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1. Management of Thyroid Eye Disease: A Consensus Statement by the American Thyroid Association and the European Thyroid Association

Author

Burch, Henry B, Perros, Petros, Bednarczuk, Tomasz, Cooper, David S, Dolman, Peter J, Leung, Angela M, Mombaerts, Ilse, Salvi, Mario, and Stan, Marius N

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology and Optometry, Clinical Research, Humans, Consensus, Graves Ophthalmopathy, Hyperthyroidism, United States, Europe, thyroid eye disease, consensus statement, American Thyroid Association, European Thyroid Association, Clinical Sciences, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Clinical sciences
Abstract

Thyroid eye disease (TED) remains challenging for clinicians to evaluate and manage. Novel therapies have recently emerged, and their specific roles are still being determined. Most patients with TED develop eye manifestations while being treated for hyperthyroidism and under the care of endocrinologists. Endocrinologists, therefore, have a key role in diagnosis, initial management, and selection of patients who require referral to specialist care. Given that the need for guidance to endocrinologists charged with meeting the needs of patients with TED transcends national borders, and to maximize an international exchange of knowledge and practices, the American Thyroid Association and European Thyroid Association joined forces to produce this consensus statement.

Published
2022

3. A 2023 International Survey of Clinical Practice Patterns in the Management of Graves Disease: A Decade of Change.

Author

Villagelin, Danilo, Cooper, David S, and Burch, Henry B

Subjects
THYROID eye disease, THYROTROPIN receptors, PHYSICIAN practice patterns, THYROID antagonists, RECEPTOR antibodies, IODINE isotopes
Abstract

Context Over the past several decades, there have been indications of potential shifts in the diagnostic strategies, treatment, and monitoring of patients with Graves disease (GD). Objective To evaluate current practices in managing GD and compare them to previous surveys Methods We used a global online survey of endocrinologists to assess shifts in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment in a typical patient with GD, as well as treatment variation in 5 different clinical scenarios. Results A total of 1252 respondents from 85 countries completed the survey. Methods used to diagnose an uncomplicated GD case have changed over the past decade, reflecting increased use of thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) and reciprocal decreases in nuclear medicine studies. The preferred mode of therapy for uncomplicated GD was antithyroid drugs (ATDs) by 91.5% of respondents, radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy by 7%, and thyroidectomy by 1.5%. Compared with previous surveys, the use of RAI as a first-line choice decreased in all geographic regions. The United States had the sharpest decline in the selection of initial therapy with RAI, decreasing from 69% in 1990 to 11.1% in 2023. In patients with persistent TRAb positivity after 18 months, 68.7% of respondents would continue the use of ATDs. After a relapse of GD, resumption of ATDs was selected by 59.9% of respondents. In patients with active thyroid eye disease or planning pregnancy, ATDs were the first choice (67.5% and 72.8%, respectively), and thyroidectomy emerged as the second choice (22.9% and 15.6%, respectively). Conclusion Paradigm shifts have occurred in the management of uncomplicated GD and its variants, as well as the response to persistent and recurrent hyperthyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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13. Islet Autoimmunity is Highly Prevalent and Associated With Diminished β-Cell Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in the Grade Study

Author

Brooks-Worrell, Barbara, Hampe, Christiane S., Hattery, Erica G., Palomino, Brenda, Zangeneh, Sahar Z., Utzschneider, Kristina, Kahn, Steven E., Larkin, Mary E., Johnson, Mary L., Mather, Kieren J., Younes, Naji, Rasouli, Neda, Desouza, Cyrus, Cohen, Robert M., Park, Jean Y., Florez, Hermes J., Valencia, Willy Marcos, Shojaie, Ali, Palmer, Jerry P., Balasubramanyam, Ashok, Crandall, Jill P., McKee, Melissa Diane, Brown-Friday, Janet, Xhori, Entila, Ballentine-Cargill, Keisha, Duran, Sally, Lukin, Jennifer, Beringher, Stephanie, Gonzalez de la Torre, Susana, Phillips, Lawrence, Burgess, Elizabeth, Olson, Darin, Rhee, Mary, Wilson, Peter, Raines, Tasha Stephanie, Costello, Julie, Gullett, Chona, Maher-Albertelli, Maxine, Morehead, Folayan, Mungara, Radhika, Person, Saranjit, Savoye, Louise, Sibymon, Mabil, Tanukonda, Sridhar, White, Carol Ann, Holloway, Leah, Adams, Cynthia, Ross, April, Gonzalez Hattery, Erica, Gaba, Ruchi, Montes, Graciela, Wright, Charlyne, Hollander, Priscilla, Roe, Erin, Uy, Analyn, Burt, Polly, Estrada, Lorie, Chionh, Kris, Ismail-Beigi, Faramarz, Falck-Ytter, Corinna, Sayyed Kassem, Laure, Sood, Ajay, Tiktin, Margaret, Cramer, Bethany, Iacoboni, Jacalyn, Kononets, Maria V., Kulow, Tanya, Newman, Cynthia, Stancil, Katherine A., Sanders, Cristina, Tucker, Lisa, Werner, Amanda, Krol, Adrienne, McPhee, Gloria, Patel, Christine, Colosimo, Linda, Goland, Robin, Pring, James, Kringas, Patricia, Tejada, Jessica, Hausheer, Camille, Schneier, Harvey, Gumpel, Kelly, Kirpitch, Amanda, Green, Jennifer B., AbouAssi, Hiba, Chatterjee, Ranee, Feinglos, Mark N., English Jones, Jennifer, Khan, Shubi A., Kimpel, Jeanne B., Zimmer, Ronna P., Furst, Mary, Satterwhite, Barbara M., Thacker, Connie, Evans Kreider, Kathryn, Lteif, Amale, Hamilton, Tonya, Patel, Nick, Riera, Gabriela, Jackson, Marcia, Pirics, Vivian, Howard, Devin, Aguillar, Danielle, Hurt, Sloan, Bergenstal, Richard, Carlson, Anders, Martens, Thomas, Johnson, Mary, Hill, Renae, Hyatt, Jamie, Jensen, Connie, Madden, Marcia, Martin, Dianna, Willis, Holly, Konerza, Wanda, Passi, Rebecca, Kleeberger, Kathleen, Fortmann, Stephen, Herson, Michael, Mularski, Karen, Glauber, Harry, Prihoda, James, Ash, Britt, Carlson, Christina, Ramey, Phyllis Anne, Schield, Emily, Torgrimson-Ojerio, Britta, Arnold, Kathy, Kauffman, Bryan, Panos, Elease, Sahnow, Samantha, Bays, Kristi, Cook, Jennifer, Gluth, Jennifer, Sasaki, Debra, Schell, Katrina, Criscola, Jennifer, Friason, Camille, Jones, Suzi, Nazarov, Sergey, Barzilay, Joshua, Rassouli, Negah, Puttnam, Rachel, Curtis, Michelle, Stokes, Kia, Hollis, Bonita, Sanders-Jones, Cynthia, Nelson, Roslin, El-Haqq, Zakiah, Kolli, Abby, Tran, Tu, Wexler, Deborah, Larkin, Mary, Meigs, James, Dushkin, Amy, Rocchio, Gianna, Chambers, Brittany, Yepes, Mike, Steiner, Barbara, Dulin, Hilary, Cayford, Melody, DeManbey, Andrea, Gurry, Lindsey, Hillard, Mallory, Martin, Kimberly, Stevens, Christine, Thangthaeng, Nopporn, Kochis, Raquel, Raymond, Elyse, Ripley, Valerie, Park, Jean, Aroda, Vanita, Ghazi, Adline, Loveland, Amy, Hurtado, Maria, Kuhn, Alexander, Mofor, Florence, Marks, Jennifer, Oropesa-Gonzalez, Lisset, Riccio Veliz, Ana K., Nieto-Martinez, Ramfis, Gutt, Miriam, Ahmann, Andrew, Aby-Daniel, Diana, Joarder, Farahnaz, Morimoto, Victoria, Sprague, Carol, Yamashita, Daisuke, Cady, Nancy, Kirchhoff, Patricia, Rivera-Eschright, Nadia, Adducci, Joseph, Morales Gomez, Brianna, Goncharova, Alina, Hox, Sophia H., Petrovitch, Helen, Matwichyna, Michael, Jenkins, Victoria, Bermudez, Nina O., Ishii, Renée R., Hsia, Daniel S., Cefalu, William T., Greenway, Frank L., Waguespack, Celeste, King, Erin, Haynes, Natalie, Thomassie, Amy, Bourgeois, Brandi, Hazlett, Claire, Henry, Robert, Mudaliar, Sunder, Boeder, Schafer, Pettus, Jeremy, Diaz, Elsa, DeLue, Catherine, Castro, Erick, Hernandez, Sylvia, Krakoff, Jonathan, Curtis, Jeffrey M., Killean, Tina, Joshevama, Erica, Diaz, Enrique, Martin, Denelle, Karshner, Tracey, Albu, Jeanine, Pi-Sunyer, F. Xavier, Frances, Sylvaine, Maggio, Carol, Ellis, Emily, Bastawrose, Joseph, Gong, Xiuqun, Banerji, Mary Ann, August, Phyllis, Lorber, Daniel, Brown, Necole M., Josephson, Debra H., Thomas, Lorraine L., Tsovian, Mari, Cherian, Ajini, Jacobson, Marlo H., Mishko, Motria M., Kirkman, M. Sue, Bergamo, Katherine, Buse, John B., Dostou, Jean, Young, Laura, Goley, April, Kerr, Jeffrey, Largay, Joseph F., Guarda, Sonia, Cuffee, Juanita, Culmer, Dawn, Fraser, Rachael, Almeida, Hope, Coffer, Samantha, Debnam, Elizabeth, Kiker, Lauren, Morton, Sarah, Josey, Kim, Fuller, Gail, Garvey, W. Timothy, Cherrington, Andrea, Golson, Dana, Griffith, Olivia, Robertson, Mary Catherine, Agne, April, McCullars, Steve, Craig, Jacqueline, Kersey, Kimberly, Rogge, M. Colleen, Wilson, Carla, Burton, Kathryn, Lipp, Sonia, Vonder Meulen, Mary Beth, Schroeder, Emily, Steiner, Stephanie, Baker, Chelsea, Underkofler, Chantal, Douglass, Sara, Sivitz, William, Cline, Erin, Knosp, Laura, McConnell, Jennifer, Lowe, Tamara, Herman, William H., Pop-Busui, Rodica, Tan, Meng H., Martin, Catherine, Waltje, Andrea, Goodhall, Lynn, Eggleston, Rebecca, Kuo, Shihchen, Bule, Stephanie, Kessler, Nancy, LaSalle, Elizabeth, Seaquist, Elizabeth R., Bantle, Anne, Kumar, Anjali, Redmon, Bruce, Bantle, John, Harindhanavudhi, Tasma, Coe, Mary, Mech, Michael, Taddese, Abdisa, Lesne, Lesia, Smith, Shannon, Kuechenmeister, Lisa, Shivaswamy, Vijay, Morales, Ana Laura, Rodriguez, Maria Grace, Seipel, Kris, Alfred, Alissa, Eggert, Jenna, Lord, Grace, Taylor, William, Tillson, Renee, Schade, David S., Adolphe, Allen, Burge, Mark, Duran-Valdez, Elizabeth, Martinez, Janae, Hernandez McGinnis, Doris, Pucchetti, Benjamin, Scripsick, Elizabeth, DeFronzo, Ralph A., Cersosimo, Eugenio, Abdul-Ghani, Muhammad, Triplitt, Curtis, Verastiqui, Hector, Garza, Rosa Irene, Wright, Kathryn, Puckett, Curtiss, Raskin, Philip, Rhee, Chanhaeng, Abraham, Soma, Jordan, Lin Fan, Sao, Serey, Morton, Luisa, Smith, Oralenda, Osornio Walker, Laura, Schnurr-Breen, Laura, Ayala, Rosa, Kraymer, Robert, Sturgess, Daytheon, Utzschneider, Kristina M., Alarcon-Casas Wright, Lorena, Boyko, Edward, Tsai, Elaine C., Trence, Dace L., Fattaleh, Basma N., Montgomery, Brenda K., Atkinson, Karen M., Concepcion, Tessa, Kozedub, Alexandra, Moak, Cameron, Rhothisen, Samantha, Elasy, Tom A., Martin, Stephanie, Shackelford, Laura, Goidel, Rita, Hinkle, Nina, Lipps Hogan, Janie, Lovell, Cynthia, Myers, Janet, McGill, Janet B., Salam, Maamoun, Kissel, Sarah, Schweiger, Toni, Recklein, Carol, Tamborlane, William, Gatcomb, Patricia, Camp, Anne, Gulanski, Barbara, Inzucchi, Silvio, Pham, Kim, Alguard, Michele, Lessard, Katarzyna, Perez, Magalys, Magenheimer, Elizabeth, Montoza, Abmaridel, Nathan, David M., Lachin, John, Krause-Steinrauf, Heidi, Burch, Henry, Linder, Barbara, Bremer, Andrew, Backman, Michael, Bebu, Ionut, Buys, C.J., Fagan Murphy, Anna, Gao, Yuping, Gramzinski, Michaela, Hall, Stephanie, Legowski, Elizabeth, Arey, Alyssa, Bethepu, Joel, Lund, Claire, Mangat Dhaliwal, Pam, McGee, Paula, Mesimer, Emily, Ngo, Lisa, Steffes, Michael, Seegmiller, Jesse, Saenger, Amy, Arends, Valerie, Gabrielson, Deanna, Conner, Todd, Stuart, Warren, Day, Jolene, Scrymgeour, Alexandra, Soliman, Elsayed Z., Zhang, Zhu-Ming, Campbell, Charles, Hu, Julie, Keasler, Lisa, Hensley, Susan, Li, Yabing, Herman, William, Mihalcea, Rada, Perez-Rosas, Veronica, Prosser, Lisa, Resnicow, Kenneth, Ye, Wen, Shao, Hui, Zhang, Ping, Luchsinger, Jose, Sanchez, Danurys, Burch, Henry B., Fradkin, Judith, Groessl, Erik, Chong, Helen, Hillery, Naomi, Abdouch, Ivan, Brantley, Paula, Broyles, Frances E., Canaris, Gay, Copeland, Paul, Craine, Jeri J., Fein, Warren L., Lee, Melissa S., Meiners, Rebecca, Meiners, Vaughn, O’Neal, Hollis, Park, James E., Sledge, Edward, Steppel-Resnick, Jeanne, Turchin, Alexander, Higgins, John, Fischer, Lawrence, Golden, Sherita, Gonzalez, Jeffrey, Naik, Aanand, Walker, Elizabeth, Doner Lotenberg, Lynne, Gallivan, Joanne M., Lim, Joanne, Tuncer, Diane M., and Behringer-Massera, Stephanie

Subjects
endocrine system diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Smoke, T-Lymphocytes, Internal Medicine, Humans, Pathophysiology, Fires
Abstract

Islet autoimmunity may contribute to β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Its prevalence and clinical significance have not been rigorously determined. In this ancillary study to the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), we investigated the prevalence of cellular and humoral islet autoimmunity in patients with T2D duration of 4.0 ± 3.0 years (HbA1c 7.5 ± 0.5% on metformin alone). We measured T-cell autoreactivity against islet proteins, islet autoantibodies against 65-kDa GAD antigen, IA-2, and zinc transporter-8, and β-cell function. Cellular islet autoimmunity was present in 41.3%, humoral islet autoimmunity in 13.5%, and both in 5.3%. β-Cell function calculated as incremental area under the curve of glucose from 0–120 min (iAUC-CG) and ΔC-peptide(0–30)/Δglucose(0–30) from an oral glucose tolerance test was lower among T-cell–positive (T+) than T-cell–negative (T−) individuals using two different adjustments for insulin sensitivity (iAUC-CG: 13.2% [95% CI 0.3, 24.4] or 11.4% [95% CI 0.4, 21.2] lower; ΔC-peptide[0–30]/Δglucose[0–30]: 19% [95% CI 3.1, 32.3] or 17.7% [95% CI 2.6, 30.5%] lower). T+ patients had 17% higher HbA1c (95% CI 0.07, 0.28) and 7.7 mg/dL higher fasting plasma glucose levels (95% CI 0.2, 15.3) than T− patients. We conclude that islet autoimmunity is much more prevalent in patients with T2D than previously reported. T-cell–mediated autoimmunity is associated with diminished β-cell function and worse glycemic control.

Published
2021

15. Contributors

Author

Aiello, Lloyd Paul, primary, Alatzoglou, Kyriaki S., additional, Alexander, Erik K., additional, Allan, Carolyn A., additional, Allolio, Bruno, additional, Amino, Nobuyuki, additional, Anawalt, Bradley D., additional, Angelos, Peter, additional, Arboleda, Valerie A., additional, Auchus, Richard J., additional, Axelrod, Lloyd, additional, Bahn, Rebecca S., additional, Baker, MD, PhD, FRACP, H.W. Gordon, additional, Barak, Shlomi, additional, Barnes, Randall B., additional, Barthel, Andreas, additional, Bastepe, Murat, additional, Beardsley, Emma K., additional, Beck-Peccoz, Paolo, additional, Bell, Graeme I., additional, Bi, Wenya Linda, additional, Bilezikian, John P., additional, Blum, Manfred, additional, Bonnema, Steen J., additional, Bornstein, Stefan R., additional, Bouillon, Roger, additional, Boulton, Andrew J.M., additional, Braunstein, Glenn D., additional, Bringhurst, F. Richard, additional, Broekmans, Frank J., additional, Bronstein, Marcello D., additional, Brown, Edward M., additional, Brown, Wendy A., additional, Bulun, Serdar E., additional, Burch, Henry B., additional, Burger, Henry G., additional, Burney, Richard O., additional, Burt, Morton G., additional, Cagliero, Enrico, additional, Callender, Glenda G., additional, Avancini Caramori, Maria Luiza, additional, Carey, Robert M., additional, Carling, Tobias, additional, Cavagnini, Francesco, additional, Cavallerano, Jerry D., additional, Challet, Etienne, additional, Chan, Shu Jin, additional, Chang, R. Jeffrey, additional, Chapurlat, Roland D., additional, Chatterjee, V. Krishna, additional, Chiofalo, Francesco, additional, Chiovato, Luca, additional, Cho, Kyung J., additional, Christison-Lagay, Emily, additional, Christophe, Daniel, additional, Chrousos, George P., additional, Cidlowski, John A., additional, Clemmons, David R., additional, Considine, Robert V., additional, Conti, Marco, additional, Copinschi, Georges, additional, Copps, Kyle D., additional, Cowley, Michael A., additional, Cuttler, Leona, additional, Dattani, Mehul T., additional, Davis, Stephen N., additional, De Felice, Mario, additional, De Groot, Leslie J., additional, de Kretser, David M., additional, DeFronzo, Ralph A., additional, Delli, Ahmed J., additional, Demay, Marie B., additional, Dennedy, Michael C., additional, Di Lauro, Roberto, additional, Dineen, Rosemary, additional, Ding, Su Ann, additional, Dinneen, Sean F., additional, Drucker, Daniel J., additional, Dumont, Jacques E., additional, Dungan, Kathleen M., additional, Dunn, Ian F., additional, Econs, Michael J., additional, Ehrmann, David A., additional, Eisenhofer, Graeme, additional, Ergun-Longmire, Berrin, additional, Eugster, Erica A., additional, Farooqi, Sadaf I., additional, Fassnacht, Martin, additional, Fauser, Bart C.J.M., additional, Fenzi, Gianfranco, additional, Ferrannini, Ele, additional, Findlay, David M., additional, Finlayson, Courtney Anne, additional, Fisher, Delbert A., additional, Francis, Isaac R., additional, Freeman, Mason W., additional, Frohman, Lawrence A., additional, Frydenberg, Mark, additional, Fuller, Peter J., additional, Gaglia, Jason L., additional, Galizia, Gianluigi, additional, Gardella, Thomas J., additional, Garvey, Katharine C., additional, Genant, Harry K., additional, German, Michael S., additional, Gevers, Evelien F., additional, Giraldi, Francesca Pecori, additional, Giudice, Linda C., additional, Giustina, Andrea, additional, Glasier, Anna, additional, Glorieux, Francis H., additional, Goldfine, Allison B., additional, Gooren, Louis J., additional, Gordon, David F., additional, Gregerson, Karen A., additional, Grogan, Raymon H., additional, Gross, Milton D., additional, Grossman, Ashley B., additional, Gruber, Matthias, additional, Guimarães, Valeria C., additional, Gurnell, Mark, additional, Haddad, Nadine G., additional, Haisenleder, Daniel J., additional, Handelsman, David J., additional, Hanks, John B., additional, Hannon, Mark J., additional, Harno, Erika, additional, Hebrok, Matthias, additional, Hedger, Mark P., additional, Hegedüs, Laszlo, additional, Heindel, Jerrold J., additional, Hernandez, Arturo, additional, Herndon, Maria K., additional, Ho, Ken K.Y., additional, Horseman, Nelson D., additional, Hughes, Ieuan A., additional, Hupfeld, Christopher J., additional, Hussain, Hero K., additional, Iodice, Valeria, additional, James, Benjamin C., additional, Jameson, J. Larry, additional, Jones, Glenville, additional, Josso, Nathalie, additional, Jüppner, Harald, additional, Juszczak, Agata, additional, Kalish, Jeffrey, additional, Kaplan, Edwin L., additional, Karavitaki, Niki, additional, Karczewska-Kupczewska, Monika, additional, Khattab, Ahmed, additional, Klein, David C., additional, Klein, Ronald, additional, Kleinau, Gunnar, additional, Koontz, Michaela, additional, Kopchick, John J., additional, Kopp, Peter, additional, Kowalska, Irina, additional, Krane, Stephen M., additional, Krohn, Knut, additional, Kronenberg, Henry M., additional, Lamos, Elizabeth M., additional, Lania, Andrea, additional, Lau, Sue Lynn, additional, Laws, Edward R., additional, Lazarus, John H., additional, Learoyd, Diana L., additional, Lebovitz, Harold E., additional, Lenmark, Åke, additional, List, Edward O., additional, Loveland, Kate, additional, Low, David A., additional, Macchia, Paolo E., additional, Maclaren, Noel K., additional, Madeiros-Neto, Geraldo, additional, Maenhaut, Carine, additional, Maes, Christa, additional, Main, Katharina M., additional, Malchoff, Carl D., additional, Malchoff, Diana M., additional, Malik, Rayaz A., additional, Mandel, Susan J., additional, Mantzoros, Christos S., additional, Maratos-Flier, Eleftheria, additional, Marino, Michele, additional, Marshall, John C., additional, Martin, T. John, additional, Martin, Thomas F.J., additional, Mathias, Christopher J., additional, McGee, Elizabeth A., additional, McKenzie, Travis, additional, McLachlan, Robert I., additional, Meier, Juris J., additional, Melmed, Shlomo, additional, Metzger, Boyd E., additional, Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F.L., additional, Millar, Robert P., additional, Miller, Walter L., additional, Misra, Madhusmita, additional, Molitch, Mark E., additional, Moravek, Molly B., additional, Morris, Damian G., additional, Nagar, Sapna, additional, Nakamoto, Jon, additional, New, Maria I., additional, Nieman, Lynnette K., additional, Nilson, John H., additional, Ntali, Georgia, additional, O’Bryan, Moira, additional, O’Rahilly, Stephen, additional, Öberg, Kjell, additional, Olefsky, Jerrold M., additional, Olson, Matthew T., additional, Pacak, Karel, additional, Pacini, Furio, additional, Padia, Shetal H., additional, Paschke, Ralf, additional, Pasquel, Francisco J., additional, Perry, Katherine Wesseling, additional, Persani, Luca, additional, Philipson, Louis H., additional, Pina, Christian, additional, Pomposelli, Frank B., additional, Potts, John T., additional, Quigley, Charmian A., additional, Quinkler, Marcus O., additional, Quirk, Christine Campion, additional, Rajpert-De Meyts, Ewa, additional, Ravussin, Eric, additional, Ray, David W., additional, Refetoff, Samuel, additional, Retnakaran, Ravi, additional, Rey, Rodolfo A., additional, Rhodes, Christopher J., additional, Ridgway, E. Chester, additional, Risbridger, Gail P., additional, Rizza, Robert A., additional, Robinson, Bruce G., additional, Roger, Pierre P., additional, Rosenfeld, Michael G., additional, Rosenfield, Robert L., additional, Rossing, Peter, additional, Rubin, Robert T., additional, Rubio, Ileana G.S., additional, Ruderman, Neil B., additional, Russo, Jose, additional, Russo, Irma H., additional, Salusky, Isidro B., additional, Santoro, Nanette, additional, Scully, Kathleen M., additional, Sexton, Patrick M., additional, Shulman, Gerald I., additional, Silva, Paolo S., additional, Silverberg, Shonni J., additional, Singer, Frederick R., additional, Skakkebaek, Niels E., additional, Skaznik-Wikiel, Malgorzata E., additional, Skowronska-Krawczyk, Dorota, additional, Smith, Carolyn L., additional, Smith, Philip W., additional, Smith, Roger, additional, Smith, Steven R., additional, Snyder, Peter J., additional, St. Germain, Donald L., additional, St-Arnaud, René, additional, Steiner, Donald F., additional, Stewart, Paul M., additional, Strączkowski, Marek, additional, Strauss, Jerome F., additional, Styne, Dennis M., additional, Swan, Karena L., additional, Swerdloff, Ronald S., additional, Tacon, Lyndal J., additional, Tello, Javier A., additional, Thakker, Rajesh V., additional, Thompson, Christopher J., additional, Timmers, Henri J.L.M., additional, Toppari, Jorma, additional, Traub, Michael L., additional, Tsoukas, Michael A., additional, Udelsman, Robert, additional, Umpierrez, Guillermo E., additional, Van den Berghe, Greet, additional, Vassart, Gilbert, additional, Vernon, Ashley H., additional, Vilain, Eric, additional, Visser, Theo J., additional, Vitti, Paolo, additional, Walford, Geoffrey A., additional, Wang, Christina, additional, Weetman, Anthony P., additional, Weigel, Nancy L., additional, Weir, Gordon C., additional, Weiss, Roy E., additional, White, Anne, additional, White, Kenneth E., additional, White, Morris F., additional, Whyte, Michael P., additional, Wiersinga, Wilmar M., additional, Willenberg, Holger S., additional, Wolfsdorf, Joseph I., additional, Wondisford, Fredric E., additional, Wong, Ka Kit, additional, Wysolmerski, John J., additional, Yau, Mabel, additional, Young, Morag J., additional, Younk, Lisa M., additional, Yu, Run, additional, Yuen, Tony, additional, Zeiger, Martha A., additional, Zinman, Bernard, additional, and Zoeller, R. Thomas, additional

Published
2016
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19. Contributors

Author

Abu Dayyeh, Barham K., Agostini, Maura, Aiello, Lloyd Paul, Alicic, Radica Z., Anawalt, Bradley D., Ang, Lynn, Angelidi, Angeliki M., Antonio, Leen, Armstrong, David G., Arner, Peter, Assié, Guillaume, Athonvarangkul, Diana, Auchus, Richard J., Avery, Michael B., Avram, Anca M., Baloch, Zubair W., Bancos, Irina, Barb, Diana, Barkhoudarian, Garni, Basaria, Shehzad, Basham, Kaitlin J., Bashari, Waiel, Bastepe, Murat, Batterham, Rachel L., Bauer, Elizabeth M., Bellin, Melena D., Bertherat, Jérôme, Berthon, Annabel, Bhasin, Shalender, Bilezikian, John P., Billington, Emma O., Boelen, Anita, Bouillon, Roger, Brada, Michael, Brent, Gregory A., Broekmans, Frank J., Bronstein, Marcello D., Brown, Edward M., Bulun, Serdar E., Burch, Henry B., Burghard, Anne Claire, Burney, Richard O., Pop-Busui, Rodica, Cagliero, Enrico, Cameron, Sharon, Caoili, Elaine M., Carmeliet, Geert, Cavallerano, Jerry D., Chatterjee, Krishna, Chen, Zi-Jiang, Cheung, N. Wah, Christian, Helen C., Cidlowski, John A., Clavijo, Leonardo C., Clifton-Bligh, Roderick J., Considine, Robert V., Conti, Marco, Copps, Kyle D., Corcuff, Jean- Benoît, D’Alessio, David, Dattani, Mehul T., Davey, Rachel A., Davis, Stephen N., De Felice, Mario, de Kretser, David, DeFranco, Donald B., Demay, Marie B., DeMayo, Francesco J., De Santis, Pascual, Deutsch, Madeline B., Dhatariya, Ketan, Dhillon, Vaninder K., Di Lauro, Roberto, Dillon, Joseph S., Dinneen, Sean F., Doherty, Gerard M., Donahoo, William Troy, Econs, Michael J., Egan, Aoife M., Ehrhardt, Nicole, Ehrmann, David A., Eisenhofer, Graeme, El-Khairi, Ranna, Elisei, Rossella, Else, Tobias, Erickson, Lori A., Erinjeri, Neeta J., Eszlinger, Markus, Eugster, Erica A., Evert, Alison B., Faix, James D., Farooqi, I. Sadaf, Fassnacht, Martin, Fauser, Bart C.J.M., Findlay, David M., Fliers, Eric, Freeman, Mason W., Frydenberg, Mark, Fuller, Peter J., Gagliano-Jucá, Thiago, Gardella, Thomas J., Garrahy, Aoife, Garvey, W. Timothy, German, Michael S., Gershengorn, Marvin C., Gild, Matti, Gilliam, Lisa K., Giudice, Linda C., Glezer, Andrea, Glorieux, Francis H., Goodpaster, Bret H., Grinman, Diego Y., Guasti, Leonardo, Gurnell, Mark, Habra, Mouhammed Amir, Haddad, Nadine G., Halperin, Daniel M., Hammes, Stephen R., Hardman, Sarah, Harmon, Jamie S., Haugen, Bryan R., Hebrok, Matthias, Hedger, Mark P., Heindel, Jerrold J., Hirsch, Irl B., Hobbs, Robin M., Hollenberg, Anthony N., Hruska, Keith A., Husebye, Eystein, Iacovazzo, Donato, Ilie, Mirela Diana, Imel, Erik A., Isaac, Adam L., Jameson, J. Larry, Jasuja, Ravi, Jayasena, Channa N., Johannsson, Gudmundur, Jones, Glenville, Jonklaas, Jacqueline, Jørgensen, Niels, Jüppner, Harald, Juul, Anders, Kahaly, George J., Karavitaki, Niki, Katugampola, Harshini, Keevil, Brian, Kelley, David E., Kellogg, Todd Andrew, Kelly, David F., Klein, Ronald, Kleinau, Gunnar, Koniares, Katherine, Kopp, Peter, Korbonits, Márta, Korevaar, Tim I.M., Koulouri, Olympia, Krausz, Csilla, Kronenberg, Henry M., La Greca, Amanda, Lamos, Elizabeth M., Lebovitz, Harold E., Hong Lee, Alan Chun, Legro, Richard S., Lenders, Jacques W.M., Lerario, Antonio M., Lernmark, Åke, Lightman, Stafford L., Lin, David S., Liu, Eva S., Lo, Janet, Loomba, Lindsey A., Loveland, Kate L., Lue, Tom F., Lundgren, Markus, MacFarlane, James Robert, Magee, Gregory A., Maes, Christa, Maharaj, Avinaash, Main, Katharina M., Makaronidis, Janine M., Malina, Robert, Mannstadt, Michael, Manohar, Paul, Mantzoros, Christos S., Marazuela, Mónica, Matrone, Antonio, Maxwell, Jessica E., McCartney, Christopher R., McGee, Elizabeth A., Melanson, Edward L., Melmed, Shlomo, Mendelson, Carole R., Merke, Deborah P., Mesiano, Sam, Metherell, Louise A., Miller, Barbra S., Mizokami-Stout, Kara, Mohan, Dipika R., Molitch, Mark E., Moran, Carla, Moravek, Molly B., Neumann, Susanne, Neumiller, Joshua J., Newell-Price, John D.C., Newey, Paul J., Norwitz, Errol R., O’Donnell, Liza, O’Rahilly, Stephen, Oakley, Robert H., Oberfield, Sharon E., Orellana, Minerva, Mete, Ozgur, Pacak, Karel, Pace-Asciak, Pia, Page, Stephanie T., Paschke, Ralf, Pasquel, Francisco J., Pearce, Elizabeth N., Peters, Anne L., Pook, David W., Potts, Callum A., Potts, John T., Jr, Purcell, Sarah A., Raff, Hershel, Ragnarsson, Oskar, Rajpert-De Meyts, Ewa, Ramos-Levi, Ana M., Rao, Sarika N., Rastrelli, Giulia, Raverot, Gérald, Ray, David W., Razavi, Christopher R., Reed-Maldonado, Amanda B., Reid, Ian R., Retnakaran, Ravi, Rickels, Michael R., Riddell, Michael Charles, Rinaudo, Paolo, Risbridger, Gail P., Robertson, R. Paul, Robinson, Bruce G., Rogol, Alan D., Romei, Cristina, Rosenfelder, Nicola, Rowen, Tami S., Ruderman, Neil B., Rushing, John, Russell, Jonathon O., Russo, Jose, Rydén, Mikael, Santoro, Nanette, Schlegel, Peter N., Schoenmakers, Erik, Schoenmakers, Nadia, Senanayake, Russell Martin, Shaear, Mohammad, Shalev, Anath, Shields, James, Shimy, Kim, Shindel, Alan W., Shulman, Gerald I., Silva, Paolo S., Simmons, David, Simon, James A., Singer, Frederick R., Sipos, Jennifer A., Skaznik-Wikiel, Malgorzata E., Smallridge, Robert C., Smith, Christopher J., Smith, Roger, Smith, Ulf, Snyder, Peter J., Solda, Francesca, Speiser, Phyllis W., St-Arnaud, René, Stewart, Elizabeth A., Stowasser, Michael, Straseski, Joely, Strauss, Jerome F., III, Styne, Dennis M., Swerdloff, Ronald S., Tabarin, Antoine, Tanavde, Ved, Taïeb, David, Thakker, Rajesh V., Thompson, Christopher J., Timmers, Henri J.L.M., Toppari, Jorma, Torpy, David J., Tsang, Venessa, Tsoukas, Michael A., Tufano, Ralph P., Tuttle, Katherine R., Udelsman, Robert, Umpierrez, Guillermo, Upton, Thomas J., Vaidya, Anand, Val, Pierre, Vasiljevic, Alexandre, Vaughan, Denis A., Vella, Adrian, Verlinden, Lieve, Vietor, Nicole O., Viglianti, Benjamin L., Vilain, Eric, Barisson Villares Fragoso, Maria Candida, Visser, W. Edward, Walford, Geoffrey, Walker, Marcella D., Wang, Christina, Weetman, Anthony P., Wei, Daimin, White, Kenneth E., White, Morris F., White, Perrin C., Whyte, Michael P., Williams, Matthew James, Witchel, Selma Feldman, Wong, Ka Kit, Wu, Frederick C.W., Wysolmerski, John J., Young, Morag J., Zennaro, Maria-Christina, Zimmerman, Michael B., and Zoeller, R. Thomas

Published
2023
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24. List of contributors

Author

Abdela, Abdurezak A., Agrawal, Veena R., Albuja-Cruz, Maria B., Anderson, Sarah L., Baloch, Harris M., Barbour, Linda A., Bell, Brenda K., Bitew, Helen Y., Bridenstine, Mark, Bright, Tamis M, Burch, Henry B., Carreau, Anne-Marie, Chindris, Ana, MD, Melanie Cree-Green, Cruz, Mark M., Davis, Shanlee M., Davis, Stephanie, Donnelly, Meghan, Duncan, William E., Fackelmayer, Oliver J., Fox, Shari C., Glodowski, Michele B., Haugen, Bryan R., Hawkins, Matthew R., Hennessey, James Vincent, Hoang, Thanh Duc, Iwamoto, Sean J., Jensen, Thomas, Kerr, Janice M., Kumar, Pratima, Lawler, Helen M., LeMar Jr., Homer J., Mai, Vinh Q., Malik, Ayesha F., Mateo, Roselyn I., Mayson, Sarah E., McDermott, Michael T., McIntyre Jr., Robert C., McKenna, Logan R., Meek, Shon, Millstein, Richard, Moreau, Kerrie L., Nuffer, Wesley, Orrego, John J., Piepenbrink, Roger A., Raeburn, Christopher D., Rehman, Aziz Ur, Roberts III, Richard O., Rothchild, Kevin B., Rothman, Micol Sara, Runchey, Shauna, Samuels, Mary H., Sanders, Leonard R., Sarapura, Virginia, Saxon, David, Schoen, Jonathan A., Schroeder, Emily B., Seggelke, Stacey A., Simcic, Kenneth J., Slover, Robert H., Smallridge, Robert, Swanson, Christine M., Thomas, Elizabeth A., Torres, Carlos A., Travers, Sharon H., Trujillo, Jennifer M., Valent, Amy M., Vietor, Nicole Odette, Vigersky, Robert A., Vu, Katherine N., Low Wang, Cecilia C., Wahl, Matthew P., Weber, Katherine, Wierman, Margaret E., Xhikola, Majlinda, Zaman, Adnin, and Zeitler, Philip

Published
2020
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25. 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis

Author

Ross, Douglas S., primary, Burch, Henry B., additional, Cooper, David S., additional, Greenlee, M. Carol, additional, Laurberg, Peter, additional, Maia, Ana Luiza, additional, Rivkees, Scott A., additional, Samuels, Mary, additional, Sosa, Julie Ann, additional, Stan, Marius N., additional, and Walter, Martin A., additional

Published
2016
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27. 2022 Update on Clinical Management of Graves’ Disease and Thyroid Eye Disease

Author

Hoang, Thanh D., Stocker, Derek J., Chou, Eva L., and Burch, Henry B.

Abstract

The management of hyperthyroidism and extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves’ disease remains complex. Considerations that include patient preference, age, comorbidity, pregnancy, tobacco smoking, and social determinants of health must all be weaved into a cohesive management plan. A multidisciplinary team is required to manage all aspects of Graves’ disease, particularly thyroid eye disease, for which new therapeutic options are now available.

Published
2021
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28. Glycemia Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes - Microvascular and Cardiovascular Outcomes.

Author

Nathan, David M., Lachin, John M., Bebu, lonut, Burch, Henry B., Buse, John B., Cherrington, Andrea L., Fortmann, Stephen P., Green, Jennifer B., Kahn, Steven E., Kirkman, M. Sue, Krause-Steinrauf, Heidi, Larkin, Mary E., Phillips, Lawrence S., Pop-Busui, Rodica, Steffes, Michael, Tiktin, Margaret, Tripputi, Mark, Wexler, Deborah J., Younes, Naji, and GRADE Study Research Group

Subjects
*HEART failure, *TYPE 2 diabetes, *HYPERGLYCEMIA, *MAJOR adverse cardiovascular events, *GLYCOSYLATED hemoglobin, *CARDIOVASCULAR diseases, *DIABETIC neuropathies
Abstract

Background: Data are lacking on the comparative effectiveness of commonly used glucose-lowering medications, when added to metformin, with respect to microvascular and cardiovascular disease outcomes in persons with type 2 diabetes.Methods: We assessed the comparative effectiveness of four commonly used glucose-lowering medications, added to metformin, in achieving and maintaining a glycated hemoglobin level of less than 7.0% in participants with type 2 diabetes. The randomly assigned therapies were insulin glargine U-100 (hereafter, glargine), glimepiride, liraglutide, and sitagliptin. Prespecified secondary outcomes with respect to microvascular and cardiovascular disease included hypertension and dyslipidemia, confirmed moderately or severely increased albuminuria or an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area, diabetic peripheral neuropathy assessed with the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument, cardiovascular events (major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE], hospitalization for heart failure, or an aggregate outcome of any cardiovascular event), and death. Hazard ratios are presented with 95% confidence limits that are not adjusted for multiple comparisons.Results: During a mean 5.0 years of follow-up in 5047 participants, there were no material differences among the interventions with respect to the development of hypertension or dyslipidemia or with respect to microvascular outcomes; the mean overall rate (i.e., events per 100 participant-years) of moderately increased albuminuria levels was 2.6, of severely increased albuminuria levels 1.1, of renal impairment 2.9, and of diabetic peripheral neuropathy 16.7. The treatment groups did not differ with respect to MACE (overall rate, 1.0), hospitalization for heart failure (0.4), death from cardiovascular causes (0.3), or all deaths (0.6). There were small differences with respect to rates of any cardiovascular disease, with 1.9, 1.9, 1.4, and 2.0 in the glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, and sitagliptin groups, respectively. When one treatment was compared with the combined results of the other three treatments, the hazard ratios for any cardiovascular disease were 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9 to 1.3) in the glargine group, 1.1 (95% CI, 0.9 to 1.4) in the glimepiride group, 0.7 (95% CI, 0.6 to 0.9) in the liraglutide group, and 1.2 (95% CI, 1.0 to 1.5) in the sitagliptin group.Conclusions: In participants with type 2 diabetes, the incidences of microvascular complications and death were not materially different among the four treatment groups. The findings indicated possible differences among the groups in the incidence of any cardiovascular disease. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others; GRADE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01794143.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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29. Glycemia Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes - Glycemic Outcomes.

Author

Nathan, David M., Lachin, John M., Balasubramanyam, Ashok, Burch, Henry B., Buse, John B., Butera, Nicole M., Cohen, Robert M., Crandall, Jill P., Kahn, Steven E., Krause-Steinrauf, Heidi, Larkin, Mary E., Rasouli, Neda, Tiktin, Margaret, Wexler, Deborah J., Younes, Naji, GRADE Study Research Group, and The GRADE Study Research Group

Subjects
*HYPERGLYCEMIA, *TYPE 2 diabetes, *GLYCOSYLATED hemoglobin, *GLUCAGON-like peptide-1 receptor, *GLUCAGON-like peptide-1 agonists, *CD26 antigen, *ETHNIC differences, *THERAPEUTIC use of protease inhibitors, *RESEARCH, *RESEARCH methodology, *HYPOGLYCEMIC agents, *BLOOD sugar, *SULFONYLUREAS, *EVALUATION research, *TREATMENT effectiveness, *COMPARATIVE studies, *RANDOMIZED controlled trials, *RESEARCH funding, *METFORMIN, *DISEASE complications
Abstract

Background: The comparative effectiveness of glucose-lowering medications for use with metformin to maintain target glycated hemoglobin levels in persons with type 2 diabetes is uncertain.Methods: In this trial involving participants with type 2 diabetes of less than 10 years' duration who were receiving metformin and had glycated hemoglobin levels of 6.8 to 8.5%, we compared the effectiveness of four commonly used glucose-lowering medications. We randomly assigned participants to receive insulin glargine U-100 (hereafter, glargine), the sulfonylurea glimepiride, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide, or sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor. The primary metabolic outcome was a glycated hemoglobin level, measured quarterly, of 7.0% or higher that was subsequently confirmed, and the secondary metabolic outcome was a confirmed glycated hemoglobin level greater than 7.5%.Results: A total of 5047 participants (19.8% Black and 18.6% Hispanic or Latinx) who had received metformin for type 2 diabetes were followed for a mean of 5.0 years. The cumulative incidence of a glycated hemoglobin level of 7.0% or higher (the primary metabolic outcome) differed significantly among the four groups (P<0.001 for a global test of differences across groups); the rates with glargine (26.5 per 100 participant-years) and liraglutide (26.1) were similar and lower than those with glimepiride (30.4) and sitagliptin (38.1). The differences among the groups with respect to a glycated hemoglobin level greater than 7.5% (the secondary outcome) paralleled those of the primary outcome. There were no material differences with respect to the primary outcome across prespecified subgroups defined according to sex, age, or race or ethnic group; however, among participants with higher baseline glycated hemoglobin levels there appeared to be an even greater benefit with glargine, liraglutide, and glimepiride than with sitagliptin. Severe hypoglycemia was rare but significantly more frequent with glimepiride (in 2.2% of the participants) than with glargine (1.3%), liraglutide (1.0%), or sitagliptin (0.7%). Participants who received liraglutide reported more frequent gastrointestinal side effects and lost more weight than those in the other treatment groups.Conclusions: All four medications, when added to metformin, decreased glycated hemoglobin levels. However, glargine and liraglutide were significantly, albeit modestly, more effective in achieving and maintaining target glycated hemoglobin levels. (Funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others; GRADE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01794143.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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