Search

Without adhering to any specific model, we have presented 4 × 4 quark mixing matrix as an extension of the 3 × 3 Particle Data Group (PDG) parametrization of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix Using unitarity constraints as well as the hierarchy among the elements of the 3 × 3 CKM matrix, we have found the hierarchy among the fourth row and fourth column elements of the 4 × 4 quark mixing matrix. Further, for the fourth generation case, we have explicitly found the nine independent rephasing invariant parameters J 4 × 4 . Also, using phenomenological estimates of the fourth row and fourth column elements, we have numerically evaluated these nine parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the current situation of the determinations of the first-row CKM components and show the Cabibbo angle anomaly corresponding to a deficit in the first-row CKM unitarity condition at the 3σ level. In this contribution, we show two new physics interpretations: heavy vector-like quark models and a MeV scale sterile neutrino scenario. The super tau-charm facility will directly probe the other CKM unitarity conditions related to Vcd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for New Physics (NP) beyond the Standard Model (SM) has been a central focus of particle physics, including in the context of B-meson decays involving b → s ℓ ℓ transitions. These transitions, mediated by flavour-changing neutral currents, are highly sensitive to small NP effects due to their suppression in the SM. While direct searches at colliders have not yet led to NP discoveries, indirect probes through semi-leptonic decays have revealed anomalies in observables such as the branching fraction B (B → K μ μ) and the angular observable P 5 ′ (B → K ∗ μ μ) . In order to assess the observed tensions, it is essential to ensure an accurate SM prediction. In this review, we examine the theoretical basis of the B → K (∗) ℓ ℓ decays, addressing in particular key uncertainties arising from local and non-local form factors. We also discuss the impact of QED corrections to the Wilson coefficients, as well as the effect of CKM matrix elements on the predictions and the tension with the experimental measurements. We discuss the most recent results, highlighting ongoing efforts to refine predictions and to constrain potential signs of NP in these critical decay processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its discovery in the 1960s, the violation of CP symmetry has intrigued scientists and stimulated the advancement of knowledge in particle physics. Numerous experiments were designed and built to study it in increasingly deeper detail. Nowadays, the phenomenon is well framed within the Standard Model of Particle Physics. Nevertheless, new results are being produced by modern experiments at colliders that challenge the current understanding of the model. In this article, the current status of CP violation studies and the role of CP violation in the search for effects beyond the Standard Model are described together with the prospects for ongoing and future experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using unitarity, unlike the approaches available in the literature, we construct 9 independent representations of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa) CKM matrix starting with each of the 9 elements of the matrix. The relationship of these independently constructed representations with those already available in the literature is compared and discussed. Further, the implications of these representations are explored for some of the CKM parameters such as |$\delta$|⁠ , J and |$\epsilon _k$|⁠. Interestingly, we find that the PDG representation which is equivalent to our first representation seems to be most appropriate to incorporate the hierarchy of the elements of the CKM matrix as well as to describe the related phenomenology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quark and lepton masses and mixings are considered in the framework of the microscopic model. The most general ansatz for the interactions among tetrons leads to a Hamiltonian HT$H_T$ involving Dzyaloshinskii‐Moriya (DM), Heisenberg and torsional isospin forces. Diagonalization of the Hamiltonian provides for 24 eigenvalues which are identified as the quark and lepton masses. While the masses of the third and second family arise from DM and Heisenberg type of isospin interactions, light family masses are related to torsional interactions among tetrons. Neutrino masses turn out to be special in that they are given in terms of tiny isospin non‐conserving DM, Heisenberg and torsional couplings. The approach not only leads to masses, but also allows to calculate the quark and lepton eigenstates, an issue, which is important for the determination of the CKM and PMNS mixing matrices. Compact expressions for the eigenfunctions of HT$H_T$ are given. The almost exact isospin conservation of the system dictates the form of the lepton states and makes them independent of all the couplings in HT$H_T$. As a consequence, a parameter‐free analytic expression for the PMNS matrix is derived which fits numerically all the measured matrix components. The formula includes a prediction of the leptonic Jarlskog invariant JPMNS=−0.0106$J_{PMNS}=-0.0106$. An outlook is given on the treatment of the CKM matrix. Quark and lepton masses and mixings are considered in the framework of the microscopic model. The most general ansatz for the interactions among tetrons leads to a Hamiltonian HT involving Dzyaloshinskii‐Moriya (DM), Heisenberg and torsional isospin forces. Diagonalization of the Hamiltonian provides for 24 eigenvalues which are identified as the quark and lepton masses. While the masses of the third and second family arise from DM and Heisenberg type of isospin interactions, light family masses are related to torsional interactions among tetrons. Neutrino masses turn out to be special in that they are given in terms of tiny isospin non‐conserving DM, Heisenberg and torsional couplings. The approach not only leads to masses, but also allows to calculate the quark and lepton eigenstates, an issue, which is important for the determination of the CKM and PMNS mixing matrices. Compact expressions for the eigenfunctions of HT are given. The almost exact isospin conservation of the system dictates the form of the lepton states and makes them independent of all the couplings in HT. As a consequence, a parameter‐free analytic expression for the PMNS matrix is derived which fits numerically all the measured matrix components. The formula includes a prediction of the leptonic Jarlskog invariant JPMNS = −0.0106. An outlook is given on the treatment of the CKM matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Standard Model does not constrain the form of the Yukawa matrices and thus the origin of fermion mass hierarchies and mixing pattern remains puzzling. On the other hand, there are intriguing relations between the quark masses and their weak mixing angles, such as the well-known relationship tan θ C = m d / m s for the Cabibbo angle, which may point towards specific textures of Yukawa matrices hypothesized by Harald Fritzsch at the end of the 70s. Though the original ansatz of Fritzsch is excluded by the experimental data, one can consider its minimal modification which consists in introducing an asymmetry between the 23 and 32 entries in the down-quark Yukawa matrix. We show that this structure is perfectly compatible with the present precision data on quark masses and CKM mixing matrix, and theoretically it can be obtained in the context of SU (5) model with inter-family SU (3) H symmetry. We also discuss some alternative approaches which could give a natural description of the fermion mass spectrum and weak mixing pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The binary tetrahedral group ( T ′ ) has provided the most successful flavor symmetry in understanding simultaneously the three mixing angles both for quarks in the CKM matrix and for neutrinos in the PMNS matrix. One prediction, invariant under leptonic CP violation, relates the atmospheric and reactor neutrino mixings θ 3 2 and θ 1 3 , respectively. We study sedulously this relation using the latest neutrino data. It is natural to focus on the frustrating experimental octant ambiguity of θ 3 2 . We conclude that the flavor symmetry requires that θ 3 2 is in the second octant θ 3 2 > 4 5 ∘ , not in the first one θ 3 2 < 4 5 ∘ , and eagerly await experimental confirmation of this prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review the theory and phenomenology of isosinglet vector-like quarks (VLQs). In recent years, interest in VLQs has been increasing, due to their contributions to new physics effects that can be tested in experiments at LHC and High-Luminosity LHC. The similarities of models with isosinglet VLQs and the seesaw framework in the leptonic sector are pointed out. The existence of VLQs leads to flavour-changing neutral currents at tree level and deviations from unitarity of the CKM matrix, introducing rich phenomenological implications. These new effects are naturally suppressed by the masses of the new quarks, that are constrained to be above the electroweak scale. In addition, striking new effects can be achieved with the inclusion of an extra complex scalar singlet. Such a minimal extension of the SM can give rise to new sources of CP violation with profound theoretical implications, allowing for a solution to the strong CP problem and a possible explanation for the baryon asymmetry of the Universe. We list and explain strong motivations to consider this class of models. We also briefly review how models with VLQs can be matched to the SM effective field theory (SMEFT). A detailed analysis of flavour observables that can be affected by the presence of VLQs is presented. Current bounds from collider searches of VLQs are summarized. We point out that the discovery of VLQs can be within the reach of present or future colliders being planned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the third run of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is ongoing, the underlying theory that extends the Standard Model remains so far unknown. Left-Right Models (LRMs) introduce a new gauge sector, and can restore parity symmetry at high enough energies. If LRMs are indeed realized in nature, the mediators of the new weak force can be searched for in colliders via their direct production. We recast existing experimental limits from the LHC Run 2 and derive generic bounds on the masses of the heavy LRM gauge bosons. As a novelty, we discuss the dependence of the WR and ZR total width on the LRM scalar content, obtaining model-independent bounds within the specific realizations of the LRM scalar sectors analysed here. These bounds avoid the need to detail the spectrum of the scalar sector, and apply in the general case where no discrete symmetry is enforced. Moreover, we emphasize the impact on the WR production at LHC of general textures of the right-handed quark mixing matrix without manifest left-right symmetry. We find that the WR and ZR masses are constrained to lie above 2 TeV and 4 TeV, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prospects are presented for precise measurements of the branching ratios of the purely leptonic B c + → τ + ν τ and B + → τ + ν τ decays at the Future Circular Collider (FCC). This work is focused on the hadronic τ + → π + π + π - ν ¯ τ decay in both B c + → τ + ν τ and B + → τ + ν τ processes. Events are selected with two Boosted Decision Tree algorithms to optimise the separation between the two signal processes as well as the generic hadronic Z decay backgrounds. The range of the expected precision for both signals are evaluated in different scenarios of non-ideal background modelling. This paper demonstrates, for the first time, that the B + → τ + ν τ decay can be well separated from both B c + → τ + ν τ and generic Z → b b ¯ processes in the FCC-ee collision environment and proposes the corresponding branching ratio measurement as a novel way to determine the CKM matrix element | V ub | . The theoretical impacts of both B + → τ + ν τ and B c + → τ + ν τ measurements on New Physics cases are discussed for interpretations in the generic Two-Higgs-doublet model and leptoquark models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The η (′) -mesons in the quark-flavor basis are mixtures of two mesonic states | η q ⟩ = | u ¯ u + d ¯ d ⟩ / 2 and | η s ⟩ = | s ¯ s ⟩. In previous work, we have made a detailed study on the η s leading-twist distribution amplitude by using the D s + meson semileptonic decays. As a sequential work, in the present paper, we fix the η q leading-twist distribution amplitude by using the light-cone harmonic oscillator model for its wave function and by using the QCD sum rules within the QCD background field to calculate its moments. The input parameters of η q leading-twist distribution amplitude ϕ 2 ; η q at the initial scale μ 0 ∼ 1 GeV are fixed by using those moments. The QCD sum rules for the 0 th -order moment can also be used to fix the magnitude of η q decay constant, giving f η q = 0.141 ± 0.005 GeV. As an application of ϕ 2 ; η q , we calculate the transition form factors B (D) + → η (′) by using the QCD light-cone sum rules up to twist-4 accuracy and by including the next-to-leading order QCD corrections to the leading-twist part, and then fix the related CKM matrix element and the decay width for the semi-leptonic decays B (D) + → η (′) ℓ + ν ℓ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a model-independent framework for fitting hadronic form-factor data, which is often only available at discrete kinematical points, using parameterisations based on to unitarity and analyticity. In this novel approach the latter two properties of quantum-field theory regulate the ill-posed fitting problem and allow model-independent predictions over the entire physical range. Kinematical constraints, for example for the vector and scalar form factors in semileptonic meson decays, can be imposed exactly. The core formulae are straight-forward to implement with standard math libraries. We take account of a generalisation of the original Boyd Grinstein Lebed (BGL) unitarity constraint for form factors and demonstrate our method for the exclusive semileptonic decay Bs→ Kℓν, for which we make a number of phenomenologically relevant predictions, including the CKM matrix element |Vub|. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of quarks and gluons, whose interactions can be described by a local SU(3) gauge symmetry with charges called "color quantum numbers", is reviewed; the goal of this review is to provide advanced Ph.D. students a comprehensive handbook, helpful for their research. When QCD was "discovered" 50 years ago, the idea that quarks could exist, but not be observed, left most physicists unconvinced. Then, with the discovery of charmonium in 1974 and the explanation of its excited states using the Cornell potential, consisting of the sum of a Coulomb-like attraction and a long range linear confining potential, the theory was suddenly widely accepted. This paradigm shift is now referred to as the November revolution. It had been anticipated by the observation of scaling in deep inelastic scattering, and was followed by the discovery of gluons in three-jet events. The parameters of QCD include the running coupling constant, α s (Q 2) , that varies with the energy scale Q 2 characterising the interaction, and six quark masses. QCD cannot be solved analytically, at least not yet, and the large value of α s at low momentum transfers limits perturbative calculations to the high-energy region where Q 2 ≫ Λ QCD 2 ≃ (250 MeV) 2 . Lattice QCD (LQCD), numerical calculations on a discretized space-time lattice, is discussed in detail, the dynamics of the QCD vacuum is visualized, and the expected spectra of mesons and baryons are displayed. Progress in lattice calculations of the structure of nucleons and of quantities related to the phase diagram of dense and hot (or cold) hadronic matter are reviewed. Methods and examples of how to calculate hadronic corrections to weak matrix elements on a lattice are outlined. The wide variety of analytical approximations currently in use, and the accuracy of these approximations, are reviewed. These methods range from the Bethe–Salpeter, Dyson–Schwinger coupled relativistic equations, which are formulated in both Minkowski or Euclidean spaces, to expansions of multi-quark states in a set of basis functions using light-front coordinates, to the AdS/QCD method that imbeds 4-dimensional QCD in a 5-dimensional deSitter space, allowing confinement and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking to be described in a novel way. Models that assume the number of colors is very large, i.e. make use of the large N c -limit, give unique insights. Many other techniques that are tailored to specific problems, such as perturbative expansions for high energy scattering or approximate calculations using the operator product expansion are discussed. The very powerful effective field theory techniques that are successful for low energy nuclear systems (chiral effective theory), or for non-relativistic systems involving heavy quarks, or the treatment of gluon exchanges between energetic, collinear partons encountered in jets, are discussed. The spectroscopy of mesons and baryons has played an important historical role in the development of QCD. The famous X,Y,Z states – and the discovery of pentaquarks – have revolutionized hadron spectroscopy; their status and interpretation are reviewed as well as recent progress in the identification of glueballs and hybrids in light-meson spectroscopy. These exotic states add to the spectrum of expected q q ¯ mesons and qqq baryons. The progress in understanding excitations of light and heavy baryons is discussed. The nucleon as the lightest baryon is discussed extensively, its form factors, its partonic structure and the status of the attempt to determine a three-dimensional picture of the parton distribution. An experimental program to study the phase diagram of QCD at high temperature and density started with fixed target experiments in various laboratories in the second half of the 1980s, and then, in this century, with colliders. QCD thermodynamics at high temperature became accessible to LQCD, and numerical results on chiral and deconfinement transitions and properties of the deconfined and chirally restored form of strongly interacting matter, called the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP), have become very precise by now. These results can now be confronted with experimental data that are sensitive to the nature of the phase transition. There is clear evidence that the QGP phase is created. This phase of QCD matter can already be characterized by some properties that indicate, within a temperature range of a few times the pseudocritical temperature, the medium behaves like a near ideal liquid. Experimental observables are presented that demonstrate deconfinement. High and ultrahigh density QCD matter at moderate and low temperatures shows interesting features and new phases that are of astrophysical relevance. They are reviewed here and some of the astrophysical implications are discussed. Perturbative QCD and methods to describe the different aspects of scattering processes are discussed. The primary parton–parton scattering in a collision is calculated in perturbative QCD with increasing complexity. The radiation of soft gluons can spoil the perturbative convergence, this can be cured by resummation techniques, which are also described here. Realistic descriptions of QCD scattering events need to model the cascade of quark and gluon splittings until hadron formation sets in, which is done by parton showers. The full event simulation can be performed with Monte Carlo event generators, which simulate the full chain from the hard interaction to the hadronic final states, including the modelling of non-perturbative components. The contribution of the LEP experiments (and of earlier collider experiments) to the study of jets is reviewed. Correlations between jets and the shape of jets had allowed the collaborations to determine the "color factors" – invariants of the SU(3) color group governing the strength of quark–gluon and gluon–gluon interactions. The calculated jet production rates (using perturbative QCD) are shown to agree precisely with data, for jet energies spanning more than five orders of magnitude. The production of jets recoiling against a vector boson, W ± or Z, is shown to be well understood. The discovery of the Higgs boson was certainly an important milestone in the development of high-energy physics. The couplings of the Higgs boson to massive vector bosons and fermions that have been measured so far support its interpretation as mass-generating boson as predicted by the Standard Model. The study of the Higgs boson recoiling against hadronic jets (without or with heavy flavors) or against vector bosons is also highlighted. Apart from the description of hard interactions taking place at high energies, the understanding of "soft QCD" is also very important. In this respect, Pomeron – and Odderon – exchange, soft and hard diffraction are discussed. Weak decays of quarks and leptons, the quark mixing matrix and the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon are processes which are governed by weak interactions. However, corrections by strong interactions are important, and these are reviewed. As the measured values are incompatible with (most of) the predictions, the question arises: are these discrepancies first hints for New Physics beyond the Standard Model? This volume concludes with a description of future facilities or important upgrades of existing facilities which improve their luminosity by orders of magnitude. The best is yet to come! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a theoretical derivation of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix parameters and the accompanying mixing angles. These results are arrived at from the exceptional Jordan algebra applied to quark states, and from expressing flavor eigenstates (i.e., left chiral states) as a superposition of mass eigenstates (i.e., the right chiral states) weighted by the square root of mass. Flavor mixing for quarks is mediated by the square root mass eigenstates, and the mass ratios used are derived from earlier work from a left–right symmetric extension of the standard model. This permits a construction of the CKM matrix from first principles. There exist only four normed division algebras, and they can be listed as follows: the real numbers R , the complex numbers C , the quaternions H and the octonions O. The first three algebras are fairly well known; however, octonions as algebra are less studied. Recent research has pointed towards the importance of octonions in the study of high-energy physics. Clifford algebras and the standard model are being studied closely. The main advantage of this approach is that the spinor representations of the fundamental fermions can be constructed easily here as the left ideals of the algebra. Also, the action of various spin groups on these representations can also be studied easily. In this work, we build on some recent advances in the field and try to determine the CKM angles from an algebraic framework. We obtain the mixing angle values as θ 12 = 11.093 ∘ , θ 13 = 0.172 ∘ , θ 23 = 4.054 ∘ . In comparison, the corresponding experimentally measured values for these angles are 13.04 ∘ ± 0.05 ∘ , 0.201 ∘ ± 0.011 ∘ , 2.38 ∘ ± 0.06 ∘ . The agreement of theory with experiment is likely to improve when the running of quark masses is taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise measurements of nuclear beta decays provide a unique insight into the Standard Model due to their connection to the electroweak interaction. These decays help constrain the unitarity or non-unitarity of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) quark mixing matrix, and can uniquely probe the existence of exotic scalar or tensor currents. Of these decays, superallowed mixed mirror transitions have been the least well-studied, in part due to the absence of data on their Fermi to Gamow-Teller mixing ratios (ρ). At the Nuclear Science Laboratory (NSL) at the University of Notre Dame, the Superallowed Transition Beta-Neutrino Decay Ion Coincidence Trap (St. Benedict) is being constructed to determine the ρ for various mirror decays via a measurement of the beta–neutrino angular correlation parameter ( a β ν ) to a relative precision of 0.5%. In this work, we present an overview of the St. Benedict facility and the impact it will have on various Beyond the Standard Model studies, including an expanded sensitivity study of ρ for various mirror nuclei accessible to the facility. A feasibility evaluation is also presented that indicates the measurement goals for many mirror nuclei, which are currently attainable in a week of radioactive beam delivery at the NSL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review the status of the Standard Model theory of neutron beta decay. Particular emphasis is put on the recent developments in the electroweak radiative corrections. Given that some existing approaches give slightly different results, we thoroughly review the origin of discrepancies, and provide our recommended value for the radiative correction to the neutron and nuclear decay rates. The use of dispersion relation, lattice Quantum Chromodynamics, and an effective field theory framework allows for high-precision theory calculations at the level of 10 − 4 , turning neutron beta decay into a powerful tool to search for new physics, complementary to high-energy collider experiments. We offer an outlook to the future improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Standard Model does not constrain the form of the Yukawa matrices and thus the origin of fermion mass hierarchies and mixing pattern remains puzzling. On the other hand, there are intriguing relations between fermion masses and mixing angles which may point towards specific textures of Yukawa matrices. One of the classic hypothesis is the zero texture proposed by Fritzsch which is, however, excluded by present precision tests since it predicts a too large value of |Vcb| as well as a too small value of the ratio |Vub/Vcb|. In this paper we discuss a minimal modification which still maintains the six zero entries as in the original Fritzsch ansatz. This modification consists in introducing an asymmetry between the 23 and 32 entries in the down-quark Yukawa matrix. We show that this flavour structure can naturally emerge in the context of models with inter-family SU(3)H symmetry. We present a detailed analysis of this Fritzsch-like texture by testing its predictions and showing that it is perfectly compatible with the present precision data on quark masses and CKM mixing matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that the following experimentally viable expressions for quark mixing angles θ 1 2 , θ 2 3 , θ 1 3 and CP-violating phase δ : sin θ 1 2 = m d / | m s | , sin θ 2 3 = 2 | m s | / m b , sin θ 1 3 ≈ 2 m d / m b , tan δ = m b 2 m c / 6 m t m s 2 may be derived as stable points of certain fourth power in V CKM flavor-invariant potentials built with traces of 3 × 3 quark up and down mass matrices and the Jarlskog invariant. There is no fine-tuning, potentials' dimensionless constants are the integer numbers not above 10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study A4× A4× A4 modular symmetric flavor models to realize quark mass hierarchies and mixing angles without fine-tuning. Mass matrices are written in terms of modular forms. At modular fixed points τ = i∞ and ω, A4 is broken to Z3 residual symmetry. When the modulus τ is deviated from the fixed points, modular forms show hierarchies depending on their residual charges. Thus, we obtain hierarchical structures in mass matrices. Since we begin with A4× A4× A4, the residual symmetry is Z3× Z3× Z3 which can generate sufficient hierarchies to realize quark mass ratios and absolute values of the CKM matrix |VCKM| without fine-tuning. Furthermore, CP violation is studied. We present necessary conditions for CP violation caused by the value of τ. We also show possibilities to realize observed values of the Jarlskog invariant JCP, quark mass ratios and CKM matrix |VCKM| simultaneously, if (10) adjustments in coefficients of Yukawa couplings are allowed or moduli values are non-universal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CP violation plays a very important role in nature with implications both for Particle Physics and for Cosmology. Accounting for the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe requires the existence of new sources of CP violation beyond the Standard Model. In models with an extended scalar sector CP violation can emerge either explicitly, i.e., at the Lagrangian level, or spontaneously. Spontaneous CP violation occurs in the framework of the electroweak symmetry breaking whenever the Lagrangian conserves CP and the vacuum breaks it. This requires that not all vacuum expectation values be real. In the context of multi-Higgs extensions of the Standard Model imposing the existence of a scalar basis where all couplings are real is a sufficient condition for CP to be explicitly conserved. We discuss a three-Higgs-doublet model with an underlying S3 symmetry, allowing in principle for complex couplings. In this framework it is possible to have either spontaneous or explicit CP violation in the scalar sector, depending on the regions of parameter space corresponding to the different possible vacua of the S3 symmetric potential. We list all possible vacuum structures allowing for CP violation in the scalar sector specifying whether it can be explicit or spontaneous. It is by now established that CP is violated in the flavour sector and that the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix is complex. In order to understand what are the possible sources of CP violation in the Yukawa sector we analyse the implications of the different available choices of representations for the quarks under the S3 group. This classification is based strictly on the exact S3-symmetric scalar potential with no soft symmetry breaking terms. The scalar sector of one such model was explored numerically. After applying the theoretical and the most important experimental constraints the available parameter space is shown to be able to give rise to light neutral scalars at the O (MeV) scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the scenario that the K 0 ∗ (1430) is viewed as the ground state of s q ¯ or q s ¯ , we study the K 0 ∗ (1430) leading-twist distribution amplitude (DA) ϕ 2 ; K 0 ∗ (x , μ) with the QCD sum rules in the framework of background field theory. A more reasonable sum rule formula for ξ -moments ⟨ ξ n ⟩ 2 ; K 0 ∗ is suggested, which eliminates the influence brought by the fact that the sum rule of ⟨ ξ p 0 ⟩ 3 ; K 0 ∗ cannot be normalized in whole Borel region. More accurate values of the first ten ξ -moments, ⟨ ξ n ⟩ 2 ; K 0 ∗ (n = 1 , 2 , ... , 10) , are evaluated. A new light-cone harmonic oscillator (LCHO) model for K 0 ∗ (1430) leading-twist DA is established for the first times. By fitting the resulted values of ⟨ ξ n ⟩ 2 ; K 0 ∗ (n = 1 , 2 , ... , 10) via the least squares method, the behavior of K 0 ∗ (1430) leading-twist DA described with LCHO model is determined. Further, by adopting the light-cone QCD sum rules, we calculate the B s , D s → K 0 ∗ (1430) transition form factors and branching fractions of the semileptonic decays B s , D s → K 0 ∗ (1430) ℓ ν ℓ . The corresponding numerical results can be used to extract the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements by combining the relative experimental data in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model with fermion and scalar fields charged under a Peccei–Queen (PQ) symmetry is proposed. The PQ charges are chosen in such a way that they can reproduce mass matrices with five texture zeros, which can generate the fermion masses, the CKM matrix, and the PMNS matrix of the Standard Model (SM). To obtain this result, at least 4 Higgs doublets are needed. As we will see in the manuscript this is a highly non-trivial result since the texture zeros of the mass matrices impose a large number of restrictions. This model shows a route to understand the different scales of the SM by extending it with a multi-Higgs sector and an additional PQ symmetry. Since the PQ charges are not universal, the model predicts flavor-changing neutral currents (FCNC) at the tree level, a feature that constitutes the main source of restrictions on the parameter space. We report the allowed regions by lepton decays and compare them with those coming from the semileptonic decays K ± ⟶ π ν ¯ ν . We also show the excluded regions and the projected bounds of future experiments for the axion–photon coupling as a function of the axion mass and compare it with the parameter space of our model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the possibility to describe the quark mass hierarchies as well as the CKM quark mixing matrix without fine-tuning in a quark flavour model with modular A 4 symmetry. The quark mass hierarchies are considered in the vicinity of the fixed point τ = ω ≡ exp (i 2 π / 3) (the left cusp of the fundamental domain of the modular group), τ being the VEV of the modulus. The model involves modular forms of level 3 and weights 6, 4 and 2, and contains eight constants, only two of which, g u and g d , can be a source of CP violation in addition to the VEV of the modulus, τ = ω + ϵ , (ϵ) ∗ ≠ ϵ , | ϵ | ≪ 1 . We find that in the case of real (CP-conserving) g u and g d and common τ (ϵ ) in the down-type and up-type quark sectors, the down-type quark mass hierarchies can be reproduced without fine tuning with | ϵ | ≅ 0.03 , all other constants being of the same order in magnitude, and correspond approximately to 1 : | ϵ | : | ϵ | 2 . The up-type quark mass hierarchies can be achieved with the same | ϵ | ≅ 0.03 but allowing g u ∼ O (10) and correspond to 1 : | ϵ | / | g u | : | ϵ | 2 / | g u | 2 . In this setting the reproduction of the value of the CKM element | V cb | is problematic. A much more severe problem is the correct description of the CP violation in the quark sector since it arises as a higher order correction in ϵ with | ϵ | ≪ 1 . We show that this problem is somewhat alleviated in the case of complex g u and g d although the rephasing invariant J CP is larger by a factor of ∼ 1.8 than the correct value. A correct no-fine-tuned description of the quark mass hierarchies, the quark mixing and CP violation is possible with all constants being of the same order in magnitude and complex g u and g d , if one allows different values of ϵ in the down-type and up-type quark sectors, or in a modification of the considered model which involves modular forms of level 3 and weights 8, 6 and 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first direct, model-independent measurement is presented of the modulus of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements |η|Vtb, |η|Vtd, and |η|Vts, in final states enriched in single top quark t-channel events. The analysis uses proton-proton collision data from the LHC, collected during 2016 by the CMS experiment, at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. Processes directly sensitive to these matrix elements are considered at both the production and decay vertices of the top quark. In the standard model hypothesis of CKM unitarity, a lower limit of |η|Vtb>0.970 is measured at the 95% confidence level. Several theories beyond the standard model are considered, and by releasing all constraints among the involved parameters, the values |η|Vtb=0.988±0.024, and |η|Vtd2+|η|Vts2=0.06±0.06, where the uncertainties include both statistical and systematic components, are measured.

The first direct, model-independent measurement is presented of the modulus of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements |η|Vtb, |η|Vtd, and |η|Vts, in final states enriched in single top quark t-channel events. The analysis uses proton-proton collision data from the LHC, collected during 2016 by the CMS experiment, at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. Processes directly sensitive to these matrix elements are considered at both the production and decay vertices of the top quark. In the standard model hypothesis of CKM unitarity, a lower limit of |η|Vtb>0.970 is measured at the 95% confidence level. Several theories beyond the standard model are considered, and by releasing all constraints among the involved parameters, the values |η|Vtb=0.988±0.024, and |η|Vtd2+|η|Vts2=0.06±0.06, where the uncertainties include both statistical and systematic components, are measured.

Nuclear super-allowed β decay has been used to obtain tight limits on the value of the CKM matrix element V u d that is important for unitarity tests and, therefore, for tests of the standard model. Current requirements on precision are so intense that effects formerly thought too small to matter are now considered relevant. This article is a brief review of personal efforts to include the effects of strong interactions on Fermi β decay. First, I examine the role of isospin violation in the decay of the neutron. The size of the necessary correction depends upon detailed strong-interaction dynamics. The isospin violating parts of the nucleon wave function, important at the low energy of β decay, can be constrained by data taken at much higher energies, via measurements, for example, of e d → e ′ π ± + X reactions at Jefferson Laboratory. The next point of focus is on the role of nuclear short-ranged correlations, which affect the value of the correction needed to account for isospin violation in extracting the value of V u d . The net result is that effects previously considered as irrelevant are now considered relevant for both neutron and nuclear β decay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An additional generation of quarks and leptons and their SUSY counterparts, which are vector-like under the Standard Model gauge group but are chiral with respect to the new U(1)3−4 gauge symmetry, are added to the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). We show that this model is a GUT and unifies the three SM gauge couplings and also the additional U(1)3−4 coupling at a GUT scale of ≈ 5 × 1016 GeV and explains the experimentally observed deviation of the muon g – 2. We also fit the quark flavor changing processes consistent with the latest experimental data and look at the effect of the new particles on the W boson mass without obviously conflicting with the observed masses of particles, CKM matrix elements, neutrino mixing angles, their mass differences, and the lepton-flavor violating bounds. This model predicts sparticle masses less than 25 TeV, with a gluino mass ≈ 2.3 – 3 TeV consistent with constraints, and one of the neutralinos as the LSP with a mass of ≈ 480 – 580 GeV, which is a potential dark matter candidate. The model is string theory motivated and predicts the VL quarks, leptons, a massive Z′ and two Dirac neutrinos at the TeV scale and the branching ratios of μ ⟶ eγ, τ ⟶ μγ and τ ⟶ 3μ with BR(μ ⟶ eγ) within reach of future experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note reviews the role of superallowed transitions in determining the strength of the weak interaction among the lightest quarks and in searching for new physics beyond the standard electroweak model. The two sets of superallowed decays in nuclei considered here are pure Fermi and mirror transitions. The first have been scrutinized for more than 50 years. The most relevant results are presented and the role of the nucleus-dependent radiative correction and nucleus-independent inner radiative correction are reviewed. In this context, the systematic study of mirror transitions started about 15 years ago. Despite the significant progress made since then, the data is still limited by experimental uncertainties. Combining the results from all superallowed transitions, which are fully consistent, provides a test of unitarity of the first row of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix, which displays a 2 σ tension with the standard model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the puzzles in modern neutron lifetime measurements and related unitarity issues in the CKM matrix. It is not a comprehensive and unbiased compilation of all historic data and studies, but rather a focus on compelling evidence leading to new physics. In particular, the largely overlooked nuances of different techniques applied in material and magnetic trap experiments are clarified. Further detailed analysis shows that the "beam" approach of neutron lifetime measurements is likely to give the "true" β -decay lifetime, while discrepancies in "bottle" measurements indicate new physics at play. The most feasible solution to these puzzles is a newly proposed ordinary-mirror neutron ( n − n ′ ) oscillation model under the framework of mirror matter theory. This phenomenological model is reviewed and introduced, and its explanations of the neutron lifetime anomaly and possible non-unitarity of the CKM matrix are presented. Most importantly, various new experimental proposals, especially lifetime measurements with small/narrow magnetic traps or under super-strong magnetic fields, are discussed in order to test the surprisingly large anomalous signals that are uniquely predicted by this new n − n ′ oscillation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two tensions related to the Cabibbo angle of the CKM matrix. First, the determinations of Vus from Kμ2, Kℓ3, and τ decays disagree at the 3σ level. Second, using the average of these results in combination with β decays (including super-allowed β decays and neutron decay), a deficit in first-row CKM unitarity with a significance of again about 3σ is found. These discrepancies, known as the Cabibbo Angle anomaly, can in principle be solved by modifications of W boson couplings to quarks. However, due to SU(2)L invariance, Z couplings to quarks are also modified and flavour changing neutral currents can occur. In order to consistently assess the agreement of a new physics hypothesis with data, we perform a combined analysis for all dimension-six Standard Model Effective Field Theory operators that generate modified W couplings to first and second generation quarks. We then study models with vector-like quarks, which are prime candidates for a corresponding UV completion as they can affect W -quark couplings at tree level, and we perform a global fit including flavour observables (in particular loop effects in ∆F = 2 processes). We find that the best fit can be obtained for the SU(2)L doublet vector-like quark Q as it can generate right-handed W-u-d and W-u-s couplings as preferred by data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Froggatt-Nielsen (FN) mechanism provides an attractive way of generating the determined fermion mass hierarchy and quark mixing matrix elements in the Standard Model (SM). Here we extend it by coupling the FN field, the flavon, to a dark sector containing one or more dark matter particles which are produced non-thermally sequentially through flavon production. Non-thermal flavon production occurs efficiently via freeze-in and through field oscillations. We explore this in the regime of high-scale breaking Λ of the global U(1)FN group and at the reheating temperature TR ≪ Λ where the flavon remains out of equilibrium at all times. We identify phenomenologically acceptable regions of TR and the flavon mass where the relic abundance of dark matter and other cosmological constraints are satisfied. In the case of one-component dark matter we find an effective upper limit on the FN charges at high Λ, i.e. Q FN DM ≤ 13 . In the multi-component dark sector scenario the dark matter can be the heaviest dark particle that can be effectively stable at cosmological timescales, alternatively it can be produced sequentially by decays of the heavier ones. For scenarios where dark decays occur at intermediate timescales, i.e. t ~ 0.1 − 1028 s, we find that existing searches can effectively probe interesting regions of parameter space. These searches include indirect probes on decays such as γ-ray and neutrino telescopes as well as analyses of the Cosmic Microwave Background, as well as constraints on small scale structure formation from the Lyman-α forest. We comment on the future prospects of such probes, place projected sensitivities, and discuss how this scenario could accommodate the cosmological S8 tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We find that the phase appearing in the unitarity relation between B K L → μ + μ − and B K L → γγ is equal to the phase shift in the interference term of the time- dependent K → μ+μ− decay. A probe of this relation at future kaon facilities constitutes a Standard Model test with a theory precision of about 2%. The phase has further importance for sensitivity studies regarding the measurement of the time-dependent K → μ+μ− decay rate to extract the CKM matrix element combination ∣ V ts V td sin β + β s ∣ ≈ A 2 λ 5 η ¯ . We find a model-independent theoretically clean prediction, cos2φ0 = 0.96 ± 0.03. The quoted error is a combination of the theoretical and experimental errors, and both of them are expected to shrink in the future. Using input from the large-NC limit within chiral perturbation theory, we find a theory preference towards solutions with negative cos φ0, reducing a four-fold ambiguity in the angle φ0 to a two-fold one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model of symmetry breaking is described for a system that may spontaneously choose between a left-handed and a right-handed weak current. For a hierarchic structure of the fermion mass spectrum, this mirror-symmetric system permits reproducing all qualitative properties of the weak-mixing matrices for both quarks (CKM matrix) and leptons (PMNS matrix) without numerically adjusting model parameters. The hierarchy of the CKM matrix elements is directly related to the hierarchic mass spectrum of quark generations. Qualitative properties of the PMNS matrix arise in the case where the spectrum has an inverse character ( is the smallest mass) and where the Standard Model neutrino is a Dirac particle. A relative smallness of the neutrino-mixing angle is due here to the smallness of and the smallness of the charged-lepton mass ratio . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Standard Model (SM) does not contain by definition any new physics (NP) contributions to any observable but contains four CKM parameters which are not predicted by this model. We point out that if these four parameters are determined in a global fit which includes processes that are infected by NP and therefore by sources outside the SM, the resulting so-called SM contributions to rare decay branching ratios cannot be considered as genuine SM contributions to the latter. On the other hand genuine SM predictions, that are free from the CKM dependence, can be obtained for suitable ratios of the K and B rare decay branching ratios to Δ M s , Δ M d and | ε K | , all calculated within the SM. These three observables contain by now only small hadronic uncertainties and are already well measured so that rather precise SM predictions for the ratios in question can be obtained. In this context the rapid test of NP infection in the Δ F = 2 sector is provided by a | V cb | - γ plot that involves Δ M s , Δ M d , | ε K | , and the mixing induced CP-asymmetry S ψ K S . As with the present hadronic matrix elements this test turns out to be negative, assuming negligible NP infection in the Δ F = 2 sector and setting the values of these four observables to the experimental ones, allows to obtain SM predictions for all K and B rare decay branching ratios that are most accurate to date and as a byproduct to obtain the full CKM matrix on the basis of Δ F = 2 transitions alone. Using this strategy we obtain SM predictions for 26 branching ratios for rare semileptonic and leptonic K and B decays with the μ + μ - pair or the ν ν ¯ pair in the final state. Most interesting turn out to be the anomalies in the low q 2 bin in B + → K + μ + μ - ( 5.1 σ ) and B s → ϕ μ + μ - ( 4.8 σ ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we carry out an investigation into the semileptonic decays D s + → K 0 ℓ + ν ℓ with ℓ = (e , μ) by employing the QCD light-cone sum rules approach. The vector transition form factor (TFF) f + D s + K 0 (q 2) for D s + → K 0 decay is calculated while considering its next-to-leading order contribution. Subsequently, we briefly introduce the twist-2, 3 kaon distribution amplitudes, which are calculated by using QCD sum rules within the framework of the background field theory. At the large recoil point, the TFF has f + D s + K 0 (0) = 0.692 − 0.026 + 0.027. Then, we extrapolate f + D s + K 0 (q 2) to the whole physical q 2 -region via the simplified z (q 2 , t) -series expansion, and the behavior of TFF f + D s + K 0 (q 2) is exhibited in the numerical results part, including the theoretical and experimental predictions for comparison. In addition, we compute the differential branching fraction B (D s + → K 0 ℓ + ν ℓ) with the electron and muon channels, which are expected to be B (D s + → K 0 e + ν e) = 3.379 − 0.275 + 0.301 × 10 − 3 and B (D s + → K 0 μ + ν μ) = 3.351 − 0.273 + 0.299 × 10 − 3 as well as contained other results for comparison. Our results show good agreement with the BESIII measurements and theoretical predictions. Furthermore, we present our prediction with respect to the CKM matrix element | V c d | by using the B (D s + → K 0 e + ν e) result from BESIII Collaboration, yielding | V c d | = 0.221 − 0.010 + 0.008. Finally, we provide the ratio between D s + → K 0 e + ν e and D s + → η e + ν e channels, i.e. R K 0 / η e = 0.144 − 0.020 + 0.028. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise measurements of nuclear beta decays provide a unique insight into the Standard Model due to their connection to the electroweak interaction. These decays help constrain the unitarity or non-unitarity of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) quark mixing matrix, and can uniquely probe the existence of exotic scalar or tensor currents. Of these decays, superallowed mixed mirror transitions have been the least well-studied, in part due to the absence of data on their Fermi to Gamow-Teller mixing ratios (ρ). At the Nuclear Science Laboratory (NSL) at the University of Notre Dame, the Superallowed Transition Beta-Neutrino Decay Ion Coincidence Trap (St. Benedict) is being constructed to determine the ρ for various mirror decays via a measurement of the beta–neutrino angular correlation parameter (aβν) to a relative precision of 0.5%. In this work, we present an overview of the St. Benedict facility and the impact it will have on various Beyond the Standard Model studies, including an expanded sensitivity study of ρ for various mirror nuclei accessible to the facility. A feasibility evaluation is also presented that indicates the measurement goals for many mirror nuclei, which are currently attainable in a week of radioactive beam delivery at the NSL.

The Superallowed Transition Beta-Neutrino Decay Ion Coincidence Trap (St. Benedict) is currently under construction at the University of Notre Dame Nuclear Science Laboratory. It is designed to measure the beta-neutrino angular correlation parameter in superallowed mixed beta-decay transitions between mirror nuclei in order to extract the Fermi-to-Gamow Teller mixing ratio and test theoretical corrections entering in the determination of the V u d element of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa quark mixing matrix. St. Benedict includes a large volume gas catcher to thermalize the radioactive ion beam from TwinSol , a differentially-pumped extraction system, a radiofrequency quadrupole ion cooler and buncher, and a Paul trap for the observation and detection of the β decay products. The status of each of these components will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first unquenched lattice-QCD calculation of the form factors for the decay B → D ∗ ℓ ν at nonzero recoil. Our analysis includes 15 MILC ensembles with N f = 2 + 1 flavors of asqtad sea quarks, with a strange quark mass close to its physical mass. The lattice spacings range from a ≈ 0.15 fm down to 0.045 fm, while the ratio between the light- and the strange-quark masses ranges from 0.05 to 0.4. The valence b and c quarks are treated using the Wilson-clover action with the Fermilab interpretation, whereas the light sector employs asqtad staggered fermions. We extrapolate our results to the physical point in the continuum limit using rooted staggered heavy-light meson chiral perturbation theory. Then we apply a model-independent parametrization to extend the form factors to the full kinematic range. With this parametrization we perform a joint lattice-QCD/experiment fit using several experimental datasets to determine the CKM matrix element | V cb | . We obtain V cb = (38.40 ± 0. 68 th ± 0. 34 exp ± 0. 18 EM) × 10 - 3 . The first error is theoretical, the second comes from experiment and the last one includes electromagnetic and electroweak uncertainties, with an overall χ 2 /dof = 126 / 84 , which illustrates the tensions between the experimental data sets, and between theory and experiment. This result is in agreement with previous exclusive determinations, but the tension with the inclusive determination remains. Finally, we integrate the differential decay rate obtained solely from lattice data to predict R (D ∗) = 0.265 ± 0.013 , which confirms the current tension between theory and experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a theoretical derivation of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix parameters and the accompanying mixing angles. These results are arrived at from the exceptional Jordan algebra applied to quark states, and from expressing flavor eigenstates (i.e., left chiral states) as a superposition of mass eigenstates (i.e., the right chiral states) weighted by the square root of mass. Flavor mixing for quarks is mediated by the square root mass eigenstates, and the mass ratios used are derived from earlier work from a left–right symmetric extension of the standard model. This permits a construction of the CKM matrix from first principles. There exist only four normed division algebras, and they can be listed as follows: the real numbers R, the complex numbers C, the quaternions H and the octonions O. The first three algebras are fairly well known; however, octonions as algebra are less studied. Recent research has pointed towards the importance of octonions in the study of high-energy physics. Clifford algebras and the standard model are being studied closely. The main advantage of this approach is that the spinor representations of the fundamental fermions can be constructed easily here as the left ideals of the algebra. Also, the action of various spin groups on these representations can also be studied easily. In this work, we build on some recent advances in the field and try to determine the CKM angles from an algebraic framework. We obtain the mixing angle values as θ12=11.093∘,θ13=0.172∘,θ23=4.054∘. In comparison, the corresponding experimentally measured values for these angles are 13.04∘±0.05∘,0.201∘±0.011∘,2.38∘±0.06∘. The agreement of theory with experiment is likely to improve when the running of quark masses is taken into account.

We review the status of the Standard Model theory of neutron beta decay. Particular emphasis is put on the recent developments in the electroweak radiative corrections. Given that some existing approaches give slightly different results, we thoroughly review the origin of discrepancies, and provide our recommended value for the radiative correction to the neutron and nuclear decay rates. The use of dispersion relation, lattice Quantum Chromodynamics, and an effective field theory framework allows for high-precision theory calculations at the level of 10−4, turning neutron beta decay into a powerful tool to search for new physics, complementary to high-energy collider experiments. We offer an outlook to the future improvements.

The angles and the lengths of the sides of all unitarity triangles of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix are determined with very high precision from the experimental data. Our analysis is independent of parameterization of the CKM matrix and it is based on the predictions of the unitarity for the angles and the areas of the unitarity triangles. We note that the lengths of the sides of the three unitarity triangles determined from the experimental data do not form a triangle. We resolve this incompatibility by performing a constrained fit, assuming the equality of the area of the unitarity triangles. We demonstrate that the measured data are compatible with the predictions of the unitarity of the CKM matrix. We show that the angles of the unitarity triangles obtained by the multiplication of the rows of the CKM matrix can be obtained from the angles obtained by the multiplication of the columns. The equality of those two types of angles is a simple, but a very powerful test of the general structure of the Standard Model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose that the electroweak and flavour quantum numbers of the Standard Model (SM) could be unified at high energies in an SU(4) × Sp(6)L× Sp(6)R anomaly-free gauge model. All the SM fermions are packaged into two fundamental fields, ΨL ∼ (4,6,1) and ΨR ∼ (4,1,6), thereby explaining the origin of three families of fermions. The SM Higgs, being electroweakly charged, necessarily becomes charged also under flavour when embedded in the UV model. It is therefore natural for its vacuum expectation value to couple only to the third family. The other components of the UV Higgs fields are presumed heavy. Extra scalars are needed to break this symmetry down to the SM, which can proceed via 'flavour-deconstructed' gauge groups; for instance, we propose a pattern Sp(6)L→ ∏ i = 1 3 SU 2 L , i → SU 2 L for the left-handed factor. When the heavy Higgs components are integrated out, realistic quark Yukawa couplings with in-built hierarchies are naturally generated without any further ingredients, if we assume the various symmetry breaking scalars condense at different scales. The CKM matrix that we compute is not a generic unitary matrix, but it can precisely fit the observed values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the effective interaction of quarks with a new GeV-scale vector particle that couples to electroweak gauge bosons by the so-called effective Chernâ€"Simons (CS) interaction. We call this particle the CS boson. We construct effective Lagrangian of the CS boson interaction with quarks of two different flavors. This interaction is given by a divergent loop diagram, however, it turns out that the divergent part is equal to zero as a consequence of the CKM matrix unitarity in the SM. Therefore, we are able to predict effective interaction of the CS boson with quarks of different flavors without introducing new unknown parameters to the model, using only parameters of the initial effective Lagrangian. Our result shows that the effective interaction of the CS boson with down-type quarks is sufficiently stronger compared with up-type quarks. Based on our results, we give a prediction for the production of CS bosons in mesons decays. Branching fractions were obtained for the main reactions of the CS production in meson decays. The results obtained will be useful for searching for the long-lived GeV-scale CS boson in intensity frontier experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review some recent progress in the theory of electroweak radiative corrections in semileptonic decay processes. The resurrection of the so-called Sirlin’s representation based on current algebra relations permits a clear separation between the perturbatively-calculable and incalculable pieces in the O(GFα) radiative corrections. The latter are expressed as compact hadronic matrix elements that allow systematic non-perturbative analysis such as dispersion relation and lattice QCD. This brings substantial improvements to the precision of the electroweak radiative corrections in semileptonic decays of pion, kaon, free neutron and JP=0+ nuclei that are important theory inputs in precision tests of the Standard Model. Unresolved issues and future prospects are discussed.

We look for relations among CKM matrix elements that are not consequences of the Wolfenstein parametrization. In particular, we search for products of CKM elements raised to integer powers that approximately equal 1. We study the running of the CKM matrix elements and resolve an apparent discrepancy in the literature. To a good approximation only A runs, among the Wolfenstein parameters. Using the Standard Model renormalization group we look for CKM relations at energy scales ranging from the electroweak scale to the Planck scale, and we find 19 such relations. These relations could point to structure in the UV, or be numerical accidents. For example, we find that |VtdVus| = | V cb 2 |, within 2% accuracy, in the 109–1015 GeV range. We discuss the implications of this CKM relation for a Yukawa texture in the UV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vector-like quarks have been of interest for a plethora of experimentally motivated reasons and have come under increased investigation recently due to their inclusion to the Standard Model (SM) appreciably improving global fits to several flavour physics and precision electroweak measurements. The addition of vector-like quark singlets breaks the unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix and enables tree-level flavour changing neutral (FCN) vertices. The resulting radiative flavour changing decays of these particles through the electromagnetic transition dipole moment are a key means to study their properties and search for them at experiments like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Despite these radiative decays providing such a clean experimental signature, an explicit analytical study of the branching ratios and CP violation resulting from these loop level processes has thus far evaded attention. We provide the formulation for the decay rates and CP asymmetry resulting from a combination of the imaginary components of the loop integrals and complex phases in the quark mixing matrix. We then apply our analytical results to study phenomenology of these states for several global fits pertaining to vector-like isosinglets t′ and b′. We find that clean collider signatures and polarisation observables can be generated for both t′ and b′. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hadroproduction of a W boson in association with a charm quark at the Large Hadron Collider is at the centre of current investigations due to its potential to probe the strangeness content of the proton. In this paper we present an implementation of the W + c production process in the PowHel event generator matched to the PYTHIA8 parton shower approach, allowing to obtain predictions for differential cross-sections with NLO QCD accuracy matched to the accuracy of the Shower Monte Carlo event generator. Effects of non-diagonal CKM matrix elements, finite charm quark mass and off-shell W decays including spin correlations are taken into account. We investigate the production of a leptonically decaying W boson in association with either a charmed meson (W± + D∗∓) or a charmed jet (W± + jc) and compare our predictions with particle-level measurements by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at s = 7 and 13 TeV. The role of the so-called "opposite sign" and "same sign" contributions to the theoretical cross-sections is presented and discussed, pointing out the importance of including parton shower effects for a reliable estimate of the latter and a faithful comparison with experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]