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6. Leveraging the Verifier’s Dilemma to Double Spend in Bitcoin

Author

Cao, Tong, Decouchant, Jérémie, Yu, Jiangshan, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Baldimtsi, Foteini, editor, and Cachin, Christian, editor

Published
2024
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7. Leveraging the Verifier's Dilemma to Double Spend in Bitcoin

Author

Cao, Tong, Decouchant, Jérémie, and Yu, Jiangshan

Subjects
Computer Science - Cryptography and Security, Computer Science - Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing
Abstract

We describe and analyze perishing mining, a novel block-withholding mining strategy that lures profit-driven miners away from doing useful work on the public chain by releasing block headers from a privately maintained chain. We then introduce the dual private chain (DPC) attack, where an adversary that aims at double spending increases its success rate by intermittently dedicating part of its hash power to perishing mining. We detail the DPC attack's Markov decision process, evaluate its double spending success rate using Monte Carlo simulations. We show that the DPC attack lowers Bitcoin's security bound in the presence of profit-driven miners that do not wait to validate the transactions of a block before mining on it.

Published
2022

41. Enhanced Production of High-Value Porphyrin Compound Heme by Metabolic Engineering Modification and Mixotrophic Cultivation of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803.

Author

Cao, Kai, Sun, Fengjie, Xin, Zechen, Cao, Yujiao, Zhu, Xiangyu, Tian, Huan, Cao, Tong, Ma, Jinju, Mu, Weidong, Sun, Jiankun, Zhou, Runlong, Gao, Zhengquan, and Meng, Chunxiao

Abstract

Heme, as an essential cofactor and source of iron for cells, holds great promise in various areas, e.g., food and medicine. In this study, the model cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 was used as a host for heme synthesis. The heme synthesis pathway and its competitive pathway were modified to obtain an engineered cyanobacteria with high heme production, and the total heme production of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 was further enhanced by the optimization of the culture conditions and the enhancement of mixotrophic ability. The co-expression of hemC, hemF, hemH, and the knockout of pcyA, a key gene in the heme catabolic pathway, resulted in a 3.83-fold increase in the heme production of the wild type, while the knockout of chlH, a gene encoding a Mg-chelatase subunit and the key enzyme of the chlorophyll synthesis pathway, resulted in a 7.96-fold increase in the heme production of the wild type; further increased to 2.05 mg/L, its heme production was 10.25-fold that of the wild type under optimized mixotrophic culture conditions. Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 has shown great potential as a cell factory for photosynthetic carbon sequestration for heme production. This study provides novel engineering targets and research directions for constructing microbial cell factories for efficient heme production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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43. Exploring the Monero Peer-to-Peer Network

Author

Cao, Tong, Yu, Jiangshan, Decouchant, Jérémie, Luo, Xiapu, Verissimo, Paulo, Goos, Gerhard, Founding Editor, Hartmanis, Juris, Founding Editor, Bertino, Elisa, Editorial Board Member, Gao, Wen, Editorial Board Member, Steffen, Bernhard, Editorial Board Member, Woeginger, Gerhard, Editorial Board Member, Yung, Moti, Editorial Board Member, Bonneau, Joseph, editor, and Heninger, Nadia, editor

Published
2020
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