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Simple Summary: The reproductive efficiency of ewes in their first breeding season (maiden ewes) can be inconsistent and disappointing. The frequency of abortion and its relative contribution to lamb losses in maiden ewe flocks in Australia has not been well studied. This study measured abortion and lamb mortality occurring between pregnancy diagnosis (scanning) and lamb marking in 30 flocks of maiden ewes on Australian sheep farms. The study included flocks of ewe lambs that had lambed for the first time at approximately one-year-old (n = 19) and two-tooth ewes that had lambed for the first time at two-years-old (n = 11). Abortion was detected in 14/19 flocks of ewe lambs and 6/11 flocks of two-tooth ewes using repeated scans. On average 5.7% of ewe lambs and 0.9% of two-tooth ewes aborted; however, abortion rates between flocks ranged from 0–50% for ewe lambs and 0–4.4% for two-tooth ewes. Lamb mortality from birth to marking represented the greatest contributor to overall lamb mortality occurring after pregnancy scanning but abortions were an important contributor to the overall losses in some ewe lamb flocks. This study highlights the variability in reproductive performance for maiden ewes and indicates that addressing losses due to abortion may improve reproductive performance in some ewe lamb flocks. The contribution of abortions to the overall mortality of lambs born to maiden (primiparous) ewes in Australia remains unclear. This cohort study aimed to quantify abortion and lamb mortality for ewe lambs and maiden Merino two-tooth ewes. Lamb mortality from pregnancy scanning to marking were determined for 19 ewe lamb and 11 Merino two-tooth ewe flocks across southern Australia. Average lamb mortality from scanning to marking was 35.8% (range 14.3–71.1%) for the ewe lambs and 29.4% (range 19.7–52.7%) for the two-tooth ewes. Mid-pregnancy abortion was detected in 5.7% of ewes (range 0–50%) in the ewe lamb flocks and 0.9% of ewes (range 0–4.4%) in the two-tooth ewe flocks. Mid-pregnancy abortion affecting ≥2% of ewes was observed in 6/19 ewe lamb flocks and 2/11 two-tooth ewe flocks. Lamb mortality from birth to marking represented the greatest contributor to foetal and lamb mortality after scanning, but mid-pregnancy abortion was an important contributor to lamb mortality in some ewe lamb flocks. Variability between the flocks indicates scope to improve the overall reproductive performance for maiden ewes by reducing foetal and lamb losses. Addressing mid-pregnancy abortion may improve the reproductive performance in some flocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) can cause significant economic losses in alpacas due to lowered production of fibre and meat. Although no anthelmintics are registered for use in alpacas, various classes of anthelmintics are frequently used to control parasitic gastroenteritis in alpacas in Australia and other countries. Very little is known about the current worm control practices as well as the efficacy of anthelmintics used against common GINs of alpacas. This study aimed to assess the existing worm control practices used by Australian alpaca farmers and to quantify the efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics against GINs of alpacas. Methods: An online questionnaire survey was conducted to assess current worm control practices on 97 Australian alpaca farms, with an emphasis on the use of anthelmintics. Of this group of 97 alpaca farms, 20 were selected to assess the efficacy of eight anthelmintics and/or their combinations (closantel, fenbendazole ivermectin, monepantel, moxidectin and a combination of levamisole, closantel, albendazole, abamectin) using the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). A multiplexed-tandem PCR (MT-PCR) was used to identify the prevalent nematode genera/species. Results: The response rate for the questionnaire was 94% (91/97). Almost half of the respondents kept alpacas with sheep and cattle, and 26% of respondents allowed alpacas to co-graze with these ruminants. Although only 63% respondents perceived worms to be an important health concern for alpacas, the majority of respondents (89%) used anthelmintics to control GINs of alpacas. The commonly used anthelmintics were macrocyclic lactones, monepantel, benzimidazoles, levamisole, closantel and their combinations, and they were typically administered at the dose rate recommended for sheep. The FECRT results showed that a combination of levamisole, closantel, albendazole and abamectin was the most effective dewormer followed by single drugs, including monepantel, moxidectin, closantel, fenbendazole and ivermectin. Haemonchus spp. were the most commonly resistant nematodes followed by Trichostrongylus spp., Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia spp. Conclusions: This is the first study aimed at assessing worm control practices and efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics in alpacas in Australia. Our findings document the extent of anthelmintics resistance on Australian alpaca farms and identify those anthelmintics that are still effective against GINs of alpacas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the FECPAKG2 and the McMaster techniques for counting of gastrointestinal nematode eggs in the faeces of alpacas using two floatation solutions (saturated sodium chloride and sucrose solutions). Faecal eggs counts from both techniques were compared using the Lin's concordance correlation coefficient and Bland and Altman statistics. Results showed moderate to good agreement between the two methods, with better agreement achieved when saturated sugar is used as a floatation fluid, particularly when faecal egg counts are less than 1000 eggs per gram of faeces. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to assess agreement of measurements between McMaster and FECPAKG2 methods for estimating faecal eggs in South American camelids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This field and abattoir study assessed the association of the severity and prevalence of small lungworm lesions with the carcass characteristics of 1332 lambs and adult sheep bred on three farms in southeast SA. Liveweight and measures of lungworm infection were measured on farm, then lung lesions and carcass characteristics assessed at slaughter. The overall prevalence of small lungworm lesions at slaughter was 79 % (928/1177; 95 % CI 76, 81), with a prevalence of 87 % (569/658; 95 % CI 84, 89) in lambs, and 69 % (359/519; 95 % CI 65, 73) in adults, respectively. Small lungworm infected lambs and adults had a similar hot standard carcass weight and dressing percentage compared to non-infected animals, both overall and within their respective cohort. Overall, the mean carcass weight for non-infected and infected lambs was 23.4 kg (95 % CI 18, 29), and 23.6 kg (95 % CI 18, 29), respectively, with a mean difference of 0.2 kg (95 % CI -0.4, 0.8; P = 0.5). Mean carcass weight for non-infected and infected adults was 21.3 kg (95 % CI 15, 28), and 21.5 kg (95 % CI 15, 28), with a mean difference of 0.2 kg (95 % CI -0.5, 0.9; P = 0.5). This study confirmed a very high prevalence of small lungworm lesions in sheep bred on farms in this region of SA, but their hot standard carcass weights were not reduced by these lesions. Additional information to compare the presence of lesions with productivity within an individual was collected at slaughter which provided more detailed information than is currently collected by routine abattoir surveillance. The limitations of the currently available diagnostic tests for small lungworm were also demonstrated. This indicated a need for the development of more sensitive tests to assess lungworm infections both on farm and at the abattoir. Currently, farmers in this region are concerned about the very high prevalence of small lungworm in their sheep, but this study provides reassurance that the presence of mild lesions does not reduce production., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of pasture molluscicide treatment on the prevalence and severity of small lungworm infections, and the productivity of lambs grazing improved pastures in southeastern Australia. A randomised control field trial of 260 Merino-cross lambs was conducted on a commercially managed farm in South Australia with a history of high small lungworm prevalence. Separate groups of lambs rotationally grazed irrigated lucerne paddocks treated with iron chelate molluscicide or untreated control paddocks. Lambs were monitored every 2-6 weeks from weaning until slaughter with liveweight, lungworm and gastrointestinal nematode infection status measured. At slaughter indicators of small lungworm infection via inspection and carcass characteristics were assessed. The density of the intermediate host snail and lucerne pasture availability were also measured. There was a higher population of adult Prietocella barbara molluscs in the Control paddocks compared to the Treatment paddocks after molluscicide had been applied and prior to grazing commencing (206 vs. 14 snails/m 2 , respectively; P = 0.03; 95 % CI 8, 528). However, the overall mollusc density was similar between Control and Treatment. The prevalence of small lungworm infections was quite low during the trial (0-13 %), in both Control and Treatment lambs, except at day 94 when 48 % of 28 Control lambs were positive compared to none of 27 Treatment lambs (P < 0.001; 95 % CI 30, 66). A similar proportion of Treatment and Control lambs had evidence of small lungworm infection lesions at slaughter (both 67.8 %). Control lambs grew slightly faster than Treatment lambs, with an average daily gain of 202 (± 3 SEM) g/head/day for Control and 190 (± 4 SEM) for Treatment (P < 0.001) during the 112-day trial. Despite historic evidence of very high prevalence of lungworm infection in this region of southeastern Australia, iron chelate molluscicide treatment prior to lambs grazing the pasture had no demonstrable effect on the prevalence and severity of small lungworm infections, nor the productivity of lambs grazing these pastures. This study indicates that for a commercial sheep farm, additional molluscicide treatments of pastures after they are established, for the prevention of small lungworm infection, may not be warranted. Furthermore, requirements for more precisely monitoring snails are discussed., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study involved a national cross-sectional survey of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of alpacas in Australia. A total of 1545 fresh faecal samples were collected from both sexes of alpacas and processed for faecal egg counts (FEC) and molecular identification of nematodes using the multiplexed tandem PCR assay. Based on egg morphology, the overall prevalence of GINs was 66% while that for strongyles was 59%. The overall mean FEC was 276 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces, with the highest count of 17,415 EPG. Male alpacas had a higher prevalence (68%, 334/490) as well as mean FEC (328 ± 60 EPG) of GINs than females (63%, 602/954; 227 ± 26, respectively). Weaners had the highest prevalence (80%) whereas tuis had the highest FEC (402 EPG) of nematodes. The highest prevalence (77%, 293/383) and FEC (630 EPG) of GINs were observed in the summer rainfall zone followed by the Mediterranean-type rainfall, non-seasonal rainfall and winter rainfall zones. The characterisation of nematode DNA isolated from faeces revealed the occurrence of seven different GINs, including Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Cooperia spp., Haemonchus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus spp. Besides, Nematodirus spp. and Trichuris spp. were also found during FECs. The prevalence of Haemonchus spp. was highest in the summer rainfall zone while that of C. mentulatus was highest in the Mediterranean-type rainfall, non-seasonal rainfall and winter rainfall zones. The findings of this study revealed that alpacas harbour many of the same nematodes as sheep and cattle.

This study aimed to assess current worm control practices used by Australian alpaca farmers with an online questionnaire survey. The questionnaire contained questions about farm demography and general husbandry practices, farmers' knowledge about gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) and their importance, the use of worm control strategies and anthelmintics, and grazing management. A link for the questionnaire survey was sent to all (n = 954) registered members of the Australian Alpaca Association in July 2015. The response rate for the questionnaire was 25% (239/954). The majority of respondents were from small (≤ 50 alpacas; 64%, 153/239) followed by medium (50-100 alpacas; 24%, 57/239) and large (>100 alpacas; 12%, 29/239) farms. Findings revealed that the majority of respondents kept Huacaya alpacas to produce high-quality fibre and alpacas were usually kept with other domestic ruminants (e.g. cattle and sheep). Although half of alpaca farmers (114/220) perceived that GINs were an important health problem of alpacas, with Haemonchus spp. being the most common nematode, the majority of them (174/220) used anthelmintics for nematode control. Macrocyclic lactones, a commercial combination of four anthelmintics (abamectin, albendazole, closantel and levamisole) and monepantel were the three most commonly used dewormers by Australian alpaca farmers. Although a significant proportion (166/213) of respondents used a quarantine drench for alpacas, very few respondents were aware of strategic deworming and the issue of anthelmintic resistance. Alpaca farmers mostly used anthelmintics at the dose rate recommended for sheep (47%, 79/167) and cattle (9%, 15/167), though some used 1.5 (31%, 51/167) and 2 (13%, 22/167) times the dose rate recommended for sheep. The majority of small herds used anthelmintics at the dose rate recommended for sheep and cattle while medium and large herds used anthelmintics at 1.5 to 2 times the dose rate recommended for sheep. This study provides invaluable insights into the demography of alpaca farms in Australia, husbandry practices used by alpaca farmers and their knowledge about worms and their control, thereby paving the way for developing guidelines for the control of GINs of alpacas., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A novel syndromic surveillance approach was used to describe small ruminant health in Myanmar, to help overcome limitations in disease diagnosis common in many parts of the world, especially in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Observations were made from July 2015 to June 2016 of ten clinical syndromes in 12 goat herds and sheep flocks owned by smallholders in the Central Dry Zone. Strengths and weaknesses to using syndromic surveillance in a village setting were identified using a formal surveillance evaluation framework, 'SERVAL'. Larger reporting teams made disproportionately more reports than smaller ones (86% compared to 14% of all reports, with a reporting rate ratio of 4.3 95% CI 3.5-5.4), which may have affected surveillance sensitivity. The benefits of the syndromic surveillance included its relatively low cost and ability to produce quantitative disease estimates that could be used to prioritise further disease investigation and extension activities. In particular, significant mortality was observed, with monthly mortality of 3.0% (95% CI 2.5-3.7%) and 0.28% (0.15-0.53%) in young and adult animals, respectively, and a population attributable fraction of mortality for young animals of 82% (68-91%). Mortality was associated with ill-thrift in young animals but had not previously been considered an important production-limiting condition in Myanmar. This information contributes to an understanding of the prevalence of excessive mortality in smallholder goat and sheep production systems. It is a practical example of the use of syndromic surveillance in a LMIC livestock production system, the results of which can direct future disease research, treatment and prevention to improve the health and productivity of small ruminants in Myanmar., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Associations between faecal shedding of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica (based on the yst virulence gene) with growth, carcass weight and diarrhoea were investigated using an observational longitudinal study of 1200 crossbred prime (meat) lambs on eight Australian farms. Live weight, breech faecal soiling score (scale 1-5) and faecal consistency score (FCS; scale 1-5) were recorded, and faecal samples collected from each lamb on three sampling occasions; weaning (≈12 weeks of age), post-weaning (≈19 weeks) and pre-slaughter (≈29 weeks). Hot standard carcass weight was measured at slaughter. Faecal samples were screened for presence and concentration of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica using quantitative PCR. Associations of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica detection and shedding intensity with lamb health and production were assessed using general linear models (carcass weight), linear mixed effects models (live weight, FCS and breech soiling score) and non-parametric tests (FCS and breech soiling score). Prevalence for non-pelleted faeces (FCS ≥ 3.0) and diarrhoea (FCS ≥ 4.0) were compared with the two-tailed z-test, odds ratios and relative risk. Lambs shedding pathogenic Y. enterocolitica were 3.78 kg lighter post-weaning (P < 0.001) and 2.61 kg lighter pre-slaughter (P = 0.035) compared to lambs in which pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was not detected. Higher faecal concentration of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica was associated with lower live weight (P < 0.001). There was no association between pathogenic Y. enterocolitica detection and carcass weight. Overall, there was no evidence of association between pathogenic Y. enterocolitica detection and diarrhoea (higher FCS, higher risk for non-pelleted faeces or diarrhoea, or higher breech soiling score). Only one flock had increased relative risk for non-pelleted faeces associated with pathogenic Y. enterocolitica detection, and one other flock had increased relative risk for diarrhoea associated with pathogenic Y. enterocolitica detection. This is the first report of an association between reduced sheep live weight and pathogenic Y. enterocolitica based on the presence of the yst gene for heat stable enterotoxin determined by qPCR in sheep. Notably, impacts on live weight were observed in the absence of diarrhoea., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The movement of animals between farms contributes to infectious disease spread in production animal populations, and is increasingly investigated with social network analysis methods. Tangible outcomes of this work include the identification of high-risk premises for targeting surveillance or control programs. However, knowledge of the effect of sampling or incomplete network enumeration on these studies is limited. In this study, a simulation algorithm is presented that provides an estimate of required sampling proportions based on predicted network size, density and degree value distribution. The algorithm may be applied a priori to ensure network analyses based on sampled or incomplete data provide population estimates of known precision. Results demonstrate that, for network degree measures, sample size requirements vary with sampling method. The repeatability of the algorithm output under constant network and sampling criteria was found to be consistent for networks with at least 1000 nodes (in this case, farms). Where simulated networks can be constructed to closely mimic the true network in a target population, this algorithm provides a straightforward approach to determining sample size under a given sampling procedure for a network measure of interest. It can be used to tailor study designs of known precision, for investigating specific livestock movement networks and their impact on disease dissemination within populations., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)