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This document (Basic Testing Guide) is a practical guide describing the starter kit developed in thecontext of the 5G PPP Test, Measurement and KPI Validation work group. The guide enables the interested developer to understand how this can be applied to measure and verify basic 5G KPIs. The document starts from describing the idea intention to measure up to the actual realization of the test. To enable the test, a description of the environment, how to install it, the test tools and the methodology is provided. It goes from idea to run the actual test, step by step. The proposed framework with the support of the described android agents can in principle support the validation of application level KPIs running at the android UEs, while for other application-specific KPIs running at other systems, the development of specialized plugins is necessary.

The facilities developed in the three ICT-17 projects and further enhanced with on-site deployments and additional equipment in the ICT-19 projects provide all the required means to the experimenters to validate their applications in a fully operational 5G environment. In addition, they provide the opportunity to the verticals originated from several sectors to trial and validate their services in a real 5G deployment. In the aforementioned facilities a large number of 5G performance results are collected (mainly in the three ICT-17 projects), while other trials are ongoing and initial results are going to become available soon (in the ICT-19 projects). The first questions that emerge from the experts and non-experts (verticals) and tried to be answered using the outcome are the following: a) are the results close to the 5G theoretical values and the KPI targets promised by the 5G domain? b) can we identify some factors that practically affects the results, while others not? c) does the results fulfill the application requirements or better does the results satisfy the expectations of the verticals? In this whitepaper, we tried to give answers to the first and second questions, while the third question can be answered when the results from the ICT-19 projects will become available (as a next version of the current document and in cooperation with the vertical KPI Task Force). Therefore, in the current white paper the effort is focused on trying to clarify the details behind the performance numbers and provide a series of interpretation guidelines that could help the reader better understanding the 5G domain. In addition, based on the analysis of performance results, the main impact factors that affect the results are identified, while a high-level explanation is provided that is clearly understandable by non-experts. The motivation is to create a first bridge between the telecommunications and verticals domains and reach a common understanding in explaining what they can really expect from 5G. The plan is this whitepaper to be updated regularly as new projects are onboarding and new results are collected.

This white paper analysesvertical use cases of various domains for their performance KPIs and their mapping to 5G network KPIs. The scope is to identify (based on architectural elements analysis, information flow, etc.) the potential impact on the service performance and user perceived quality. The challenge is to understand the relative influence of 5G network performance indicators to the vertical services. The KPIs mapping methodology includes three steps: - Research on definitions and information derived from the respective 5G-PPP projects, standardisation bodies and respective alliances e.g. ITU, NGMNetc., as well as definition of use cases from 5G-PPP projects'respective. - Identification of relevant key service KPIs and their definitions that are of importance to the respective industry. - Mapping of selected services KPIs on the respective network KPIs that impact the operation of the architectural elements that participate in the service provision process.

This Deliverable contains the progresses related to the development of innovative testing methodologies and 5G Test Cases, and the development of the tools and components that will be part of the test orchestration framework. This document is structured as a report on the different activities of the Tasks T4.1 and T4.2 carried out during the second year of the 5G-VINNI project. It builds upon the use cases and KPIs defined in D4.1 [1]. D4.2 shares the same Annex structure as D4.1, where the main deliverable presents a detailed status of the work summarized in the annexes. These Annexes will be finalized at the end of the project to form the deliverable: “D4.4: Final Test Specification for the 5G-VINNI project”, containing the final collection of 5G-VINNI Test Cases and Testing Methodologies suggested to the community for the deployment of 5G infrastructures and slices., Suggested readers: Verticals projects of the 5G PPP, industry verticals seeking to conduct Testing on 5G systems

The four main 5G sites of 5G-VINNI in UK, Norway, Spain and Greece are now operational. As stated in the project proposal, the target of these 5G sites was to demonstrate 1). that these sites can be accessed and used by vertical industries to set up research trials of innovative use cases and 2). that the key 5G PPP network KPIs can be met. This whitepaper sheds light on these two targets by providing 1). an in-depth tutorial on how to onboard vertical applications on 5G-VINNI facility and 2). by listing the initial KPI results from 5G-VINNI facility. 5G-VINNI adopts Network Slice as a Service (NSaaS) delivery model to offer customized service experience to verticals. The architecture which allows this model is based on guidelines from telecom industry organizations and the normative specifications from standards bodies to ensure interoperability and reproducibility. To this end, TM forum OpenAPIs are exposed towards the verticals from 5G-VINNI service portal and the service catalogue. The APIs allow the verticals to directly trigger necessary operations for service ordering from a 5G-VINNI service catalogue. Upon receiving the order, the customer is offered with a service instance which in case of 5G-VINNI is related to the 5G-VINNI Service Blueprint (SB). The 5G-VINNI-SB is a template capturing the complete description of a given service. This template is used as a reference to conduct service management procedures both at instantiation and at run-time. To cover the necessities of any vertical with the use of a single service platform, 5G-VINNI has defined four (4) different exposure levels in order to provide customized access and insight into the slice instance. As a general principle, a higher exposure level offers more advanced capability to the vertical albeit requiring much more customization. Onboarding a vertical on a 5G test platform is challenging as it involves various iterative and parallel steps. The problem is compounded by the introduction of experimentation aspects as it involves monitoring and testing of KPIs when the network slice is in operation. It is therefore of utmost importance that the different stakeholders of 5G system co-design and co-develop different parts of the onboarding process for a successful service operation and KPI testing. This white paper presents in detail the 5G-VINNI vertical onboarding process which can be summarized as consisting of co-design period to understand vertical needs and how to enable them, the co-development period which involves the vertical customer and the 5G facility provider to jointly develop the final service including testing-as-a-service and monitoring-as-a-service and, the operational and KPI testing period which allows the vertical customer to make repeatable and scheduled service orders of the developed service blueprint and perform KPI testing, monitoring and assessment. The whitepaper concludes with initial KPI results from several categories of tests conducted on the 5G-VINNI facility. These tests, executed using state-of-the-art open source and commercial testing tools, have measured the current capabilities of the 5G-VINNI infrastructure that can be used by verticals as of today.

A hot-carrier solar cell (HCSC) is a high-efficiency photovoltaic concept where electrons and holes are at a higher temperature than the lattice, allowing an additional thermoelectric energy conversion. There are two requirements for a HCSC: establishing a hot-carrier population and converting the temperature into extra voltage through energy-selective contacts. We focus on the generation of hot carriers, and the design of absorbers that can make this generation easier. Fundamentally, this requires to increase the power density absorbed per volume unit, so the photocarriers cannot fully thermalize (phonon bottleneck). Beyond simply increasing the light intensity, the main control knobs to favor hot carriers include reducing the thickness of the absorber, increasing its absorptivity, and reducing its bandgap. In this proceeding, we report the fabrication of structures that aim at measuring the influence of these different parameters. We justify our choices for sample structure and fabrication method from the need for high thermal conductivity, in order to prevent lattice heating. We characterize our structures in order to determine precisely the final thickness of all layers, and the absorptivity of the absorber layer. These samples are to be used for an analysis of the temperature with many variable parameters, in order to better understand the thermalization mechanisms and design better absorbers. Ultimately, our objective is to implement all solutions together in order to evidence a hot carrier population under concentrated sunlight illumination.

Supplemental Material; Doping is a fundamental property of semiconductors and constitutes the basis of modern microelectronic and optoelectronic devices. Their miniaturization requires contactless characterization of doping with nanometer scale resolution. Here, we use low- and room-temperature cathodoluminescence (CL) measurements to analyze p-type and n-type GaAs thin films over a wide range of carrier densities ($2\times 10^{17}$ to $1\times 10^{19}$ cm$^{-3}$). The spectral shift and broadening of CL spectra induced by shallow dopant states and band filling are the signature doping. We fit the whole spectral lineshapes with the generalized Planck's law and refined absorption models to extract the bandgap narrowing (BGN) and the band tail for both doping types, and the electron Fermi level for n doping. This work provides a rigorous method for the quantitative assessment of p-type and n-type carrier density using CL. Taking advantage of the high spatial resolution of CL, it can be used to map the doping in GaAs nanostructures, and it could be extended to other semiconductor materials.