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Background Studies have shown the existence of health concordance between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and their spouses, and also that spouses could influence the effect of self-management, benefiting patients’ health. However, these studies are heterogeneous and the evidence is inconclusive. Objective To synthesize evidence from published randomized controlled trials: the interventional effects and the quality of study performance, also to identify the research gap and the directions for future studies. Methods We performed the scoping review by following the PRISMA-ScR guidance. We searched and examined the reports from MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychInfo, CINAHL Plus by the pre-specified criteria. Key characteristics and information of eligible reports were extracted, analysed and synthesized comprehensively, and the results were presented in the form of words and diagrams. Results We identified 5 reports from 4 studies out of 3479 records included. Qualified studies indicated a positive effect of couple-based interventions on couples’ distress. Insufficient evidence on physiological health or health behaviours was identified owing to the small number of included studies and inconsistent assessment outcomes. The methodological quality across these studies was generally low due to inadequate reporting of study process and substantial biases. Conclusions Couple-based interventions for patients with T2DM showed small effects on the couple’s distress while the effects of other outcomes were inconclusive. Future studies should strengthen methodologies by using standard measures of core diabetic outcomes, including detailed assessments of implementation process, and taking a dyadic approach to systematically examine the effects.

Background: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a disease that widely affects women’s health. More than 50% of all women globally experience vaginitis of varying severity. The most common treatments of BV include antibiotics, and the current gold standard drugs are metronidazole (MET) and clindamycin. Lactobacilli are being actively developed as a treatment option for BV, given their ability to inhibit growth of pathogenic microorganisms and to maintain the health and stability of the vaginal tract biofilm. This project involves freeze-drying of lactobacillus with different categories of lyoprotectant and incorporate both together with metronidazole into silicone elastomer vaginal rings. One study has reported that the lactobacillus can increase the cure rate of BV and help to restore the lactobacillus- dominated flora. Therefore, the treatment of BV by lactobacillus is worth exploring further.Methods: Matrix-type MED-4870 vaginal rings (VRs) loaded with (i) no active ingredients (blank), (ii) four lyoprotectants (MT, MD, SC and PEG) of three different concentration (5%w/w, 10%w/w and 20%w/w), were manufactured by injecting into injection mold and then curing at 120 oC. Blank MED-4870 VRs and matrix-type MED-4870 VRs formulations with various components incorporated maltodextrin (MD), mannitol (MT), sucrose (SC), polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) were prepared. Appropriate quantities of lyoprotectant were added to MED-4870 Parts A and B in an appropriately sized container and mixed at 3000 rpm for 10 s in a SpeedMixer (DAC-150 FVZ-K). Two 25 g premixes of each of parts A and B were prepared and stored at 4 oC for each rod batch. The parts were then combined, and the material hand mixed for 30 s and speed mixed at 2350 rpm for 20 s in SpeedMixer (DAC 600 VAC-P). Rings were made by injecting the combined mixture into injection mold and cured at 120 oC. Manufactured rods were demolded, weighed and measured the outer diameter and cross-section diameter. Four rings were randomly selected from each groups: (i) MT,(ii)MD, (iii) SC ,(iv) PEG and (vi) Blank for (i) mechanical tests (compression test, twist test and Shore M Hardness test) (ii) swelling test and (iii) in vitro release test into reverse osmosis water (pH = 5.5). The release test and swelling test lasted for 12 days. On day 0, each rod was into a 250 mL DURAN flask with 100 mL reverse osmotic pressure water and stored in a shaking incubator at 37 oC and 60 rpm. The release medium was sampled and replaced by another 50 mL medium on rest 11 days. The release amount of lyoprotectants were quantified by HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD).Results: In mechanical tests, as the increase of the concentration of lyoprotectants, the resistance force of VRs increase, while the rotational angle decreased. However, there are only limited differences between the Shorehardness values. In the swelling test, addition of lyoprotectant can increase the potential of silicone vaginal rings to absorb water. Of four lyoprotectants, the mannitol produced the greatest swelling. In the in vitro release test, the length of releasing time was dependent on the concentration of lyoprotectants. Of 12 formulations, 20%w/w mannitol and 20% sucrose indicated longest release duration.Conclusions: The concentration of lyoprotectants have effect on the mehanical characteristic and hydrophilicity of MED-4870 vaginal rings. The lyoprotectants can release from the VRs and. The release amount relies on categories of lyoprotectants and concentration. The experimental results obtained to date are encouraging, and support the continued development of these ring formulations as a novel and interesting strategy for improving treatment of BV.

Background: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common dysbiosis of the human vagina in which commensal vaginal lactobacilli are displaced by mixed pathogenic bacterial populations. Current treatments for – including metronidazole (MET) and clindamycin – result in short-term cure but often lead to recurrence. New treatment options are needed. Lactobacilli are being actively developed as a probiotic treatment option for BV, given their ability to inhibit growth of pathogenic microorganisms and to maintain the health and stability of the vaginal tract microbiota. Also, prebiotic sucrose gels have shown promise for treatment of BV in clinical studies. Here, we report preliminary formulation work as part of our efforts to develop sustained-release vaginal ring formulations for simultaneous release of MET, a prebiotic lyoprotectant and lactobacillus. Specifically, the influence of incorporating various lyoprotectants into silicone elastomer rings is investigated. Methods: Silicone elastomer matrix-type rods (as prototype vaginal rings) were prepared having various antibiotic and prebiotic components incorporated, including: MET, maltodextrin (MD), mannitol (MT), sucrose (SC), polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) and 20% freeze-dried sucrose (FDSC). Briefly, MET and lyoprotectant were added to Parts A and B of medical-grade silicone elastomer and mixed (3000 rpm,10 s, SpeedMixer DAC-150 FVZ-K). Rods were prepared by injecting the mix into PVC tubing and then curing in an oven at 40 °C. Manufactured rods were demolded and then cut into 5 cm lengths. Rods containing lyoprotectant only (n=4) underwent in vitro swelling testing in simulated vaginal fluid medium for 14 days. Rods containing MET + lyoprotectants were also tested for in vitro MET release in 200 mL water over 14 days (37 °C and 60 rpm), with quantification by reverse-phase UPLC (ACQUITY UPLC). Results: Swelling ratio values (Qwt) were calculated following the swelling experiment. The addition of lyoprotectants increased the swelling ratio (hydrophilicity) of the silicone elastomer rods. As the concentrations of lyoprotectants MT, MD and SC increased, the hydrophilicity of silicone elastomer increased. From 5% to 10% of PEG4000, the hydrophilicity also increased. The FDSC rods absorbed more water than the corresponding SC rods (Qwt increase from 0.0 to 0.4). All rods indicated a burst MET release on day 1 followed by a slightly decreasing daily release with time and a linear cumulative release vs. square root time (all R2 > 0.9), indicative of a permeation-control drug release mechanism from a polymeric matrix device containing excess solid drugs. In this 14-day release study, cumulative release for all rods increased as the lyoprotectant loading increased, consistent with hypothesis that the prebiotic lyoprotectant can facilitate the release of metronidazole by absorbing fluid. Conclusions: Incorporation of hydrophilic prebiotic lyoprotectants (for the future purpose of also incorporating live lactobacillus) into silicone elastomer vaginal rings containing MET causes swelling of the rings and facilitates release of the MET. Moving forward, it will be important to minimize swelling of the ring device while still achieving sufficient release of MET, the prebiotic and the lactobacillus. In future work, freeze-dried lactobacillus will also be incorporated into the rings.

Novel MoSX/ZnIn2S4 photocatalysts were fabricated by a facile sonochemical deposition route with (NH4)2MoS4 as a precursor. The 3.0 wt% MoSX/ZnIn2S4 has been shown to significantly enhance the photocatalytic performance for H2 evolution under visible light (λ ≥ 420 nm), which is 26 times higher than that of pristine ZnIn2S4. Various characterizations and further experimental results indicate that an intimate junction formed between MoSX and ZnIn2S4 via sonochemical route and the MoSX not only can promote the transfer of photo-generated electron, but also provides abundant coordinately unsaturated S atoms as active sites for H2 evolution. This study paves a new way to design efficient semiconductor composites for photocatalytic H2 evolution.

Additional file 2. Activity planning demonstration. A demonstration of the intervention implemented on participants specific to each single day of the week.

Additional file 3. Evaluation of couple intervention. Evalutaion of patients and their spouses during intervention implementation.

Additional file 1. The SPIRIT reporting guidelines. The SPIRIT 2013 checklist our manuscript follows according to the recommendations on it.