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Additional file 1: Supplement Figure 1. Detection of adipocytes in unfixed granulation tissue. Intra-vital confocal microscopy single channel images of unfixed granulation tissue compared with subcutaneous fat tissue (merge displayed in Fig. 1b) stained with BODIPY-493/503 to highlight lipid droplets, wheat germ agglutinin (CF®555 WGA) to highlight ECM substrates and cell morphology (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and sialic acid present in hyaluronan and other heterogeneous polysaccharides), and Hoechst 33342 staining for nuclei. Supplement Figure 2. PPARG overexpression in day 3 differentiated cells. Representative immunoblotting of PPARG- or puromycin overexpressing human ASC subjected to in vitro differentiation for 3 days in the presence of macrophage-CM. Supplement Figure 3. Numbers of NCT-regulated cytokines. Comparison of cytokines with greater than two-fold change in response to NCT-treatment in various CM. Shown are the total number of regulated cytokines per CM (Set Size), and the number of regulated cytokines found exclusively in one CM or shared between different CM types (Intersection Size). Intersections between different CM types are indicated with connected black dots, single dots indicate a single CM. As shown, 22, 7, 6 and 2 cytokines were found exclusively regulated by M(IFNG/LPS), Mo, M0 and M(IL4/IL13) respectively. Four cytokines were similarly regulated in M(IFNG/LPS) and Mo, 3 in M(IFNG/LPS) and M0, 2 in M0 and M(IL4/IL13), 1 in M(IFNG/LPS) and M(IL4/IL13), and 2 in M(IFNG/LPS), M0 and M(IL4/IL13). Supplement Figure 4. Efficacy of IL1RA to inhibit anti-adipogenic effect of IL1B. IL1B receptor mediated signaling was inhibited by the addition of 100ng/ml recombinant IL1RA. Effect on adipocyte differentiation was evaluated by flow cytometry assessing numbers of lipid-laden cells. Values depict the percentage of lipid-laden adipocytes as a percentage of untreated control cells (0ng IL1B) that emit green fluorescence after staining with BODIPY-493/503, n=3. Statistical significance was determined by using non parametric unpaired Student’s t-test. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Asterisks indicate p-values < 0.05 (*). Supplement Table 1. Table with log2 cytokine protein expression levels used to generate the heatmap in Fig. 2c. (1) and (2) depict values obtained from two independent measurements. Supplement Table 2. Regulation of cytokines by NCT co-treatment in various CM. Contains log2 fold change (M) and log2 average (A) values representing the extent of regulation, and average expression, of cytokines following NCT co-treatment of CM (e.g. a comparison of NCT co-treated Mo cells against untreated Mo cells). Supplement Table 3. List of Primers used for quantitative RT-PCR.

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Additional file 1. Survey questionnaire.

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Background: There is a high burden of depression globally, including in South Africa. Maternal depression is associated with poverty, unstable income, food insecurity, and lack of partner support, and may lead to poor outcomes for mothers and children. In South Africa one-third of working women are in informal work, which is associated with socioeconomic vulnerability.Methods: A cross sectional survey explored work setting and conditions, food security and risk of depression among informal working women with young children (0-3years). Depression risk was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS) and Whooley score. Food insecurity was evaluated using USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HIFAS). Data was analysed using SPSS and STATA.Results: Interviews were conducted with 265 informal women workers. Types of work included domestic work, home-based work, informal employees and own account workers, most of whom were informal traders. Most participants (149/265; 56.2%) earned between US$70-200 per month, but some participants (79/265; 29.8%) earned less than US$70 per month, and few earned >US$200 per month (37/265; 14.0%). Many participants experienced mild (38/267; 14.3%), moderate (72/265; 27.2%) or severe (43/265; 16%) food insecurity. Severe food insecurity was significantly higher among participants with the lowest income compared to those with the highest income (p= 0.027). Women who received financial support from the baby’s father were less likely to be food insecure (p=0.03). Using EPDS scores, 22/265 (8.3%) women were designated as being at risk of depression. This was similar among postnatal women and women with older children. Household food insecurity was significantly associated with depression risk (p

Catherine Connolly reflects on the use of war metaphors in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, the violence of ongoing sanctions, and the need for solidarity in the face of alienation.

For nearly seventeen years, targeted killing has been lauded by the United States as the optimum method of disrupting terrorist activities carried out by al-Qaeda and ‘affiliated forces’ not only in Afghanistan and Iraq, but outside the immediate zone of hostilities in Pakistan, Somalia, Yemen, Libya, Niger and Syria. While thousands of civilians and suspected militants have been killed in such strikes, their effectiveness in disrupting terrorist activity appears minimal. This thesis investigates the relationship between targeted killing, the doctrine of Kriegsraison (which posits that states may use all means considered necessary, however unlawful, to protect the security of the state), and international law. It does so in order to examine how targeted killing and Kriegsraison harm international law at the same time as they employ international law as a validating tool. The thesis undertakes a theoretical and doctrinal study of international law using a critical approach, and clarifies the legality of the targeted killing programme and how the political actions and context that influence the United States’ legal actions and interpretations have led to the return of Kriegsraison. Given Kriegsraison’s self-judging nature, it is particularly damaging to the international legal order and international relations. The thesis engages directly with the questions raised by the United States use of armed drones as the main method of carrying out the targeted killing programme. Furthermore, through an assessment of the domestic context that informs the United States’ ambivalent relationship with public international law, the thesis contends that the resurrection of Kriegsraison is a violent expression of U.S. legal imperialism, and of the United States’ long-held belief that it exists in its own, permanent state of exception. Finally, the thesis concludes that Kriegsraison itself operates in a state of exception inside the liberal order, often through the harnessing of international law rules.