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Waste management is the protection of the environment and the health of the population. Paper waste sludge is produced during paper production and sepiolite is a natural clay mineral. The aim of the study was to investigate the usability of sepiolite-added paper waste sludge as a bedding material in the broiler production. Two hundred eighty-eight 1-day old male broiler chicks were divided into the 6 bedding material groups (wood shavings (control), paper waste sludge, sepiolite, mix of 25% paper waste sludge and 75% sepiolite, mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite, and mix of 75% paper waste sludge and 25% sepiolite) with 6 replicate pens per group. Litter quality, performance, and some welfare parameters of broilers were assessed during the 6 weeks’ period. Body weight at 42 days of age and body weight gain from 0 to 42 days of broilers reared on the wood shavings and mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite were found higher than those of the sepiolite and paper waste sludge groups. Feed consumption and feed to gain ratio from 0 to 42 days, yields of carcass and carcass parts, percentages of organs and abdominal fat, IgG, percentage of bursa Fabricius, burns of foot pad and breast, litter pH and meat properties of broilers reared on the wood shavings, paper waste sludge, and sepiolite litter groups were not found to be statistically different. Litter moisture was found higher in the paper waste sludge group than that in the sepiolite group at the 42 days of rearing. As a conclusion, usage of mix of 50% paper waste sludge and 50% sepiolite as a litter does not have any negative effects on performance, welfare, and litter quality. This result is important in terms of utilizing a waste product.

It was aimed to evaluate and compare the primary lymphoid organs bursa Fabricius and thymus tissues of chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) and pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) histologically. In the study, three chukar partridges and three pheasants were provided from Süleyman Demirel University Department of Animal Science Poultry Breeding Unit. Bursa Fabricius and thymus tissue samples were taken by dissection. It was performed hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome for general histological examination, and periodic acid schiff (PAS) for the neutral mucosubstance and carbohydrate content, methyl green-pyronin staining for the plasma cells. Van gieson with Weigert's hematoxylin staining was performed for the major cells of thymus. Toluidine blue and alcian blue/safranin O combination procedure was performed to show the mast cells. The sizes of plasmocyte, mastocyte and lymphocyte cells in the cortex and medulla regions of the thymus and bursa Fabricius of chukar partridge and pheasant were measured and their average values were calculated. In addition, photographs of tissues were taken with a Leica DM 500 microscope. When the bursa Fabricius and thymus tissues of chukar partridge and pheasant were compared histologically, it was concluded that there was no significant difference., Kınalı keklik (Alectoris chukar) ve sülün (Phasianus colchicus)’ün primer lenfoid organlardan bursa Fabricius ve timus dokularının histolojik yönden değerlendirilmesi ve karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Çalışmada, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Zootekni Bölümü Kanatlı Hayvan Yetiştirme Biriminden 3 adet, sağlıklı kınalı keklik ve sülün temin edildi. Bursa Fabricius ve timus doku örnekleri diseksiyon ile alındı. Genel histolojik incelemeler için hematoksilen-eosin ve masson trikrom boyamaları, doku ve hücrelerdeki nötral mukosubstansı ve karbonhidrat içeriğini belirleyebilmek için periodic acid schiff (PAS) reaksiyonu, plazma hücrelerini belirlemek için methyl green-pyronin boyaması uygulandı. Timusun major hücreleri için Weigert’s hematoksilenli van gieson boyaması gerçekleştirildi. Mast hücrelerini göstermek için ise toludin blue ve alcian blue/safranin O kombinasyon boyama teknikleri yapıldı. Kınalı keklik ve sülün timus ve bursa Fabricius’unun korteks ve medulla bölgelerindeki plazmosit, mastosit ve lenfosit hücrelerinin büyüklüklerinin ölçümleri yapılıp ortalama değerleri hesaplandı. Ayrıca dokuların fotoğrafları Leica DM 500 mikroskobunda çekildi. Kınalı keklik ve sülün bursa Fabricius ve timus dokuları histolojik açıdan karşılaştırıldığında önemli bir farklılığın olmadığı sonucuna varıldı.

Salah satu cara dalam meningkatkan efisiensi kecernaan pakan adalah dengan menambahkan feed additive. Asam organik yang sering digunakan sebagai feed additive, adalah asam format, karena sifat kelarutannya yang tinggi dalam air. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian asam format terhadap folikel limfoid bursa Fabricius dan limpa ayam, dilakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan 18 ekor day old chick (DOC) ayam kampung dengan tiga perlakuan yakni perlakuan kontrol (P0) ayam diberikan minum yang tidak mengandung asam format. Perlakuan 1 (P1) ayam diberikan air yang mengandung asam format (pH 2,5) dan perlakuan 2 (P2) ayam diberikan air yang mengandung asam format (pH 3,5). Masing masing perlakuan terdiri dari enam ekor ayam sebagai ulangan (n). Ayam ditimbang bobot badannya sebelum diberikan perlakuan. Enam minggu pasca perlakuan, ayam ditimbang kembali dan dikorbankan nyawanya dengan cara dislokasi capitis serta dilanjutkan dengan nekropsi. Organ bursa Fabricius dan limpa diambil dan dimasukkan dalam formalin 10%, jaringan yang telah difiksasi kemudian diproses dan diwarnai dengan pewarnaan Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan pH air minum akibat pemberian asam format tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah folikel limfoid bursa Fabricius. Namun, berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan diameter folikel limfoid bursa Fabricius. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan penurunan pH air minum berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan jumlah dan diameter folikel limfoid pulpa putih limpa. Simpulannya adalah pemberian air minum yang asam menekan sistem imun ayam kampung.

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral disease that causes significant economic losses in young chickens, characterized by lymphoid depletion and inflammation in the bursa Fabricius (BF). The incidence of the disease shows an increasing trend all over the world. Active and passive immunization is very important as well as strict hygiene measures in combating outbreaks. However, the fact that live-attenuated vaccines (mild, intermediate, hot) used for this purpose cause immunosuppression because of bursal damage is seen as an important limitation. In this study, it was aimed to histopathologically investigate the effects of commercial IBD vaccines originating from WF2512 (intermediate plus/hot, orally with drinking water) on BF under routine broiler rearing conditions. For this, BFs of 55 Ross 308 hybrid breed chickens (50 test, 5 controls) from five different broiler farms were used. In addition to standard vaccines, the IBD vaccine was given on day 15, and five samples from each farm were obtained 10 days later (25th day). After the first sampling, the second BF sampling was performed at the age of 38 days. Histopathological bursal lesion score was applied to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine. Accordingly, it was determined that the bursal lesion score, which increased slightly to moderately in the first samples, decreased in the second samples (27-61%). This was accepted as an indication that the bursal damage, which increased with IBD vaccine administration, diminishes over time and that histological regeneration was increased.

Amaç: Kanatlılara özgü olan bursa Fabricius kendi foliküler yapısı içerisinde B lenfosit progenitörlerinin çoğaltılması ve farklılaşmasından sorumlu primer lenfoid organdır. Fonksiyonel B lenfositleri oluşturma sürecinde hücreler majör doku uyum kompleksi (MHC), adezyon molekülleri ve antijenleri tanımak için gerekli reseptör özelliklerini bu organda kazanırlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı, keklik bursa Fabricius'unda CD8, CD68, MHC-I ve II pozitif hücrelerinin lokalizasyonları ve dağılımlarını belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada 10 adet erişkin kınalı kekliğin (5 erkek ve 5 dişi) bursa Fabricius'unda bazı immun hücre lokalizasyonları immünohistokimyasal yöntemler kullanarak ışık mikroskobu düzeyinde incelendi. Bulgular: CD8, CD68, MHC-I ve II pozitif hücrelerin genel olarak lamina propriada ve lenf foliküllerinin korteks ve medullasında lokalize olduğu ortaya kondu. Buna karşın kas katmanında immunoreaktiviteye rastlanmadı. Öneri: İmmun yanıtta rol oynayan bu faktör ekspresyonlarının kanatlı türlerinde yapılacak immunolojik çalışmalar için katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir, Aim: The bursa of Fabricius is a primary lymphoid organ restricted to birds that is responsible for the proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocyte precursors within its follicular structure. In the process of creating a functional B lymphocyte, the cells acquire the necessary receptor property to recognize the antigen, major histocompatibility complex and adhesion molecules in this organ. The purpose of this study is to determine the localization and distribution of CD8, CD68, MHC-I and II-positive cells in bursa of Fabricius of partridge. Materials and Methods: In this study, some immune cells localization in bursa of Fabricius of 10 adult chukar partridge (5 male and 5 female) were examined on the level of light microscope by using immunohistochemical methods. Results: It was revealed that in general CD8, CD68, MHC-I and II-positive cells were localized in lamina propria and cortex and medulla of lymph follicles. In contrast, no immunoreactivity was observed in the muscle layer. Conclusion: The expression of these factors playing a role in immune response is thought to provide contribution for immunological studies in avian species.

The present study was conducted to investigate the responsiveness expressions of ggTas2Rs against denatonium benzoate (DB) and genistein (GEN) in several organs of the Chinese Fast Yellow Chicken. A total of 300 one-day-old chicks that weighed an average of 32 g were randomly allocated into five groups with five replicates for 56 consecutive days. The dietary treatments consisted of basal diet, denatonium benzoate (5 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg), and genistein 25 mg/kg. The results of qRT-PCR indicated significantly (p &lt, 0.05) high-level expressions in the heart, spleen, and lungs in the starter and grower stages except for in bursa Fabricius. The responsiveness expressions of ggTas2Rs against DB 100 mg/kg and GEN 25 mg/kg were highly dose-dependent in the heart, spleen, lungs, and kidneys in the starter and grower stages, but dose-independent in the bursa Fabricius in the finisher stage. The ggTas2Rs were highly expressed in lungs and the spleen, but lower in the bursa Fabricius among the organs. However, the organ growth performance significantly (p &lt, 0.05) increased in the groups administered DB 5 mg/kg and GEN 25 mg/kg, meanwhile, the DB 20 mg/kg and DB 100 mg/kg treatments significantly reduced the growth of all the organs, respectively. These findings indicate that responsiveness expressions are dose-dependent, and bitterness sensitivity consequently decreases in aged chickens. Therefore, these findings may improve the production of new feedstuffs for chickens according to their growing stages.

Bursa fabricius (Bursa cloacalis veya Bursa fabricii) kanatlıların lenfoepitelial bir organı olup kanatlıların primer lenfoid organı organı olarak görev yapmaktadır. B lenfositlerinin gelişim ve farklılaşmasının yanında immunoglobulin izotip değişminden de sorumludur. Bursa fabricius cloaca’ya açılan kanalında küçük bir T lenfosit kümesi bulunduğundan dolayı aynı zamanda sekonder lenfoid organ olarak da görülmektedir ancak erken dönemde organın gelişimi gerilemektedir. Bu çalışmada 5 adet ergin bozdoğandan (Falco columbarius) elde edilen bursa fabricius’lar üzerinde morfolojik ve stereolojik incelemeler yapıldı. Morfolojik incelemeler sonucunda bozdoğan’larda bursa fabricius’un cloaca üzerinde bulunduğu, bir kanal vasıtasıyla proctodeum’a açıldığı, şeklinin oval olduğu ve lümeninde mukoza katmanı tarafından yapılmış plikalar bulunduğu gözlemlendi. Bu yapıların boyu 15,62 ± 1,41 mm, eni en uzun bölgede 10.14 ± 0,66 mm en kısa bölgede ise 0.98 ± 0,07 mm olarak saptandı. Stereolojik yöntemle yapılan hesaplamalarda hacmi 0.190 ± 0,008 cm3 olarak tespit edildi. Bozdoğanda bursa fabricius’un morfolojik yapısı ortaya konarak stereolojik metotla hacmi hesaplanmış olup, kanatlılarda tür ayrımında ileride yapılacak çalışmalara kaynak olabileceği düşünüldü. Bursa fabricius (Bursa cloacalis or Bursa fabricii) is a lymphoepithelial organ of poultry and serves as the primary lymphoid organ. In addition to the development and differentiation of Bursa Fabricius B lymphocytes, immunoglobulin is also responsible for isotype change. Bursa fabricius is also seen as a secondary lymphoid organ due to the presence of a small T-lymphocyte cluster in the channel opening to cloaca, but early development of the organ is delayed. In this study, morphological and stereological examinations were performed on bursa fabricius obtained from 5 adult Merlin (Falco columbarius). Our morphological studies have shown that the bursa fabricius of merlin is located on the cloaca and that it is opened to proctodeum through a canal. We saw that it was oval shaped and had plums made by the mucosa layer in the lumen. The size of these structures was found to be 15,62 ± 1,41 mm, 10.14 ± 0,66 mm in the widest area and 0.98 ± 0,07 mm in the shortest area. The volume we calculated by the stereological methods was 0.190 ± 0,008 cm3. The morphological structure of bursa fabricius in merlin was determined and the volume was calculated by stereological method and it was thought that it might be the source of future studies in the species differentiation in poultry.

The study of the functional state of immunogenesis young ducks during critical periods of growth and development is important for breeding and keeping birds of this species in view of improving the system of evaluation of the immune status of the organism. Such approaches make it possible to warn the development of immunodeficiencies body ducks develop improved feeding schemes to improve capacity performance. In the article are given results of the study of the functional state of the clinically healthy young duck's thymus, bursa Fabricius, spleen in critical periods of postnatal ontogenesis, whose were grown in conditions of Myklashiv farms of Pustomyty district, Lviv region. It is established the increasing of duck's absolute mass of immunogenesis organs on a background of reducing the relative weight and index. However, the functioning of immunogenesis ducklings in critical periods of growth and development of the actual numerical values indicating the relative weight and index. Pronounced changes in the index of immunogenesis observed on the border between 14 and 21 ducklings era of life that can be isolated as one of the critical periods of postnatal ontogenesis immunological this type of bird. The result is the index of thymus, bursa Fabricius, spleen ducklings who are within the physiological norm, show active progress imunomorfolohichnyh specific immune responses in these organs. At sufficiently high index seminary and reduced spleen index can prevent the development of adaptive-compensatory reactions B immunity and lack of imunodefitstnoho state body ducklings 45-day age.

Bu çalışmada besi kabiliyeti yüksek ve Kars yöresinde yetiştiriciler için önemli ekonomik değere sahip olan kazların (Anser anser) bağışıklıktan sorumlu bir lenfoid organ olan bursa Fabricius'unda CD3 dağılımının immunohistokimyasal olarak belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada 10 adet / 8 aylık Anser anser cinsi dişi kaz kullanıldı. Bursa Fabricius doku örneklerinin bir kısmı %10'luk formaldehid solüsyonunda, diğer bir kısmı ise alkol-formal tespit solüsyonunda tespit edildi. Kesitlere Crossman'ın üçlü boyama (Triple), plazma hücrelerini belirlemek için Metil Green Pironin boyama (MGP) ve CD3 immünoreaktivitesini belirlemek amacıyla Avidin-Biotin–Peroksidaz kompleks (ABC) yöntemi uygulandı.Çalışmamızda kaz bursa Fabricius dokusunda plikaların yüzeyini örten interfoliküler epitelin (IFE) yalancı çok katlı pirizmatik epitel özelliğinde olduğu tespit edildi. İnterfoliküler epitelin lenf foliküllerine doğru devam ettiği gözlendi. Folikülle ilişkili epitelin (FAE) ise pirizmatik şekilli hücrelerden oluştuğu saptandı. Plazma hücrelerine yoğun olarak folikülle ilişkili epitelin altındaki bağ dokuda ve daha az olarak da interfoliküler bağ dokuda rastlandı. Lenf foliküllerinin korteks ve medullasında farklı gelişme aşamalarındaki pironinofilik hücreler gözlendi. Bursa Fabricius dokusunda interfoliküler epitelde, interfoliküler epitelin altındaki bağ dokusunda, folikülle ilişkili epitelin altındaki bağ dokusunda ve lenf foliküllerinin korteks ile medullasında CD3 pozitif T lenfosit immünoreaktivitesi görüldü.Sonuç olarak bu çalışma ile yöre halkı için ekonomik öneme sahip olan kazlarda bursa Fabricius'un şekli ve histolojik yapısının yanında immünohistokimyasal olarak CD3 dağılımı ortaya konmuştur. İmmun savunmada görev alan ve lenfoid bir organ olan kaz bursa Fabricius dokusu ile ilgili elde edilen çalışma bulgularının diğer kanatlı türleri üzerinde yapılacak çalışmalar için referans olabileceği düşünülmektedir. In this study, it was aimed to determine CD3 distribution of bursa Fabricius which is a lymphoid organ responsible for immunity of geese (Anser anser) which have high fattening ability and have important economic value for growers in Kars region. 10 pieces / 8 months Anser anser female geese were used in this study. Bursa Fabricius tissue samples were determined in 10% formaldehyde solution and the other part in alcohol-formal detection solution. Crossman's triple staining (Triple), Methyl Green Pironin staining (MGP) to determine plasma cells and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase complex (ABC) method were used to determine CD3 immunoreactivity. In our study, it was found that interfolicular epithelium (IFE), which covers the surface of plicae in goose bursa Fabricius tissue, has the feature of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium. It was observed that the interfolicular epithelium continued towards the lymph follicles. Follicle associated epithelium (FAE) was found to be composed of cells with columnar shape. Plasma cells were mostly found in connective tissue under follicle associated epithelium and less in interfollicular connective tissue. Pyroninophilic cells of different stages of development were observed in the cortex and medulla of lymph follicles. CD3 positive T lymphocyte immunoreactivity was observed in the interfolicular epithelium and in connective tissue under interfolicular epithelium, in connective tissue under follicle associated epithelium and in cortex and medulla of lymph follicles bursa Fabricius tissue.As a result, in this study, the shape and histological structure of bursa Fabricius as well as the distribution of CD3 by immunohistochemistry have been demonstrated in geese which have economic importance for the local people. It is thought that the findings obtained from the goose bursa Fabricius tissue, which is a lymphoid organ involved in immune defense, may be the reference for the studies on other poultry species. 49

WOS: 000406295200024 This study aims to examine the effects of environmental enrichment (EE) practices on some physiological and behavioral parameters of broiler chicks. A total of 280 one-day old Ross 308 mixed-sex broiler chicks with an average initial body weight of 44.5 +/- 0.37 g were used in a 42-d trial. Broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 20 pens composed of 14 birds in 1x1.4m sized floor area. Each of the EE treatment consisted of 5 replicate pens (70 chickens per treatment). The treatments were 1) control; 2) perch for EE; 3) ball for EE; 4) mirror for EE; and 5) dust for EE. Final body weights, tonic immobility test results, and rectal temperatures were recorded. Spleen, liver, and bursa fabricius weights were measured. The blood biochemistry of birds was analyzed at the end of the experiment. Besides, gait score test was applied on the 42(nd) day of experiment. Body weight gain, lymphoid organ weights and rectal temperature values of broilers were not affected by EE treatments on the 21(st) and 42(nd) days of the study. At the end of the study, WBC values, tonic immobility values and gait scores of the control groups were found higher than those of the EE groups. HCT and PLT values of the ball groups were found lower than the other groups, concluding that EE improved the welfare of birds. Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship of Ahi Evran University in Turkey [PYO-ZRT.4003/2.13.007] This work, a part of MSc study of Mehmet Yildirim, was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordinatorship of Ahi Evran University in Turkey with PYO-ZRT.4003/2.13.007 project number.