioxide ,Settore GEO/08 - Geochimica E Vulcanologia - Abstract
Volatiles are transported from the deep crust or mantle to the surface in geodynamically active areas where seismic, volcanic and geothermal activity is present; the circulation of hydrothermal fluids in the crust is enhanced. In such areas, faults may act as preferential pathways for advective gas-carrying fluid transport. Towards the surface, pressure decrease allows the gases to escape from the fluids into soil gas and eventually into the atmosphere (King, 1986). The migration of carbon-bearing crustal and mantle fluids contributes to Earth’s carbon cycle (Berner & Kothavala 2001). However, till now, the mechanisms, magnitudes and time variations of carbon transfer from depth to the surface remain the least understood parts of the global carbon budget. Carbon dioxide and methane are the main contributors of the total amount of C-degassing from geological (volcanic and non-volcanic) sources. From the beginning of the last century, high attention has been paid to the reservoirs of CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere because they represent the most dangerous species in terms of global warning. The increased amount of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere has important implications for the energy balance and the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Mörner and Etiope (2002) calculated that 102-103 Mt of CO2 are presumably involved in the carbon cycle every year. This estimation though, is affected by high uncertainty as a number of sources and C-degassing environments that account for this high leakage were not taken into consideration. Greece belongs to the most geodynamically active regions of the world and as such, it has to be considered an area of intense geogenic degassing. Regarding carbon, the territory is characterized by the high hydrothermal and volcanic activity of the South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc (SAAVA), and by widespread geological seeps of buried carbon dioxide and methane. In the present work, we present more than 700 literature data of free gases spread along the whole Hellenic territory to get insight on geographic distribution and composition of the released fluids. Moreover, we review all the published studies on CO2 and/or CH4 output of high degassing areas of Greece that are mainly concentrated along the SAAVA in a first attempt to estimate the total geologic output of the nation. Helium isotope data propose that the highest mantle contribution (50 to 90%) is found along the SAAVA, whereas the lowest in continental Greece (0-20%), with the atmospheric contribution being mostly negligible. Based on the geographical distribution of the gases, it is evident that the R/RA ratios and CO2 concentrations increase in areas characterized by: i) thin crust; ii) elevated heat flow values; iii) recent (Pleistocene-Quaternary) volcanic activity; and iv) deep routed extensional or transtensional regional faults. The highest values are therefore found along the SAAVA and the lowest in the western part of Greece where CH4 emission is prevailing. Furthermore, it was noticed that the majority of the samples present a prevailing limestone C component, whilst only few samples have a prevailing mantle C component (Sano and Marty, 1995). It seems barely possible though to distinguish CO2 deriving from crustal and slabrelated limestones. Additionally, due to the complex geodynamic history, the mantle C isotope composition could be affected by subduction-related metasomatism and, similarly to the nearby Italian area (Martelli et al., 2008), the C isotope composition could be more positive. In this case, the mantle contribution is probably underestimated. In terms of geogenic carbon degassing, the best studied and most exhaling area is the SAAVA, which releases 104,090 t/a of CO2 and 20.26 t/a of CH4. Continental Greece on the contrary, is much less studied but may release CO2 in the same order of magnitude in its eastern-central and northern part. The western and south-western parts of Greece are conversely the main area of methane and higher hydrocarbon degassing. Methane output of Greece is much less constrained but the presence on its territory of one of the biggest thermogenic gas seepages of Europe releasing about 200 t/a of CH4 to the atmosphere underscores its potentially high contribution. Approximately 114,310 t/a of CO2 and 221 t/a of CH4 are released from the whole Hellenic territory (Daskalopoulou et al., submitted). This estimation though, should be considered minimum as there are processes and sources that have not been taken into consideration yet. More specifically, in the submarine manifestations found at greater depths, gases cannot reach the sea surface due to the dissolution process that takes place along the water column; this is especially true for CO2 that is more soluble in water respect to other gases (eg. Milos - Dando et al., 1995; Kolumbo - Rizzo et al., 2016 etc). Moreover, the geological and geodynamic regime can contribute in the formation of CO2 reservoirs. This is the case of Florina Basin (Pearce et al., 2004) where more than one CO2 reservoirs were created, with one of them being exploited by the company Air Liquide Greece. It is worth noting that this reservoir, found at a depth of approximately 300 m, produces 30,000 t/a of CO2 (Pearce et al., 2004). Moreover, in the same area, water is also used for water supply and irrigation purposes. This water though contains a great amount of dissolved CO2 great part of which is released to the atmosphere when the water is pumped to the surface. Another source that should be underscored is the quantification of geogenic CO2 dissolved in big karstic aquifers. Chiodini et al. (1999, 2000) demonstrated that the relatively high solubility of CO2 in water plays an important role in the quantification of carbon. This approach was proved for central Italy and it might be the case for continental Greece due to the similar geodynamic history. Finally, in ophiolitic sequences where serpentinization takes place, if and when the conditions are adequate (i.e. presence of effective catalysts – Etiope and Ionescu, 2015) an abiogenic origin for CH4 seems to be favored even at low temperatures. Ophiolitic sequences crop out widely in Greece along two N-S trending belts, whilst more hyperalkaline springs or dry seeps may be present. However, their flux in generally is very low and therefore their contribution to the total natural CH4 output has probably to be considered negligible.
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- 2019
50. Resurrection of Liparis inundata (Orchidaceae)
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PANSARIN, EMERSON R., primary, AUGUSTO, SAMANTHA G., additional, and FERREIRA, ALESSANDRO W. C., additional
- Published
- 2020
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