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Abstract Background This field efficacy study was designed to determine the efficacy of a new bivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae at three independent pig farms. Methods Three pig farms were selected based on their history of subclinical PCV2 infection and enzootic pneumonia. Each farm housed a total of 40, 18‐day‐old pigs that were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups. Pigs were administered a 2.0 mL dose of the bivalent vaccine intramuscularly at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, whereas unvaccinated pigs were administered a single dose of phosphate‐buffered saline at the same age. Results Clinically, the average daily weight gain of vaccinated groups was significantly higher (p

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects of CLEVir-X, against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). CLEVir-X is a nucleoside analogue and a dialdehyde form of xanthosine. CLEVir-X demonstrated antiviral action during the in vitro portion of this experiment with its inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibition against PRRSV. The anti-PRRSV effect of CLEVir-X was recovered through supplementation with guanosine. This suggests that PRRSV replication may be regulated through IMPDH and its guanosine biosynthetic pathway. CLEVir-X treatment in cultures resulted in mutation frequency increase of up to 7.8-fold within the viral genomes (e.g. ORF6) compared to their parallel, untreated cultures. The incorporation of CLEVir-X into the viral genome causes lethal mutagenesis and subsequent decrease in specific infectivity. During the in vivo antiviral experiment, 21-day-old pigs began oral administration of 5 mL of phosphate buffered saline containing CLEVir-X (with purity of 68 % and dosage of 40 mg/kg body weight). This treatment was provided twice daily at 9:00AM and 5:00PM for 14 days. Pigs were simultaneously intranasally inoculated with PRRSV at the beginning of CLEVir-X treatment (21 days of age). Several beneficial effects from the oral administration of CLEVir-X were observed including reduction of body temperature, alleviation of respiratory clinical signs, decreased PRRSV load in both blood and lung tissues, and mitigation of lung interstitial pneumonia lesions. The results of the present study demonstrated that CLEVir-X has mutagenic and nonmutagenic modes of antiviral action against PRRSV based on both in vitro and in vivo antiviral experiments.

Abstract Background This field evaluation was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a new porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus‐2 (PRRSV‐2) modified live virus vaccine at three independent pig farms. Methods Three farms were selected for this study based on their respiratory disease status caused by PRRSV‐2 infection in post‐weaning and growing pigs. Each farm housed a total of 40, 18‐day‐old pigs that were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups. Pigs were administered a 1.0 mL dose of the bivalent vaccine intramuscularly at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, whereas unvaccinated pigs were administered a single dose of phosphate buffered saline at the same age. Results Vaccinated groups were measured and calculated significantly (p

BackgroundThe in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of an amino acid (AA) blend (tryptophan, threonine, and methionine) in pigs.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of an AA blend on intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) and the in vivo anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects in pigs experimentally challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium.MethodsIPEC-J2 were pretreated with an AA blend for 25 h and then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), deoxynivalenol (DON), or H2O2 for in vitro evaluation. A controlled standard diet supplemented with 0.3% of the AA blend was orally fed to the treated group pigs for 14 days, beginning at 21 days of age. At the end of the feeding period, pigs were orally inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium.ResultsPre-treatment with the AA blend reduced LPS/DON-induced interleukin (IL)-8 mRNA as a measurement of the anti-inflammatory effect and H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a measurement of the anti-oxidative effect on IPEC-J2. Feeding with an AA blend resulted in a reduction of proinflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and IL-8) cytokine levels, while treated pigs experienced an increase in anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine in their sera. The addition of an AA blend-supplemented pig feed resulted in significantly lower Salmonella-induced cecal lesion scores compared to untreated pigs.DiscussionSupplementation of feed with an AA blend reduced intestinal inflammation and pathology in pigs and may be applied for the control of Salmonella Typhimurium infection, as demonstrated in this study.

Abstract Background The objective of this field trial was to evaluate the efficacy of a new plant‐based porcine circovirus type 2a (PCV2a) vaccine. This vaccine was a recombinant capsid subunit PCV2a vaccine based on the Nicotiana benthamiana expression system. Methods Three farms were selected for the study based on their history of subclinical PCV2 infection. A total of 40 18‐day‐old pigs were randomly allocated to either vaccinated or unvaccinated groups (20 pigs per group; 10 = male and 10 = female). Pigs received a 2.0‐mL dose of the plant‐based PCV2a vaccine intramuscularly at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, whereas unvaccinated pigs were administered a single dose of phosphate buffered‐saline at the same age. Results Vaccination had a positive effect on pig growth performance compared to that of unvaccinated pigs on all three of the farms. Vaccination of pigs with a plant‐based PCV2a vaccine induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies titres against PCV2d and PCV2d‐specific interferon‐γ secreting cells which resulted in the reduction of PCV2d viral load and reduced lymphoid lesions severity. Conclusions The results of this field trial demonstrated cross‐protection of PCV2d by a plant‐based PCV2a vaccine and a positive effect of pig growth performance with vaccination.

BackgroundInformation on efficacy of a novel bivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.ObjectiveTo evaluate bivalent vaccine for efficacy under experimental conditions.AnimalsClinically healthy 35 weaned piglets at 18 days of age were used.MethodsA 2.0 mL dose of bivalent vaccine was administered intramuscularly to pigs at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The pigs were challenged at 42 days of age either intranasally with PCV2d, or intratracheally with M. hyopneumoniae, or with both.ResultsVaccinated-challenged pigs improved the growth performance compared to pigs that were unvaccinated and then, challenged. Vaccinated-challenged pigs elicited a significant amount of protective immunity for PCV2d-specific neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) as well as for M. hyopneumoniae-specific IFN-γ-SC compared to unvaccinated/challenged pigs. Induction of systemic cellular and humoral immune responses from bivalent vaccination reduced the viral and mycoplasmal loads in the blood and larynx. Vaccination and challenge simultaneously reduced both lung and lymphoid lesion severity when compared to unvaccinated-challenged pigs.DiscussionThe results of this study demonstrated that the evaluated bivalent PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae vaccine was efficacious in protecting pigs from the most predominant PCV2d genotype in the field today, as evaluated with a dual PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae challenge under experimental conditions.

Abstract African swine fever virus (ASFV), the causative agent of contagious hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boars, has temporally regulated gene expression kinetics. The p30 and p72 major structural proteins are involved in viral entry each with different expression kinetics, but neither of their chronological expressions and distribution have been identified in virus-infected animals. Here, we found that both transcription and translation levels of p30 were significantly higher than those of p72 in target organs during the earlier infection-phase. Lymphocyte apoptosis/necrosis and angiectasia were observed as signs of early infection with acute African swine fever. These results show that the chronologically differential expression of ASFV structural proteins tends to be prominent in infected animals, and the p30 protein could play a role in the indication of acute lesions during early infection compared to the late-expressed p72 protein. In conclusion, we propose to consider the chronological expression dynamics of ASFV structural proteins in infected animals to understand virus pathogenesis and antigen targeting for vaccine development.

Abstract Background This field trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a new trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2a and 2b (PCV2a/b), and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae at three independent locations. Methods Three farms were selected based on their history of PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae co‐infection. Each farm housed a total of 60, 3‐day‐old pigs that were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups. Pigs were administered the trivalent vaccine intramuscularly with either a 1.0 ml dose at 3 and 24 days of age or a 2.0 ml dose at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Results Clinically, the average daily weight gain of the one‐dose and two‐dose vaccinated groups within all three farms was significantly higher (p

The objective of this study was to compare two different bivalent vaccines containing porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. One vaccine contained PCV2a and the other contained PCV2b, and both were administered on a farm suffering from subclinical PCV2d infection and enzootic pneumonia. A total of 180 pigs were randomly divided into 3 groups (60 pigs per group; male pigs = 30 and female pigs = 30). Bivalent vaccination significantly improved growth performance in both vaccinated groups as compared to the unvaccinated (UnVac) group. Growth performance measured by body weight and average daily weight gain (ADWG) was not significantly different between the two bivalent-vaccinated groups (VacA and VacB). Both bivalent vaccines elicited high levels of neutralizing antibodies and interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) against PCV2d, leading to a reduction in the levels of PCV2d blood viral load as compared to unvaccinated animals. Similarly, both bivalent vaccines elicited high levels of IFN-γ-SC against M. hyopneumoniae that reduced the level of M. hyopneumoniae laryngeal viral loads as compared to unvaccinated animals. Significant differences in severity of lung and lymphoid lesions were observed in both vaccinated groups as compared to the UnVac group. These comparative field data demonstrated that both bivalent vaccines are good candidates for controlling subclinical PCV2d infection and enzootic pneumonia in swine farms suffering from an existing infection.

Abstract Background The field efficacy of a bivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was evaluated on three pig farms. Methods Three pig farms were used, two of which had a history of subclinical PCV2 and clinical M. hyopneumoniae infections between 84 and 126 days of age while concurrent porcine circovirus‐associated disease and clinical M. hyopneumoniae infection between 70 and 105 days of age. Each farm vaccinated pigs with a single dose of a bivalent vaccine at 10 days of age while unvaccinated pigs were administered a single dose of phosphate buffered‐saline at the same age. Results Vaccination improved growth performance and reduced clinical scores significantly (p

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a trivalent vaccine mixture and compare it to the respective monovalent vaccines against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Results Pigs that were triple challenged with M. hyopneumoniae, PCV2, and PRRSV following vaccination with the trivalent vaccine mixture exhibited a significantly better growth performance when compared to unvaccinated and challenged pigs. A statistical difference was not found when comparing pig populations which were vaccinated with the trivalent vaccine followed by a triple challenge and pigs vaccinated with monovalent M hyopneumoniae vaccine followed by mycoplasmal single challenge in the following areas: M. hyopneumoniae nasal shedding, the number of M. hyopneumoniae-specific interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC), and mycoplasmal lung lesion scores. Pigs vaccinated with the trivalent vaccine mixture followed by a triple challenge resulted in a similar reduction of PCV2 viremia, an increase in the number of PCV2-specific IFN-γ-SC and reduction in interstitial lung lesion scores when compared to pigs vaccinated with a PCV-2 vaccine and challenged with PCV2 only. Lastly, there was a significant difference in the reduction of PRRSV viremia, an increase in PRRSV-specific IFN-γ-SC and a reduction of interstitial lung lesion scores between pigs vaccinated with the trivalent vaccine mixture followed by a triple challenge and pigs vaccinated with a monovalent PRRSV vaccine followed by PRRSV challenge only. Conclusion The trivalent vaccine mixture was efficacious against a triple challenge of M. hyopneumoniae, PCV2, and PRRSV. The trivalent vaccine mixture, however, did not result in equal protection when compared against each respective monovalent vaccine, with the largest vaccine occurring within PRRSV.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new, single-dose bivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae against a dual PCV2b and M. hyopneumoniae challenge. At −25 days post challenge (dpc, 10 days of age), one pig group (designated as the vaccinated/challenged group) received a single, 1.0 ml dose of bivalent vaccine. Pigs in both the vaccinated/challenged and unvaccinated/challenged groups were then inoculated intranasally with PCV2b and M. hyopneumoniae at 0 dpc (35 days of age). Pigs in vaccinated/challenged group induced significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against PCV2b and cell-mediated immunity against PCV2b and M. hyopneumonia when compared with pigs in unvaccinated/challenged group. The vaccination of pigs with a bivalent vaccine also reduced PCV2b viremia, reduced mycoplasmal nasal shedding, and decreased the severity of both lung and lymphoid lesions for PCV2b and M. hyopneumoniae infection, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated that the evaluated bivalent vaccine was effective in protecting pigs against PCV2b and M. hyopneumoniae infection.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs by replicating mainly in monocyte/macrophage lineages. Various primary cells including pulmonary alveolar macrophages have been used for the propagation of ASFV on this account. However, ethical constraints and consistency problems exist as it is necessary to harvest same phenotype of primary cells in order to continue a study. We suggested renal-derived swine macrophages as a novel primary cell candidate to address these issues. These primary cells proved to be permissive to both cell adapted ASFV and a wild-type ASFV. Compared to the commercial cell line MA-104, the renal-derived macrophages were more suitable to isolate the field virus. The consistent molecular characteristics of the renal-derived macrophages were demonstrated by immunocytochemistry with antibodies against macrophage cell surface markers including CD163, CD172a, and Iba-1. Viral protein p30 and p72 expression in ASFV infected macrophages was confirmed by immunocytochemistry by use of specific monoclonal antibodies. We observed increase of cell-free viral DNA and infectious virus titer in infected cell supernatant in successive days-post-infection. These results demonstrated that primary renal-derived swine macrophages are useful for ASFV isolation and propagation in terms of cell phenotypes, susceptibility to the virus, and virus production.

The present study evaluated the efficacy of swine vacciation using a combination of mixable monovalents for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae against a ready-to-use bivalent vaccine under experimental conditions. Pigs at 21 days of age were administered either a combination of two mixable monovalent vaccines or a bivalent vaccine containing PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae. Vaccination was followed with an M. hyopneumoniae challenge at 42 days of age (−14 days post challenge, dpc) and a PCV2d challenge at 56 days of age (0 dpc). Each vaccinated and challenged group was compared with the unvaccinated and challenged group for clinical, microbiological, immunologic, and pathologic differences. Clinically, two vaccinated and challenged groups showed minimal respiratory diseases that was characterized by occasionally coughing and sneezing. A significant difference was not calculated in the average daily weight gain, nasal shedding of M. hyopneumoniae, and pathological lesions between two vaccinated and challenged groups. A combination of two monovalent vaccines mixed into a combo prior to vaccination followed by challenge resulted in increased numbers of PCV2d-specific interferon-γ secreting cells at 21 dpc and a significant reduction in PCV2d viremia at 14 dpc when compared with the ready-to-use bivalent-vaccinated and challenged groups. These results offer supporting evidence that vaccination during the weaning to finishing period against M. hyopneumoniae and PCV2 is efficacious for controlling diseases caused by these two pathogens.

The objective of this study was to assess the clinical, immunological, microbiological, and pathological evaluation of trivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus types 2a/b (PCV2a/b) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae given by two different needle-free injection devices compared with conventional needle-syringe injection in a herd with subclinical PCV2d infection and enzootic pneumonia. A total of 240 21-day-old pigs, which weighed between 5 to 6 kg, were randomly divided into four groups (60 pigs per group, 30 = male and 30 = female per group). Injection site reactions in the pigs were minimal for the two needle-free injection devices and needle-syringe injection. Trivalent vaccination of pigs with two needle-free injection devices was not inferior to conventional needle-syringe injection for growth performance. Trivalent vaccination of pigs with two different needle-free injection devices reduced levels of PCV2d loads in serum and M. hyopneumoniae loads in the larynx equally compared to the conventional needle-syringe injection. The amount of PCV2d load in serum from the needle-free Pulse FX injection device at 49 days post vaccination showed non-inferiority to conventional needle-syringe injection. The immune response against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae to trivalent vaccine given with the needle-free Pulse FX injection device was non-inferior to conventional needle-syringe injection. The pigs from the two needle-free injection device and conventional needle-syringe injection had significantly (p < 0.05) lower macroscopic and microscopic lung lesion scores, and microscopic lymphoid lesions than from unvaccinated. The results of this study demonstrated that vaccination of trivalent vaccine by the two needle-free Pulse injection devices used in the study was non-inferior to that by conventional needle-syringe injection for growth performance, immune response against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae, and reduction of PCV2 viremia.

The objective of this study was to compare the virulence of three different porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) in pigs infected with either one of these three PCV2 genotypes versus pigs dually inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and PCV2. Pigs were inoculated intratracheally with M. hyopneumoniae at 4 weeks of age followed by another intranasal inoculation at 6 weeks of age with one of three PCV2 genotypes. Dual infection with two pathogens produced moderate and severe dyspnea, lethargy, and reduced weight gain in pigs regardless of the PCV2 genotype evaluated compared with pigs only inoculated with PCV2. The overall levels of PCV2d viremia and severity of lymphoid lesions, and PCV2-antigen within lymphoid lesions were significantly higher in pigs dually inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae/PCV2d when compared with all other dually inoculated groups. The level of PCV2 viremia and the production of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions did not differ significantly among PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d single-inoculated pig groups. The results of this study demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae potentiated the replication of PCV2d more than it did with the other PCV2 genotypes as measured by lymphoid lesion severity.

The emergence of the genotype (G) 2 and re-emergence of the G1 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused severe economic impacts in the past decade. Developments of efficient vaccines against new variants of PEDV have been challenging, not least because of the difficulties in eliciting mucosal and lactogenic immunity. A single-chain fragment variable (scFv) capable of efficient antigen recognition is an alternative to vaccination and treatment of a viral infection. In the present study, the variable regions of the light chain and the heavy chain of a G2b PEDV spike domain A (S1A)-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) were sequenced, constructed with a (G4S) x3 linker, and produced by a mammalian protein expression system. Our results demonstrated that the PEDV S1A domain scFv was able to bind to S proteins of both G1 and G2b PEDVs. Nevertheless, the scFv was only capable of neutralizing the homologous G2b PEDV but not the G1 PEDV. The binding ability of the G2b-specific neutralizing scFv was not able to predict the neutralizing ability toward heterologous PEDV. The anti-PEDV S1A scFv presented herein serves as a potential therapeutic candidate against the virulent G2b PEDV.

The aim of this study was to compare the virulence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes in dually inoculated pigs with both three genotypes (a, b, and d) of PCV2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-2 (PRRSV-2) versus pigs singularly inoculated with the same three PCV2 genotypes (a, b, and d). Differences in this comparison were found in PCV2 viremia levels, lung and lymphoid lesion severity, and the amount of PCV2 antigen within the lymphoid lesions. Regardless of PCV2 genotypes, pigs that were dually inoculated with PCV2/PRRSV had significantly higher clinical scores, less average daily weight gain, higher levels of PCV2 viremia, and more severe lug and lymphoid lesions compared to pigs singularly inoculated with PCV2. Among the dually infected pig groups, pigs infected with PCV2d/PRRSV-2 had significantly higher levels of PCV2 viremia, more severe lung and lymphoid lesions, and more PCV2-positive cells within lymphoid lesions compared to pigs dually inoculated with PCV2a/PRRSV-2 and PCV2b/PRRSV-2. The results of this study demonstrated significant differences in the virulence among dual inoculation of PCV2a/PRRSV-2, PCV2b/PRRSV-2, and PCV2d/PRRSV-2. A significant difference in the virulence among PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d single-inoculated pig groups was not found with respect to the levels of PCV2 viremia and production of PCV2-associated lymphoid lesions.

The present field trial compared two combined vaccines of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, each administered in herd with subclinical PCV2d infection and enzootic pneumonia. One vaccine was a bivalent containing PCV2a and M. hyopneumoniae and the other was a trivalent vaccine containing PCV2a and 2b (PCV2a/b), and M. hyopneumoniae. The defining difference between these two vaccines was the inclusion or absence of PCV2b antigen. A total of 480, 21day-old pigs were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups (120 pigs per group, male = 60 and female = 60). These groups included; one-dose trivalent-vaccinated, two-dose trivalent-vaccinated, one-dose bivalent-vaccinated, and unvaccinated. The one- and two-dose trivalent vaccinated pigs exhibited significantly better growth performance when compared with those vaccinated with the bivalent vaccine. The one- and two-dose trivalent vaccinated pigs also reduced the amount of PCV2d loads in the blood and feces, and resulted in a lower M. hyopneumoniae load in the larynx when compared with one-dose bivalent vaccinated pigs. Statistical differences were not observed between the one- and two-dose trivalent-vaccinated groups in terms of growth performance, serology, amount of PCV2d loads in the blood and feces, amount of M. hyopneumoniae load in larynx, and pathological lesions. The results of the present study will provide swine practitioners and producer with comparative clinical field data to select the proper vaccine and vaccination regiment for herds suffering from subclinical PCV2d infection and enzootic pneumonia.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus (PRRSV) presents one of the challenging viral pathogens in the global pork industry. PRRS is characterized by two distinct clinical presentations; reproductive failure in breeding animals (gilts, sows, and boars), and respiratory disease in growing pigs. PRRSV is further divided into two species: PRRSV-1 (formerly known as the European genotype 1) and PRRSV-2 (formerly known as the North American genotype 2). A PRRSV-2 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine was first introduced in North America in 1994, and, six years later, a PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine was also introduced in Europe. Since then, MLV vaccination is the principal strategy used to control PRRSV infection. Despite the fact that MLV vaccines have shown some efficacy, they were problematic as the efficacy of vaccine was often unpredictable and depended highly on the field virus. This paper focused on the efficacy of commercially available MLV vaccines at a global level based on respiratory disease in growing pigs, and maternal and paternal reproductive failure in breeding animals.

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is required by all living organisms for the development of organs such as bone, muscle, brain, and lungs, regulating the expression of several critical genes as well as signal transduction. However, little is known about the effects of prolonged dietary Pi consumption on lung cancer progression. This study investigated the effects of a high-phosphate diet (HPD) in a mouse model of adenocarcinoma. K-rasLA1 mice were fed a normal diet (0.3% Pi) or an HPD (1% Pi) for 1, 2, or 4 months. Mice were then sacrificed and subjected to inductively coupled plasma mass/optical emission spectrometry and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry analyses, western blot analysis, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and immunocytochemical analyses to evaluate tumor formation and progression (including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis), changes in ion levels and metabolism, autophagy, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and protein translation in the lungs. An HPD accelerated tumorigenesis, as evidenced by increased adenoma and adenocarcinoma rates as well as tumor size. However, after 4 months of the HPD, cell proliferation was arrested, and marked increases in liver and lung ion levels and in energy production via the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the liver were observed, which were accompanied by increased autophagy and decreased angiogenesis and apoptosis. These results indicate that an HPD initially promotes but later inhibits lung cancer progression because of metabolic adaptation leading to tumor cell quiescence. Moreover, the results suggest that carefully regulated Pi consumption are effective in lung cancer prevention.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research / Revue Canadienne de Recherche Vétérinaire is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the current study was to compare the virulence of four porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes (PCV2a, 2b, 2d, and 2e) in pigs. Pigs were inoculated at 42 days of age with one of four PCV2 genotypes, then necropsied at 63 days of age. PCV2 genotype groups were evaluated through a comparison of clinical outcomes, antibody titers, level of PCV2 loads in blood and lymph nodes, and lymphoid lesion severity. Statistical differences did not occur between the evaluated genotype groups. Pigs inoculated with PCV2a, PCV2b, or PCV2d had a significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of PCV2 loads in blood and lymph node compared to pigs inoculated with PCV2e. The results of this study indicated that the PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d are more virulent than PCV2e based on blood and lymphoid viral load of PCV2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]