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Background: To compare the diagnostic value of 120-kV with conventional 96-kV Cone-Beam CT (CBCT) of the temporal bone after cochlear implant (CI) surgery.Methods: This retrospective study included CBCT scans after CI surgery between 06/17 and 01/18. CBCT allowed examinations with 96-kV or 120-kV; other parameters were the same. Two radiologists independently evaluated following criteria on 5-point Likert scales: osseous spiral lamina, inner and outer cochlear wall, semi-circular canals, mastoid trabecular structure, overall image quality, metal and motion artefacts, depiction of intracochlear electrode position and visualisation of single electrode contacts. Effective radiation dose was assessed.Results: Seventy-five patients (females, n = 39 [52.0%], mean age, 55.8 ± 16.5 years) were scanned with 96-kV (n = 32, 42.7%) and 120-kV (n = 43, 57.3%) protocols including CI models from three vendors (vendor A n = 7; vendor B n = 43; vendor C n = 25). Overall image quality, depiction of anatomical structures, and electrode position were rated significantly better in 120-kV images compared to 96-kV (all p Conclusions: 120-kV and 96-kV CBCT provide good diagnostic images for the postoperative CI evaluation. While 120-kV showed improved depiction of temporal bone and CI electrode position compared to 96-kV in most CI models, the 120-kV protocol should be chosen wisely due to a substantially higher radiation exposure.

AIM To study the incidence, extent and fate of uterine ischaemia as one of the forms of non-target embolisation following uterine artery embolisation (UAE), as detected on immediate post-embolisation and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations at the 3-month follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study was undertaken comprising 43 women (mean age: 44.8 ± 3.79 years). MRI was performed before, immediately after (within 6 h), and 3 months after successful UAE. Areas of uterine ischaemia were identified on immediate post-embolisation MRI as regions of newly developed (compared to pre-embolisation MRI) absent enhancement within the uterus not corresponding to the location of the leiomyoma. The volume of the ischaemic region was calculated using the formula (height × length × width × 0.523). RESULTS Uterine ischaemia was encountered in 29 patients (67.44%). The mean volume of the ischaemic region immediately after UAE was 29.29 ± 19.15 ml (range: 7.36–87.71 ml). At 3-month follow-up, it was 0.35 ± 0.95 ml (range: 0–3.5 ml) with 25 (86%) patients showing complete resolution of the ischaemia. The mean reduction in the volume of the ischaemic region at the 3-month follow-up was 98.24 ± 5.72% (range: 72–100%). This volume reduction was statistically significant (p CONCLUSION Uterine ischaemia as a form of non-target embolisation following UAE might be encountered in up to two thirds of patients. These ischaemic areas are significantly reduced at the 3-month follow-up with up to 86% of cases showing complete reversibility of the ischaemia.

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become increasingly popular in oncology. However, the long acquisition time might hamper its widespread application. We sought to assess and compare free-breathing sequences with conventional breath-hold examinations in whole-body MRI using an automated workflow process. This prospective study consisted of 20 volunteers and six patients with a variety of pathologies who had undergone whole-body 1.5-T MRI that included T1-weighted radial and Dixon volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination sequences. Free-breathing sequences were operated by using an automated user interface. Image quality, diagnostic confidence, and image noise were evaluated by two experienced radiologists. Additionally, signal-to-noise ratio was measured. Diagnostic performance for the overall detection of pathologies was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC). Study participants were asked to rate their examination experiences in a satisfaction survey. MR free-breathing scans were rated as at least equivalent to conventional MR scans in more than 92% of cases, showing high overall diagnostic accuracy (95% [95% CI 92-100]) and performance (AUC 0.971, 95% CI 0.942-0.988; p 0.0001) for the assessment of pathologies at simultaneously reduced examination times (25 ± 2 vs. 32 ± 3 min; p 0.0001). Interrater agreement was excellent for both free-breathing (ϰ = 0.96 [95% CI 0.88-1.00]) and conventional scans (ϰ = 0.93 [95% CI 0.84-1.00]). Qualitative and quantitative assessment for image quality, image noise, and diagnostic confidence did not differ between the two types of MR image acquisition (all p 0.05). Scores for patient satisfaction were significantly better for free-breathing compared with breath-hold examinations (p = 0.0145), including significant correlations for the grade of noise (r = 0.79, p 0.0001), tightness (r = 0.71, p 0.0001), and physical fatigue (r = 0.52, p = 0.0065). In summary, free-breathing whole-body MRI in tandem with an automated user interface yielded similar diagnostic performance at equivalent image quality and shorter acquisition times compared to conventional breath-hold sequences.

Muscle injuries of the hamstrings are among the most frequent in football and a main cause for significant time away from training and competition. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the loss of muscle volume in recreational football players three and six weeks after initial trauma. We hypothesized that significant muscle volume loss occurs within 6 weeks after the initial injury event. Twenty recreational football players (mean-age=25 ± 4years; mean-height=181 ± 8cm; mean-weight=81 ± 10kg) with type3a (minor partial muscle tear) and type3b (moderate partial muscle tear) injuries were included. Muscle volume was determined using established methods for the hamstrings and the quadriceps femoris muscle within 3 days and after 3 and 6 weeks following the initial injury. The injured hamstrings lost 6.5% (mean=64 cm3(95%CI=31-98 cm3), p

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to evaluate subjective image quality and diagnostic accuracy to determine cochlear implant (CI) electrode position in a temporal bone (TB) specimen on cone...

The gall fly, Urophora stylata, was released in New Zealand in 1998 as a biocontrol agent for the thistle weed, Cirsium vulgare (Scotch thistle). In the summer of 2018, a survey was conducted to assess the field host range of the biocontrol agent in New Zealand. A random selection of 18 pasture populations under sheep and/or beef production, where C. vulgare was present, was surveyed to quantify the attack intensity (gall size relative to seedhead size) on C. vulgare, and the presence of attack on other thistle weeds within the same population. At each location, seedheads were collected from C. vulgare and all other thistle species (Cardueae) present, which included Cirsium arvense (Californian thistle), Cirsium palustre (marsh thistle), Carduus nutans (nodding thistle), and an Arctium species (burdock). In addition to attack on C. vulgare, the gall fly was recorded on C. arvense (at six locations) and C. palustre (at one location). The probability of the presence of attack on C. arvense was positively correlated with the attack intensity on C. vulgare, suggesting that attack on C. arvense is a ‘spill-over effect’ occurring where seedheads of C. vulgare are in limited supply.

Objectives To analyze the performance of radiological assessment categories and quantitative computational analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps using variant machine learning algorithms to differentiate clinically significant versus insignificant prostate cancer (PCa). Methods Retrospectively, 73 patients were included in the study. The patients (mean age, 66.3 ± 7.6 years) were examined with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) prior to radical prostatectomy (n = 33) or targeted biopsy (n = 40). The index lesion was annotated in MRI ADC and the equivalent histologic slides according to the highest Gleason Grade Group (GrG). Volumes of interest (VOIs) were determined for each lesion and normal-appearing peripheral zone. VOIs were processed by radiomic analysis. For the classification of lesions according to their clinical significance (GrG ≥ 3), principal component (PC) analysis, univariate analysis (UA) with consecutive support vector machines, neural networks, and random forest analysis were performed. Results PC analysis discriminated between benign and malignant prostate tissue. PC evaluation yielded no stratification of PCa lesions according to their clinical significance, but UA revealed differences in clinical assessment categories and radiomic features. We trained three classification models with fifteen feature subsets. We identified a subset of shape features which improved the diagnostic accuracy of the clinical assessment categories (maximum increase in diagnostic accuracy ΔAUC = + 0.05, p Conclusions The impact of radiomic features to differentiate PCa lesions according to their clinical significance remains controversial. It depends on feature selection and the employed machine learning algorithms. It can result in improvement or reduction of diagnostic performance. Key Points • Quantitative imaging features differ between normal and malignant tissue of the peripheral zone in prostate cancer. • Radiomic feature analysis of clinical routine multiparametric MRI has the potential to improve the stratification of clinically significant versus insignificant prostate cancer lesions in the peripheral zone. • Certain combinations of standard multiparametric MRI reporting and assessment categories with feature subsets and machine learning algorithms reduced the diagnostic performance over standard clinical assessment categories alone.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to evaluate the clinical performance of a new high-frequency (HF) microwave ablation (MWA) technology with spatial energy control for treatment of lung malignancies in comparison with a conventional low-frequency (LF) MWA technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this retrospective study, 59 consecutive patients (mean age, 58.9 ± 12.6 [SD] years) were treated in 71 sessions using HF spatial-energy-control MWA. Parameters collected were technical success and efficacy, tumor diameter, tumor and ablation volumes, ablation time, output energy, complication rate, 90-day mortality, local tumor progression (LTP), ablative margin size, and ablation zone sphericity. Results were compared with the same parameters retrospectively collected from the last 71 conventional LF-MWA sessions. This group consisted of 56 patients (mean age, 60.3 ± 10.8 years). Statistical comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS. Technical success was 98.6% for both technologies; technical efficacy was 97.2% for HF spatial-energy-control MWA and 95.8% for LF-MWA. The 90-day mortality rate was 5.1% (3/59) in the HF spatial-energy-control MWA group and 5.4% (3/56) in the LF-MWA group; for both groups, there were zero intraprocedural deaths. The median ablation time was 8.0 minutes for HF spatial-energy-control MWA and 10.0 minutes for LF-MWA (p < 0.0001). Complications were recorded in 21.1% (15/71) of HF spatial-energy-control MWA sessions and in 31.0% (22/71) of LF-MWA sessions (p = 0.182); of these complications, 4.2% (3/71) were major complications in the HF spatial-energy-control MWA group, and 9.9% (7/71) were major complications in the LF-MWA group. The median deviation from ideal sphericity (1.0) was 0.195 in the HF spatial-energy-control MWA group versus 0.376 in the LF-MWA group (p < 0.0001). Absolute minimal ablative margins per ablation were 7.5 ± 3.6 mm (mean ± SD) in the HF spatial-energy-control MWA group versus 4.2 ± 3.0 mm in the LF-MWA group (p < 0.0001). In the HF spatial-energy-control MWA group, LTP at 12 months was 6.5% (4/62). LTP at 12 months in the LF-MWA group was 12.5% (7/56). Differences in LTP rate (p = 0.137) and time point (p = 0.833) were not significant. CONCLUSION. HF spatial-energy-control MWA technology and conventional LFMWA technology are safe and effective for the treatment of lung malignancies independent of the MWA system used. However, HF spatial-energy-control MWA as an HF and high-energy MWA technique achieves ablation zones that are closer to an ideal sphere and achieves larger ablative margins than LF-MWA (p < 0.0001).

Western Corn Rootworm is a pest of maize that mostly damages roots. Many alternative strategies have been explored to control this species, with little or non-lasting success, and it remains a threat to maize production worldwide. Gaeolaelaps aculeifer, a soil-dwelling predatory mite that inhabits the first few centimeters of the soil, showed high predatory potential against WCR larvae in the laboratory. In this study, we explored the efficiency of G. aculeifer against WCR in more realistic contexts. First, we infested maize plants isolated in pots in a greenhouse with WCR, and tested the impact of different densities of mites on plant protection. Using standard indicators of WCR population presence and impact, we confirmed that G. aculeifer has the potential to control WCR at densities starting from 100 mites/plant. Then, considering that the release of a large amount of biocontrol agents at WCR emergence might be too costly and constraining for large-scale implementation, we tested the efficiency of a predator-in-first strategy in a maize field infested by WCR. The goal was to introduce fewer G. aculeifer combined with Aleuroglyphus ovatus eggs as an alternative food source in order to let the mite population grow in the field and reach sufficient density at the critical stage for protection. This strategy gave comparable results to pesticide on all indicators examined in our field trial, highlighting the potential to sustainably manage this pest.

Our purpose was to analyze the robustness and reproducibility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radiomic features. We constructed a multi-object fruit phantom to perform MRI acquisition as scan-rescan using a 3 Tesla MRI scanner. We applied T2-weighted (T2w) half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE), T2w turbo spin-echo (TSE), T2w fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T2 map and T1-weighted (T1w) TSE. Images were resampled to isotropic voxels. Fruits were segmented. The workflow was repeated by a second reader and the first reader after a pause of one month. We applied PyRadiomics to extract 107 radiomic features per fruit and sequence from seven feature classes. We calculated concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) and dynamic range (DR) to obtain measurements of feature robustness. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess intra- and inter-observer reproducibility. We calculated Gini scores to test the pairwise discriminative power specific for the features and MRI sequences. We depict Bland Altmann plots of features with top discriminative power (Mann–Whitney U test). Shape features were the most robust feature class. T2 map was the most robust imaging technique (robust features (rf), n = 84). HASTE sequence led to the least amount of rf (n = 20). Intra-observer ICC was excellent (≥ 0.75) for nearly all features (max–min; 99.1–97.2%). Deterioration of ICC values was seen in the inter-observer analyses (max–min; 88.7–81.1%). Complete robustness across all sequences was found for 8 features. Shape features and T2 map yielded the highest pairwise discriminative performance. Radiomics validity depends on the MRI sequence and feature class. T2 map seems to be the most promising imaging technique with the highest feature robustness, high intra-/inter-observer reproducibility and most promising discriminative power.

To evaluate the diagnostic value of Lipiodol distribution in angiography and CT to differentiate between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and benign nodules of LI-RADS 3 and 4 lesions observed in MRI of liver cirrhosis. This retrospective study included all patients with liver cirrhosis who had diagnosis of LI-RADS 3 or 4 lesions by MRI who underwent a Lipiodol-based angiography and post-interventional unenhanced CT- and liver biopsy. Two independent radiologists evaluated appearance, contrast enhancement, Lipiodol uptake in angiography, and morphological parameters (size, form, and density) of the lesions in unenhanced post-angiography CT. α-Fetoprotein (AFP) levels and pre-existing liver conditions were additionally taken into consideration. Differences between HCC lesions and benign nodules were analyzed. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated. P

The purpose of the study was to validate the simulation model for a microwave thermal ablation in ex vivo liver tissue. The study aims to show that heat transfer due to the flow of tissue water during ablation in ex vivo tissue is not negligible. Ablation experiments were performed in ex vivo porcine liver with microwave powers of 60 W to 100 W. During the procedure, the temperature was recorded in the liver sample at different distances to the applicator using a fiber-optic thermometer. The position of the probes was identified by CT imaging and transferred to the simulation. The simulation of the heat distribution in the liver tissue was carried out with the software CST Studio Suite. The results of the simulation with different flow coefficients were compared with the results of the ablation experiments using the Bland–Altman analysis. The analysis showed that the flow coefficient of 90,000 W/(K*m3) can be considered as the most suitable value for clinically used powers. The presented simulation model can be used to calculate the temperature distribution for microwave ablation in ex vivo liver tissue.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate a novel version of a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system developed for automated bone age (BA) assessment in comparison to the Greulich and Pyle method, regarding its accuracy and the influence of carpal bones on BA assessment. Methods Total BA, BA of the left distal radius, and BA of carpal bones in 305 patients were determined independently by 3 blinded radiologists and assessed by the CAD system. Pearson product-moment correlation, Bland-Altman plot, root-mean-square deviation, and further agreement analyses were computed. Results Mean total BA and BA of the distal radius showed high correlation between both approaches (r = 0.985 and r = 0.963). There was significantly higher correlation between values of total BA and BA of the distal radius (r = 0.969) compared with values of total BA and BA of carpal bones (r = 0.923). The assessment of carpal bones showed significantly lower interreader agreement compared with measurements of the distal radius (κ = 0.79 vs κ = 0.98). Conclusion A novel version of a CAD system enables highly accurate automated BA assessment. The assessment of carpal bones revealed lower precision and interreader agreement. Therefore, methods determining BA without analyzing carpal bones may be more precise and accurate.

Increasing awareness of potential side effects from gadolinium-based contrast agents has underlined the need for contrast-free magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Numerous recent articles evaluated the risk of potential brain deposits, with the result that research is putting the focus more on alternative unenhanced imaging techniques. The aim of this study was to determine the need for contrast media for chest MRI in primary staging and follow-up care of lymphoma.This monocentric, retrospective study encompassed patients under 25 years of age who had undergone histopathological examination of thoracic lymph nodes and at least one chest MRI examination with unenhanced and contrast-enhanced sequences. Seven different thoracic lymph node stations including mediastinal, hilar, periclavicular, and axillary regions were evaluated by two readers regarding lesion diameter, number, shape, necrosis, and infiltration of surrounding structures. Findings were categorized into suspicious ( 1 cm; round; necrosis; infiltration) or non-suspicious.Fifty-one patients (mean age, 16.0 ± 3.7 yrs) with thoracic Hodgkin (70.6%) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (25.5%) and lymphadenopathy (3.9%) were retrospectively included. Most lymph nodes categorized as suspicious were located in the mediastinal station (86.4%). High agreement (κ = 0.81) between unenhanced and contrast-enhanced sequences was found for both suspicious and non-suspicious lymph nodes. Significant (p 0.001), but small difference (1 mm) was observed only in sizing mediastinal lymph nodes (all other p 0.05). No significant difference (smallest p = 0.08) was shown for the use of five different types of contrast media.MRI in young patients with thoracic lymphoma can safely be done without the use of contrast agent.• Thoracic magnetic resonance imaging in young lymphoma patients can safely be done without gadolinium-based contrast agents.

To evaluate cone-beam computed-tomography (CBCT) images of the temporal bone for radiological delineation, metal artifacts, and accuracy for localization of six different electrode arrays after cochlear device implantation.This retrospective study included 116 patients who underwent CBCT (120kV, 7.1mA) within 24 hours after cochlear device implantation. Exclusion criteria were anatomical abnormalities, and electrode misinsertion. Six different CI electrodes were implanted: Advanced Bionics HiFocus Mid-Scala, Cochlear Contour Advance, Cochlear Slim-Straight, Cochlear Slim-Modiolar, MED-EL Flex 24 and MED-EL Flex 28. Two radiologists rated independently presence of metal artifacts, overall image quality, as well as dedicated visualization of the osseous spiral lamina, inner and outer cochlear wall, single electrode contacts, and electrode position using 5-point-Likert scales. Inter-rater agreement was calculated by using Cohen's kappa and intraclass correlation.Of 116 patients, 94 (81.0%; 56.1 ± 16.9 years; age range, 13-86 years; 49 [52.1%] females) were included in the study. Overall image quality was rated good for all electrode models without significant differences (p = 0.061). Depiction of electrode contacts was rated significantly better for Advanced Bionics HiFocus Mid-Scala, Cochlear Slim-Straight, and MED-EL Flex 24 and 28 compared to Cochlear Contour Advance and Slim-Modiolar (p0.001). Depiction of the osseous spiral lamina (p = 0.20), inner (p = 0.42) and outer cochlear wall (p = 0.35), metal artifacts (p = 0.18), and electrode position (p = 0.31) did not show significant differences between electrode models. Inter-rater agreement varied from substantial to almost perfect (0.70-0.93).CBCT provides excellent visualization of all evaluated CI electrode types, in particular electrode arrays with greater spacing between contacts and contact size allow improved radiologic evaluation.

The aim of the study was to evaluate high-pitch 70-kV CT examinations of the thorax in immunosuppressed patients regarding radiation dose and image quality in comparison with 120-kV acquisition. The image data from 40 patients (14 women and 26 men; mean age: 40.9 ± 15.4 years) who received high-pitch 70-kV CT chest examinations were retrospectively included in this study. A control group (n = 40), matched by age, gender, BMI, and clinical inclusion criteria, had undergone standard 120-kV chest CT imaging. All CT scans were performed on a third-generation dual-source CT unit. For an evaluation of the radiation dose, the CT dose index (CTDIvol), dose-length product (DLP), effective dose (ED), and size-specific dose estimates (SSDE) were analyzed in each group. The objective image quality was evaluated using signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR). Three blinded and independent radiologists evaluated subjective image quality and diagnostic confidence using 5-point Likert scales. The mean dose parameters were significantly lower for high-pitch 70-kV CT examinations (CTDIvol, 2.9 ± 0.9 mGy; DLP, 99.9 ± 31.0 mGyxcm; ED, 1.5 ± 0.6 mSv; SSDE, 3.8 ± 1.2 mGy) compared to standard 120-kV CT imaging (CTDIvol, 8.8 ± 3.7mGy; DLP, 296.6 ± 119.3 mGyxcm; ED, 4.4 ± 2.1 mSv; SSDE, 11.6 ± 4.4 mGy) (P≤ 0.001). The objective image parameters (SNR: 7.8 ± 2.1 vs. 8.4 ± 1.8; CNR: 7.7 ± 2.4 vs. 8.3 ± 2.8) (P≥ 0.065) and the cumulative subjective image quality (4.5 ± 0.4 vs. 4.7 ± 0.3) (p = 0.052) showed no significant differences between the two protocols. High-pitch 70-kV thoracic CT examinations in immunosuppressed patients resulted in a significantly reduced radiation exposure compared to standard 120-kV CT acquisition without a decrease in image quality. · Third-generation dual-source CT units enable high-pitch 70-kV CT examinations of the chest.. · High-pitch 70-kV CT examinations show a significantly reduced radiation dose compared to standard 120-kV CT examinations.. · High-pitch 70-kV CT examinations of the chest show comparable objective and subjective image quality.. · Subjectively deteriorated image noise and sharpness of 70-kV CT did not impact diagnostic confidence..· Yel I, Martin SS, Wichmann JL et al. Evaluation of Radiation Dose and Image Quality using High-Pitch 70-kV Chest CT in Immunosuppressed Patients . Fortschr Röntgenstr 2019; 191: 122 - 129.ZIEL: Das Ziel der Studie war, die Strahlendosis und Bildqualität von High-Pitch-70-kV-CT-Untersuchungen des Thorax bei immunsupprimierten Patienten im Vergleich zu 120-kV-CT-Bildgebung zu evaluieren. Die Bilddaten von 40 konsekutiven Patienten (14 Frauen und 26 Männer; Altersdurchschnitt 40,9 ± 15,4 Jahre), die eine High-Pitch-70-kV-CT-Untersuchung des Thorax erhielten, wurden retrospektiv ausgewertet. Eine gematchte Patientengruppe (n = 40) mit ähnlichem Alter, Geschlecht, BMI und klinischer Indikation, bei denen eine Standard-120-kV-CT-Untersuchung des Thorax durchgeführt wurde, diente als Kontrollgruppe. Alle CT-Aufnahmen erfolgten an einem Dual-Source-CT der dritten Generation. Zur Dosisabschätzung wurden der CT-Dosis-Index (CTDIvol), das Dosis-Längen-Produkt (DLP), die effektive Dosis (ED) und die größenspezifische Dosisabschätzung (SSDE) analysiert. Die objektive Bildqualität wurde mittels des Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses (SNR) und des Kontrast-Rausch-Verhältnisses (CNR) ermittelt. Drei verblindete und unabhängige Radiologen evaluierten die subjektive Bildqualität und Diagnosesicherheit anhand von 5-Punkten-Likert-Skalen. Die mittleren Dosisparameter waren signifikant geringer für High-Pitch-70-kV-CT-Untersuchungen (CTDIvol 2,9 ± 0,9mGy; DLP 99,9 ± 31,0mGyxcm; ED 1,5 ± 0,6mSv; SSDE 3,8 ± 1,2 mGy) im Vergleich zu den Standard-120-kV-CT-Thorax-Untersuchungen (CTDIvol 8,8 ± 3,7mGy; DLP 296,6 ± 119,3mGyxcm; ED 4,4 ± 2,1mSv; SSDE 11,6 ± 4,4 mGy) (alle p≤ 0,001). Die objektiven Bildparameter (SNR 7,8 ± 2,1 vs. 8,4 ± 1,8; CNR 7,7 ± 2,4 vs. 8,3 ± 2,8) (p≥ 0,065) sowie die kumulative subjektive Bildqualität (4,5 ± 0,4 vs. 4,7 ± 0,3) (p = 0,052) zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen beiden CT-Untersuchungsprotokollen. High-Pitch-70-kV-CT-Untersuchungen des Thorax bei immunsupprimierten Patienten resultieren in einer deutlichen Reduktion der Strahlenbelastung im Vergleich zu Standard-120-kV-CT-Bildakquisition ohne eine Einschränkung der Bildqualität.· Dual-Source-CT-Geräte der dritten Generation ermöglichen High-Pitch-70-kV-Untersuchungen des Thorax.. · High-Pitch-70-kV-CT-Untersuchungen zeigen eine deutliche Dosisreduktion im Vergleich zu Standard-120-kV-CT-Untersuchungen.. · High-Pitch-70-kV-CT-Untersuchungen des Thorax zeigen eine vergleichbare objektive und subjektive Bildqualität.. · Subjektiv höheres Bildrauschen und Bildunschärfe bei 70-kV-CTs beeinflusste die subjektive Diagnosesicherheit nicht..· Yel I, Martin SS, Wichmann JL et al. Evaluation of Radiation Dose and Image Quality using High-Pitch 70-kV Chest CT in Immunosuppressed Patients. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2019; 191: 122 – 129.

To investigate the value of third-generation dual-source dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) iodine quantification to distinguish hepatic neuroendocrine tumor (NET) metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in non-cirrhotic liver parenchyma.Forty-six patients (mean age, 64.9 ± 10.1 years; 28 male and 18 female) with either hepatic NET metastasis or HCC, who had undergone liver DECT, were included in this retrospective study. For each lesion, arterial-phase attenuation values and DECT quantitative parameters, including iodine uptake, fat fraction, normalized iodine uptake (NIU), and lesion-to-liver-parenchyma ratio (LPR) were evaluated. Available cumulative data from histopathology, MRI, PET/CT, or interval imaging follow-up served as the reference standard for all liver lesions. In addition, the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced and material decomposition analysis for the differentiation of hepatic NET metastasis and HCC was assessed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis.Hepatic NET metastasis and HCC showed significant differences in arterial attenuation (P = 0.003), iodine uptake (P 0.001), NIU (P 0.001), and LPR (P = 0.003). No significant differences were found for unenhanced attenuation and fat fraction values (P = 0.686 and P = 0.892, respectively). NIU showed superior sensitivity (100%; iodine uptake, 71%), while both iodine uptake and NIU revealed superior specificity (100% and 90%, respectively) compared to LPR (sensitivity, 96%; specificity, 80%) and arterial attenuation analysis (sensitivity, 79%; specificity, 80%) (P ≤ 0.016).Third-generation DECT with assessment of iodine uptake improves the differentiation of hepatic NET metastasis and HCC in non-cirrhotic liver, with NIU showing the strongest diagnostic performance.

PURPOSE We aimed to retrospectively compare the local tumor control rates between low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) microwave ablation devices in the treatment of

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and the accuracy of a secondary, metachronous ultrasound (US)-guided marking of the stereotactic vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (ST-VABB) area. Materials and Methods: The institutional ethics committee approved the study. The retrospective study included 98 patients. In ST-VABB of 45 women, no tissue markers were deployed at the biopsy site, even if no residual calcifications remained. After histology proved the necessity for a subsequent operation, the biopsy site was marked under US guidance using a coil marker. All interventions were technically successful. No complications occurred. Mammography was done to visualize the coil deployment. The distances from the center of the lesion and the biopsy cavity to the coil location were measured in both planes to evaluate the accuracy of the marking procedure. Results: In 24 of the 46 cases, the whole lesion was biopsied without residual elements. The mean time between ST-VABB and sonographic marking of the lesion was 9.7 days (median 6.5). The biopsy cavity could be detected in 40 (87%) cases and thus marked exactly. The mean time of US-guided marking was 12.5 min. The mean distance between the coil and the target lesion was 0.6 ± 1.5 cm in the craniocaudal (cc) view and 0.5 ± 1.5 cm in the mediolateral (ml) view for all markings. The mean delta value from the distance nipple–original lesion and from the distance nipple–coil was 0.85 ± 1.2 cm (median 0.5) in the cc view and 0.88 ± 1.2 cm (median 0.6) in the ml view for all cases. Clip migration was not observed. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the feasibility and the technical success of secondary metachronous coil marking of the biopsy site under US guidance after receipt of histology. This approach seems to be a cost-effective alternative to the standard procedure of the primary coil marking especially in all completely removed lesions. It may offer advantages for allergic patients.

The purpose of this work was a cost analysis for the acquisition of two new MRI devices in a university hospital. The costs of a classical exchange (new purchase) were compared to those of a system upgrade. Taking the local circumstances into account, up to $121,000 could be saved with. the system upgrade for one MRI system compared to a classic exchange. Upgrades of the 1.5 and 3 Tesla systems were performed within 15 working days without any problems or restrictions. The number of examinations per day could be increased from 13.4 to 16.2 using the 1.5T system and from 14.1 to 15.9 using the 3T. The upgrade possibility of an old MRI device represents an economically attractive approach, which allows access to the latest state-of-the-art MRI technology while respecting the limited economic resources of the department.

Background: The management of intraductal papilloma without atypia (IDP) in breast needle biopsy remains controversial. This study investigates the upgrade rate of IDP to carcinoma and clinical and radiologic features predictive of an upgrade. Methods: Patients with a diagnosis of IDP on image-guided (mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging) core needle or vacuum-assisted biopsy and surgical excision of this lesion at a certified breast center between 2007 and 2017 were included in this institutional review board-approved retrospective study. Appropriate statistical tests were performed to assess clinical and radiologic characteristics associated with an upgrade to malignancy at excision. Results: For 60 women with 62 surgically removed IDPs, the upgrade rate to malignancy was 16.1% (10 upgrades, 4 invasive ductal carcinoma, 6 ductal carcinoma in situ). IDPs with upgrade to carcinoma showed a significantly greater distance to the nipple (63.5 vs. 36.8 mm; p = 0.012). No significant associations were found between upgrade to carcinoma and age, menopausal status, lesion size, microcalcifications, BI-RADS descriptors, initial BI-RADS category, and biopsy modality. Conclusion: The upgrade rate at excision for IDPs diagnosed with needle biopsy was higher than expected according to some guideline recommendations. Observation only might not be appropriate for all patients with IDP, particularly for those with peripheral IDP.

Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound-guided microwave ablations (MWA) are part of the established treatment of liver tumours. In spite of its potential advantages, magnetic resonance (MR) monitoring of MWA did not enter clinical practice because of the lack of compatible devices. The purpose of the current study was to prove the feasibility of real-time qualitative MR monitoring using a new MR-compatible MWA device.We performed 27 MWA experiments with different durations (5, 10 and 15 min) on an ex vivo bovine liver model using a MR-compatible MWA device. We compared the diameters of the ablation zone as depicted on three T1-based sequences to those of the macroscopic specimen. The volume and the sphericity index of the macroscopic ablation area were calculated in order to characterise the device. Ablation pattern and artefacts on the three sequences were also taken into account.We obtained high-quality real-time images using all three sequences. The diameters as depicted on the MR sequences slightly overestimated the macroscopic ablation area but correlated significantly in all cases (p 0.05). VIBE provided the best correlation for both short-axis diameter (r = 0.96) and long-axis diameter (r = 0.87), whereas starVIBE (r = 0.85; r = 0.72) and FLASH (r = 0.75; r = 0.84) correlated slightly less. Significantly more severe noise artefacts were observed on starVIBE compared to FLASH and VIBE sequences (p 0.0001).The current ex vivo liver model experiment suggests that real-time qualitative MR monitoring of MWA is feasible. Further research using in vivo and human models are recommended.

Purpose To investigate the value of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT)-derived iodine and fat quantification in differentiating malignant abdominal lymphoma from lymph node metastasis. Materials and methods In this retrospective study, 59 patients (39 men; mean age, 62.7 years) with histopathologically-confirmed diagnosis of either malignant lymphoma or lymph node metastasis were included. For each lesion, contrast-enhanced attenuation, as well as DECT-derived iodine density and fat fraction measurements were recorded. Mean attenuation and material density values were compared between malignant lymphomas and lymph node metastases. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was adopted to estimate the optimal threshold for discriminating between both entities. A control group (n = 60) was analyzed for comparison of attenuation and material density values of normal abdominal lymph nodes. Results Assessment of DECT-derived iodine density and fat fraction values revealed significant differences between lymph node metastases (1.7 ± 0.4 mg/ml and 15.5 ± 7.3%) and malignant lymphomas (2.5 ± 0.5 mg/ml and 26.7 ± 12.2%) as well as normal lymph nodes (2.4 ± 0.8 mg/ml and 24.1 ± 10.8%) (P ≤ 0.013). An iodine concentration of 2.0 mg/ml represented the optimal threshold to discriminate between lymphoma and lymph node metastasis (sensitivity, 87%; specificity, 89%). Moreover, a significant correlation was found between iodine concentration and fat fraction for both lymphomas and lymph node metastases (P = 0.001). Conclusion DECT enables characterization of abdominal masses as derived iodine and fat fraction values differ significantly between malignant abdominal lymphomas and lymph node metastases.

Background: Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation (RD) causes significant blood pressure (BP) reductions in patients with resistant hypertension (rHTN). However, hypertensive elderly patients reportedly have a lower sympathetic tone than younger patients and a BP lowering effect of RD in this population has not yet been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of RD in elderly patients. Methods: We reviewed all consecutive patients aged ≥ 75 years (mean: 78 years) with rHTN treated with RD. Twenty-four patients were included in this prospective study. Office and ambulatory BPs were assessed at baseline and 6-months follow-up. Primary endpoint was the change in office systolic BP at 6 months. Results: Baseline mean office BP was 173/86 ± 21/13 mm Hg. Baseline 24-hr mean ambulatory BP, available in 22 patients, was 158/80 ± 20/13 mm Hg. Baseline creatinine was 1.0 ± 0.18 mg/dl and mean number of antihypertensive agents at baseline 4.3 ± 1.4. No device- or procedure-related adverse events occurred. At 6-months follow-up, the mean office BP decreased by 19/11 ± 29/16 mm Hg (P < 0.01 compared to baseline). Mean systolic 24 hr ambulatory BP, available in 17 patients, decreased by 9/5 ± 13/13 mm Hg. Antihypertensive medications could be reduced in nine patients. Furthermore, renal function was not impaired. Conclusion: According to our findings, a similar magnitude of BP reduction as reported in previous trials can be expected in elderly patients. Elderly patients with rHTN should not be excluded from renal denervation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the value of third-generation dual-source dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) iodine and fat quantification in differentiating adrenal gland adenomas from metastases. Materials and methods Sixty-two patients (38 men and 24 women; mean age, 69.1 years) underwent clinically indicated DECT of the abdomen on a third-generation dual-source scanner. Examinations were retrospectively included due to detected adrenal masses. For each adrenal lesion, unenhanced and contrast-enhanced attenuation values, as well as dual-energy iodine density and fat fraction, were recorded. Additional magnetic resonance imaging data, positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans, interval imaging follow-up, and histopathological analysis were used as the reference standard for all adrenal lesions. Mean values of unenhanced and contrast-enhanced attenuation, as well as material densities, were compared between adenomas, metastases, and normal adrenal glands. Furthermore, the diagnostic accuracy of unenhanced, contrast-enhanced, and material density analysis was assessed between adrenal adenomas and metastases. Results Adrenal adenomas showed significant differences regarding iodine density and fat fraction values (1.3 ± 0.4 mg/mL and 34.2% ± 12.6%) in comparison with adrenal metastases (3.2 ± 1.4 mg/mL and 10.7% ± 7.8%) and normal adrenal glands (1.7 ± 0.6 mg/mL and 18.7% ± 12.0%) (all P ≤ 0.004). Analysis of unenhanced attenuation values revealed no significant differences between healthy adrenal parenchyma (19.1 ± 15.6 HU) and adrenal metastases (26.9 ± 16.2 HU) (P = 0.135). Iodine density and fat fraction analysis showed significantly higher diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of adenomas (sensitivity, 97% and 89%; specificity, 96% and 89%, respectively) compared with unenhanced and contrast-enhanced evaluation (sensitivity, 65% and 58%; specificity, 73% and 85%, respectively) (P ≤ 0.023). The combined diagnostic value of iodine density and fat fraction analysis revealed a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusions Third-generation dual-source DECT iodine and fat quantification allow for differentiation between adrenal adenomas and metastases with high diagnostic accuracy.

To retrospectively investigate the role of a contrast enhanced MRI (ceMRI) performed 24 h after a microwave ablation (MWA) of the lung, in predicting local tumour progression (LTP) and detecting complications compared to an unenhanced CT.Forty-nine patients who underwent MWA of 77 lung metastases between 2008 and 2015 were included. All patients received an unenhanced chest CT and a ceMRI (including T2 and ceT1) 24 h after MWA. The conspicuities of the peripheral rim and the ablated tumour were scored using 1-3 scales and compared between examinations. The safety margin was measured directly (both scores ≥2) and indirectly using a subtraction method. The ability of each imaging modality to predict LTP based on safety margin width was analysed using receiver operating characteristic curves. The MRI ability to detect a pneumothorax was compared to CT.The peripheral rim was best visualised on T2 followed by T1 and CT. The tumour was best visualised on CT, followed by T1 and T2. Direct safety margin measurement was possible on CT, ceT1 and T2 in 68.8%, 64.9% and 27.3% of cases, respectively. Direct CT (AUC = 0.77) and ceT1 (AUC = 0.76) measurements had better diagnostic performance than indirect CT (AUC = 0.72), ceT1 (AUC = 0.70) and T2 (AUC = 0.69) measurements. The MRI sensitivity and specificity for pneumothorax were 60.8% and 87.0%, respectively. Only one pneumothorax1 cm was missed.A ceMRI performed 24 h after MWA of lung tumours has a similar ability to predict LTP and detect important complications as a CT has.

To evaluate the clinical performance of a new microwave ablation (MWA) system with enabled constant spatial energy control (ECSEC) to achieve spherical ablation zones in the treatment of liver malignancies.In this retrospective study, 56 hepatic tumours in 48 patients (23 men, 25 women; mean age: 59.6 years) were treated using a new high-frequency MWA-system with ECSEC. Parameters evaluated were technical success, technical efficacy, tumour diameter, tumour and ablation volume, complication rate, 90-day mortality, local tumour progression (LTP) at the 12-month follow-up, ablative margin and ablation zone sphericity. These parameters were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test with the same parameters collected retrospectively from cohorts of patients treated with conventional high-frequency (HF) MWA (n = 20) or low-frequency (LF) MWA (n = 20).Technical success was achieved in all interventions. The technical efficacy was 100% (ECSEC) vs. 100% (LF-MWA) vs. 95% (HF-MWA). There were no intra-procedural deaths or major complications. Minor complications occurred in 3.57% (2/56), 0% (0/20) and 0% (0/20) of the patients, respectively. The one-year mortality rate was 16.1% (9/56), 15% (3/20) and 10% (2/20), respectively. The LTP was 3.57% (2/56), 5% (1/20) and 5% (1/20), respectively. The median deviation from ideal sphericity (1.0) was 0.135 (ECSEC) vs. 0.344 (LF-MWA) vs. 0.314 (HF-MWA) (p 0.001). The absolute minimal ablative margin was 8.1 vs. 2.3 vs. 3.1 mm (p 0.001).Microwave ablation of liver malignancies is a safe and efficient treatment independent of the system used. Hepatic MWA with ECSEC achieves significantly more spherical ablation zones and higher minimal ablative margins.

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a free-breathing dynamic liver imaging technique using a prototype Cartesian T1-weighted volumetric interpolated breathhold examination (VIBE) sequence with compressed sensing and simultaneous acquisition of a navigation signal for hard-gated and motion state-resolved reconstruction.A total of 43 consecutive oncologic patients (mean age, 66 ± 11 years; 44% female) underwent free-breathing dynamic liver imaging for the evaluation of liver metastases from colorectal cancer using a prototype Cartesian VIBE sequence (field of view, 380 × 345 mm; image matrix, 320 × 218; echo time/repetition time, 1.8/3.76 milliseconds; flip angle, 10 degrees; slice thickness, 3.0 mm; acquisition time, 188 seconds) with continuous data sampling and additionally acquired self-navigation signal. Data were iteratively reconstructed using 2 different approaches: first, a hard-gated reconstruction only using data associated to the dominating motion state (CS VIBE, Compressed Sensing VIBE), and second, a motion-resolved reconstruction with 6 different motion states as additional image dimension (XD VIBE, eXtended dimension VIBE). Continuous acquired data were grouped in 16 subsequent time increments with 11.57 seconds each to resolve arterial and venous contrast phases. For image quality assessment, both CS VIBE and XD VIBE were compared with the patient's last staging dynamic liver magnetic resonance imaging including a breathhold (BH) VIBE as reference standard 4.5 ± 1.2 months before. Representative quality parameters including respiratory artifacts were evaluated for arterial and venous phase images independently, retrospectively and blindly by 3 experienced radiologists, with higher scores indicating better examination quality. To assess diagnostic accuracy, same readers evaluated the presence of metastatic lesions for XD VIBE and CS VIBE compared with reference BH examination in a second session.Compared with CS VIBE, XD VIBE showed significantly higher overall image quality for both arterial phase (4.2 ± 0.6 vs 3.8 ± 0.7, P = 0.008) and venous phase (4.7 ± 0.4 vs 4.3 ± 0.7, P0.001) imaging. There was no significant difference between XD VIBE and BH VIBE for overall image quality in the venous phase (4.7 ± 0.4 vs 4.8 ± 0.4, P = 0.834), whereas arterial phase images were scored slightly lower for XD VIBE (4.5 ± 0.6 vs 4.2 ± 0.6, P = 0.024). Both XD VIBE and BH VIBE were characterized by a very low level of respiratory artifacts with no significant difference between BH and motion-resolved free-breathing strategy (P = 0.505 for arterial phase; P = 0.496 for venous phase). Compared with CS VIBE, obvious quality improvement could be achieved for the extended XD VIBE reconstruction with significantly reduced motion artifacts for venous phase images (P = 0.007). Generally, arterial phase images were scored slightly lower compared with venous phase images when using the free-breathing protocol. Overall, 98% of all metastatic lesions were identified on XD VIBE images and 92% of all metastases were found on CS VIBE.Dynamic liver imaging using the proposed free-breathing Cartesian strategy is feasible in oncologic patients with excellent image quality, high respiratory motion robustness, and accurate lesion detection. Overall, XD VIBE was superior to CS VIBE in our study.

To retrospectively compare the local tumour response and survival rates in patients with non-colorectal cancer lung metastases post-ablation therapy using laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA).Retrospective analysis of 175 computed tomography (CT)-guided ablation sessions performed on 109 patients (43 males and 66 females, mean age: 56.6 years). Seventeen patients with 22 lesions underwent LITT treatment (tumour size: 1.2-4.8 cm), 29 patients with 49 lesions underwent RFA (tumour size: 0.8-4.5 cm) and 63 patients with 104 lesions underwent MWA treatment (tumour size: 0.6-5 cm). CT scans were performed 24-h post-therapy and on follow-up at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months.The overall-survival rates at 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-year were 93.8, 56.3, 50.0 and 31.3% for patients treated with LITT; 81.5, 50.0, 45.5 and 24.2% for patients treated with RFA and 97.6, 79.9, 62.3 and 45.4% for patients treated with MWA, respectively. The mean survival time was 34.14 months for MWA, 34.79 months for RFA and 35.32 months for LITT. In paired comparison, a significant difference could be detected between MWA versus RFA (p = 0.032). The progression-free survival showed a median of 23.49 ± 0.62 months for MWA,19.88 ± 2.17 months for LITT and 16.66 ± 0.66 months for RFA (p = 0.048). The lowest recurrence rate was detected in lesions ablated with MWA (7.7%; 8 of 104 lesions) followed by RFA (20.4%; 10 of 49 lesions) and LITT (27.3%; 6 of 22 lesions) p value of 0.012. Pneumothorax was detected in 22.16% of MWA ablations, 22.73% of LITT ablations and 14.23% of RFA ablations.LITT, RFA and MWA may provide an effective therapeutic option for non-colorectal cancer lung metastases with an advantage for MWA regarding local tumour control and progression-free survival rate.

Background Image-guided thermal ablation can be used for the treatment of medically inoperable primary and metastatic lung cancer. These techniques are based on the heating up or freezing (cryoablation) of a volume of tissue around a percutaneous applicator that induces necrosis of the tumor. Method The English-language literature concerning thermal ablation of the lung was reviewed. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the most widely performed and investigated of these techniques. Microwave ablation (MWA) represents a relatively new alternative that shares the same indications and is conducted in a very similar fashion as RFA. It has been experimentally and clinically shown that MWA produces larger, more spherical ablation zones over shorter periods of time compared to RFA. Seven different MWA systems are available in Europe and the USA with significant differences in the size and shape of the produced ablation zones. Results The types of complications caused by MWA and their rates of occurrence are very similar to those caused by RFA. The local progression rates after MWA of lung malignancies vary between 0 % and 34 % and are similar to those in the RFA literature. Conclusion Despite technical improvements, the current generation of MWA systems has comparable clinical outcomes to those of RFA. Key Points Citation Format

To compare free-breathing radial VIBE with moderate undersampling (us-radial-VIBE) with a standard breathhold T1-weighted volumetric interpolated sequence (3D GRE VIBE) in patients unable to suspend respiration during dynamic liver examination.23 consecutive patients underwent dynamic liver MR examination using the free-breathing us-radial-VIBE sequence as part of their oncologic follow-up. All patients were eligible for the free-breathing protocol due to severe respiratory artifacts at the planning or precontrast sequences. The us-radial-VIBE acquisitions were compared to the patientś last staging liver MRI including a standard breathhold 3D GRE VIBE. For an objective image evaluation, signal intensity (SI), image noise (IN), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-enhancement ratio (CER) were compared. Representative image quality parameters, including typical artifacts were independently, retrospectively and blindly scored by four readers.Us-radial-VIBE had significant lower SNR (p0.0001) and higher IN (p0.0001), whereas SI did not differ (p=0.62). Temporal resolution assessed with CER in the arterial phase showed higher values for us-radial-VIBE (p=0.028). Subjective image quality parameters received generally slightly higher scores for 3D GRE VIBE. In a smaller subgroup comprising patients with severe respiratory artifacts also at reference breathhold 3D GRE VIBE examination, us-radial-VIBE showed significantly higher image quality scores. Furthermore, there were generally more severe respiratory artifacts in 3D GRE VIBE, whereas streaking was characteristic in almost all us-radial-VIBE acquisitions but did not affect diagnostic validity.Free-breathing dynamic liver imaging using us-radial-VIBE delivers accurate temporal resolution, low motion artifact susceptibility and good image quality and represents a promising alternative in patients unable to suspend respiration.

To test using the facial nerve as a reference for assessment of the cochlear nerve size in patients with acquired long-standing sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) using MRI multiplanar reconstruction.The study was retrospectively performed on 86 patients. Group 1 (study group, n = 53) with bilateral long-standing SNHL. Group 2 (control group, n = 33) without hearing loss. The nerve size was measured by drawing a region of interest around the cross-sectional circumference of the nerve in multiplanar reconstruction images.No significant correlation was noted between the cochlear nerve and facial nerve size, and the patient's age, gender and weight (p 0.05). In Group 1, the mean ratio of the cochlear to facial nerve size was 0.99 ± 0.30 (range: 0.52-1.86) and 1.12 ± 0.35 (range: 0.34-2.3) for the right and left sides, respectively. In Group 2, it was 1.18 ± 0.23 (range: 0.78-1.71) and 1.25 ± 0.25 (range: 0.85-1.94) for the right and left sides, respectively. The cochlear nerve size was statistically (p = 0.0004) smaller in Group 1 than in Group 2.The cochlear nerve size and the cochlear to facial nerve size ratio are significantly smaller in patients with acquired long-standing SNHL. Advances in knowledge: The facial nerve can be used as a reference for assessment of the cochlear nerve in patients with acquired long-standing SNHL.